中华文明是什么？中华文明是如何形成的？中华文明具有哪些特征？它曾怎样影响了世界文明？百余年来，这些问题一直是世界性的课题，也是中华文明探源工程试图回答的问题。

    The Chinese civilization is??????？The Chinese civilization is how to form？The Chinese civilization, which have characteristics？It was how to influence the world civilization？Past years，These problems have been worldwide question，Is the Chinese civilization retraces engineering tried to answer。

    十年探索不寻常。作为“夏商周断代工程”之后又一项研究中国古代历史文化的重大科研项目，中华文明探源工程的焦点从传统的中原地区扩展到了长江流域和辽河流域，从简单的断代深入到古代文明的肌理，试图说明曾经如满天星斗的辉煌文化个体如何形成了最初的文明。虽然许多从事文明探源的学者将自己的工作仅仅看作是在为中华民族“书写家谱”，但每一项新成果的面世，无疑都是中国学术界对国际学术界的贡献，也是中华民族对于国际社会的贡献，不断丰富着人们对于文明起源的认识。

    Ten years exploring unusual。as“The xia-shang-zhou chronology project”And after a study on ancient Chinese history and culture of the significant scientific research projects，The Chinese civilization is the focus of the project from the traditional retraces the zhongyuan area expanded into the Yangtze river basin and liaohe river，From the dating of simple deep into the texture of ancient civilization，To try to explain that once such as starry brilliant culture how to form the first individual civilization。Although many people engaged in civilization of the scholars will own retraces work as only in for the Chinese nation“Writing genealogies”，But every new results to surface，No doubt, is the Chinese academic circle on the international academic contribution，The Chinese nation is the contribution of the international society for，Constantly enrich people for the understanding of the origins of civilization。

  

    “中华五千年文明并非虚言”   “The five thousand years civilization is not empty”

    谈到中华文明的起源，就不能回避一个问题——中华文明是否有五千年之久。

    Talking about the origin of Chinese civilization，Can't avoid a problem-the Chinese civilization is five thousand years。

    中国古代史籍把黄帝和炎帝时期作为中国历史的肇始，但是古代文献中对黄帝、炎帝乃至尧舜禹时期的记述均为后代文献的追述，一般认为都属古史传说的范畴，不能作为信史来证明中华文明五千年。国内外有很多人对中国是否拥有五千年的文明史持怀疑的态度。“要消除各种怀疑，只有依靠最新的考古学研究成果。虽然目前还没有发现夏王朝的文字，但大量考古资料表明，夏王朝是存在的，中华五千年文明并非虚言。” 中华文明探源工程项目负责人、中国社会科学院考古研究所所长王巍肯定地说。

    China ancient times the yellow emperor yan and historical period as Chinese history began，But in the ancient times literature of yellow emperor、And even YaoShunYu period of non-chinese yan are descendants of the early literature，Generally think that belong to the category of ancient legends，Not as some crediable history to prove the Chinese civilization in five thousand。There are a lot of people at home and abroad to whether China has five thousand years of history of civilization's skeptical。“In order to eliminate all kinds of doubt，Only by the latest archaeological research。Although there is no found the words of the xia dynasty，But a lot of the archaeological data indicate，Xia dynasty there is，The five thousand years civilization is not empty。” The Chinese civilization engineering project principal retraces、The Chinese academy of social sciences of institute of archaeology WangWei certainly said。

    在集中研究了良渚、陶寺、二里头等代表性文化遗址并结合10余处区域聚落中心遗址的田野考古，目前考古学家已初步建立起一个在精确测年基础上的考古学文化序列，初步勾画出公元前3500年至公元前1500年黄河、长江和辽河流域文明化进程的轮廓：

    In the research focus in the liangzhu、Ceramic temple、Representative at erlitou culture and combining site such as more than 10 area where the settlement center site field archaeology，At present the archaeologists have initially established a precise dating in on the basis of the archaeological culture sequence，Preliminary lays out 3500 BC to 1500 BC the Yellow River、The Yangtze river and liaohe river civilized the outline of the process：

    ——距今5500年前后，崧泽、庙底沟、红山文化分布区已步入文明化的轨道；

    --5500-year after，songze、Temple bottom groove、Hong shan culture distribution area has already entered the orbit of civilized man；

    ——距今5000年前后，良渚、陶寺等巨型都邑、大型宫殿基址、大型墓葬的发现表明，早在夏王朝建立之前，一些文化和社会发展较快的区域，已经出现了早期国家，进入了古国文明的阶段。

    --5000-year after，liangzhu、Tao temple etc all giant city、Large palace JiZhi、The findings suggest that large burial，As early as in xia dynasty set up before，Some cultural and social development faster area，There have been early states，Into the country with civilization stage。

    ——距今4500年前后，中国几个主要的文化区已经具备了文明的基本特征。

    --4500-year after，China several major culture area has the basic characteristics of civilization。

    ——距今3700年前后，在二里头遗址，出现了具有中轴线理念的宫室制度，以青铜礼器、大型玉石仪仗器具为代表的礼器制度，以青铜器和绿松石制作作坊为代表的官营手工业作坊，标志着中华文明进入到王国文明的新阶段。

    --3700-year after，At erlitou site in，The concept of the axis of the appeared to have his system，With bronze sacrificial vessel、The closing of large jade utensils, as a representative of the sacrificial vessel system，With bronze and turquoise production workshop, as a representative of the camp of the handicraft workshops，Marks the Chinese civilization to enter the kingdom of the civilization of the new stage。

    良渚古城算得上中华文明探源工程的重大发现。浙江省考古研究所研究员刘斌等在良渚遗址发现了290万平方米的巨型城址，用石块和粘土筑成的宽约50米的城墙，工程量之大创造了上古东亚土木工程的纪录。“这个建筑规模相当于埃及的金字塔，至少需要一万个人花两年的时间，可见当时统治者已经能够动员大量的人力物力。”刘斌认为据此有理由认为当时的社会已经进入了初期文明阶段。

    Ancient Chinese civilization is the liangzhu retraces the engineering major findings。Zhejiang province archaeology institute researchers such as liu in ruins found the liangzhu 2.9 million square meters of the site of the giant，With rocks and clay built in about 50 m wide of the wall，Large quantities of ancient east Asia created civil engineering records。“The construction scale is equivalent to the pyramids in Egypt，Need at least ten thousand individuals spend two years of time，At that time to mobilize the masters have seen a lot of manpower。”Liu bin think accordingly has reason to believe that at the time, the society has entered into the phase of early civilization。

    良渚遗址最突出的文化成就是精美的玉器。香港中文大学教授邓聪论证了沙绳切割、片切割和砣具加工是中国新石器时代的高精尖技术。考古发现和科技考古还表明良渚先民已经掌握了抽丝织帛技术，丝帛是当时社会的奢侈品或礼仪用品。

    The most prominent cultural liangzhu site achievements are exquisite jade。The Chinese university of Hong Kong DengCong demonstrates the professor ShaSheng cutting、Piece of cutting and mound is the new Stone Age with processing of advanced technology。Archaeological discovery and technology archaeological also show that the liangzhu ancestors had mastered the technology of smoke of silk，Silk is the social luxury of silk or etiquette supplies。

    《尚书》中有关于尧“观象授时”的记载，中国社会科学院考古所研究员何驽等人在襄汾陶寺遗址发现了可能是古人观测天象的场所。彩绘龙纹陶盆是陶寺文化的标志性器物，鼍鼓与石磬既是乐器，也是礼器，这些文物一定程度上展示了尧天舜日的礼乐文明。而距今约4300—4000年的百万平方米的大型城址的发现，包括有一万平方米的夯土基址的高等级居住区和十余座直径10米左右的窖穴仓储区的发现，说明陶寺城址规模巨大，城内功能分区明显，已出现专门为贵族所掌控的仓储区和墓葬及祭祀区，社会已经出现了阶层分化。何驽据此认为，陶寺文化中期，已经进入到早期国家的阶段。

    《Holds the》For yao“View like GPS clock”records，The Chinese academy of social sciences archaeology are what researchers in nature XiangFen ceramic temple site found may be signs of the ancients observation of the place。Coloured drawing or pattern dragon grain datum is the symbol of the ceramic temple culture artifacts，Tuo drums with ShiQing is both instruments，Sacrificial vessel is，These cultural relics to some extent YaoTianShunRi shows the ritual and music civilization。And dating from about 4300-4000 million square meters of large and the discovery of the site，Including ten thousand square meters of high-grade residential area and JiZhi rammer earth more than 10 a 10 m or so in diameter hole found the pits storage，Tao temple of large scale that the site，The functional partition obvious，Already appeared designed for the storage of noble control area and the burial and sacrifice to the area，Society has appeared class differentiation。According to think what nature，Pottery middle temple culture，Has entered the stage of early states。

    

    “文明探源”使中国考古学接近国际水平 “Civilization retraces”Make Chinese archaeology close to the international level

    从20世纪20年代中国考古学诞生以来，大量考古发现为研究中国古代文明提供了宝贵的资料。王国维、郭沫若等历史学家通过出土的商代甲骨文和青铜器铭文研究商周时期的社会，是中国学者研究中国古代文明的发端。上世纪80年代，考古学家夏鼐先生发表了《中国文明的起源》，再一次聚焦中华文明起源问题。随后苏秉琦先生提出了“满天星斗”等一系列关于文明起源的观点，对于国内文明起源的研究发挥了引导作用。中华文明探源工程则是进入21世纪后文明起源研究的代表，也是研究成果最为集中的阶段。

    From the 1920 s Chinese archaeologists since birth，A large archaeological discovery for the study of Chinese ancient civilization provided valuable information。Wang guowei、Guo moruo, historian unearthed by shang dynasty bronze inscriptions oracle and research in the period of the shang society，Is Chinese scholars study of China's ancient civilization, start。The 1980 s，Archaeologists prof.xia nai published Mr.......《The origin of Chinese civilization》，Then a focus of the origin of Chinese civilization。Mr. SuBingQi then put forward“starry”And a series of about origins of civilization's point of view，The study of the origin for the domestic civilization played a lead role。The Chinese civilization is retraces engineering in the 21 st century origins of civilization research representative，Is also the focus of research stage。

    作为国家“十五”、“十一五”的科技攻关项目，高科技和多学科综合研究为中华文明探源工程的实施提供了强大的支撑，使中国考古学逐渐接近国际水平。即使粗略计算，文明探源涉及的学科也蔚为大观，从考古学、历史文献学、天文学、古文字学等传统学科，到体质人类学、科学测年、古植物、古动物、古环境等考古的新领域，文明探源不再是考古人或者历史学家的特权。碳14精确测年方法为文化谱系的建立提供了重要数据；孢粉分析技术的引入，对研究古环境变化情况提供了可能；空间遥感技术在考古调查中的应用，为我们认知古代遗存提供了新的视角。

    As a national“15”、“11”The science research project，High-tech and multi-discipline research for the Chinese civilization retraces the implementation of the project provides a powerful support，Make Chinese archaeologists come closer to international level。Even if a rough calculation，The subjects also involved retraces civilization a fill，From the archaeological、Historical document、astronomy、The ancient literatare traditional disciplines，To physical anthropology、Science dating、The ancient plants、Ancient animal、The environment of the archaeological new areas，Civilization is no longer archaeological or retraces the privilege of historians。Carbon 14 accurate method for the culture of the pedigree dating created to provide the important data；Pollen analysis technology of introduction，To study the change of environment to provide the possibility；Space of remote sensing technology in the application of the archaeological survey，For our cognition provides a new visual Angle of ancient heritage。

    中华文明探源工程有可能为我们呈现史书并未记载的古代文明的细节。民以食为天，食以肉为贵。中国社会科学院考古所张雪莲研究员用氮同位素研究表明贵族食肉较多。通过锶同位素研究，赵燕青研究员发现二里头遗址外来人口高达38%，高于当今北京的外来人口比例。

    The Chinese civilization is possible to project retraces we present history has not recorded in the ancient civilization details。The people，Food in the flesh of your。The Chinese academy of social sciences ZhangXueLian archaeology are with nitrogen isotope researchers study showed that more noble predators。Through the research on sr isotopes，The researchers found that the ZhaoYanQing at erlitou site floating population to as high as 38%，Higher than today's Beijing foreign population proportion。

 

    中华文明可以有自己的形成标准    The Chinese civilization can have their own form standard

    “西方学术界习惯用城市、文字、青铜作为古代文明的三个标志。探源工程进行10年，越来越多的人认为，中华文明的形成也许有自己的特殊规律。”中国社会科学院考古研究所研究员刘国祥说。

    “Western scholars used to city、text、Bronze as ancient Chinese civilization three signs。10 years retraces engineering，More and more people think，The Chinese civilization formation may have their own special law。”The Chinese academy of social sciences researcher at the institute of archaeology LiuGuoXiang said。

    比如文字，有些国家或王朝就没有文字，或先有国家后有文字，如蒙古帝国。联合国教科文组织主持编写的《中亚文明史》前两卷就是无字的文明史。再比如铜和青铜技术在西方早期文明中处于核心地位，但探源工程专家组认为，玉石比青铜更坚硬，玉器加工技术含量更高，也是促进社会发展的重要因素。

    Such as text，Some countries or dynasty is not the words，Or have first country after text，Such as the Mongol empire。UNESCO presided over the writing《Central Asian civilization》The first two volumes is no words of history of civilization。To such as copper and bronze technology in the early west civilization is in the key position，But engineering expert group think retraces，Jade harder than bronze，Jade machining technology content is higher，Also is the important factors to promote social development。

    “中华文明形成的标准应为国家的产生，它包括农业与手工业是否显著发展，是否出现明确的社会分工和阶层分化，作为政治、经济、文化中心的都邑以及其附属的大型公共设施是否出现；暴力与战争是否成为较为普遍的社会现象等等。”王巍说，探源工程专家组倾向于认为，如果已经具备这些要素，就算是形成了文明。

    “The Chinese civilization form should be the generation of the standard of state，It includes the agriculture and the handicraft industry is significant development，The presence of a clear social division of labor and class differentiation，As a political、economic、Cultural center of the city and its subsidiary of all large public facilities whether there；Violence and whether the war become more widespread social phenomenon and so on。”WangWei said，Retraces engineering expert group tend to believe that，If have these elements，Even formed civilization。

    按照西方的标准，夏鼐当年认为殷墟肯定进入了文明时代，陶寺或良渚遗址仍然是史前时期。但根据中华文明探源工程专家组设定的新标准，中国有早于殷墟或二里头的文明并不奇怪，良渚、陶寺遗址至少已经进入了东亚文明时代。不久前，美国《科学》杂志以良渚玉琮为封面介绍了中华文明探源工程的进展，这或许预示着西方学术界正在接受中国学者的新结论。

    According to western standards，Prof.xia nai that evolved into the civilization that must era，Tao temple or the liangzhu rites are still prehistory。But according to the Chinese civilization retraces the new standard of engineering expert group set，China has evolved in early or the civilization is not surprising at erlitou，liangzhu、Tao temple site at least has entered the era of east Asian civilization。Not long ago，The United States《science》Magazine liangzhu jade unto the cover to introduced retraces the progress of the project of Chinese civilization，This may indicate the western scholars are to accept the new conclusion of Chinese scholars。

    新资料新研究也进一步证明中华文明的起源和早期发展是多元的，各地区环境资源差异导致了生产技术、文化传统不同，进而影响了古代社会文明化进程的方式，而先进技术、礼仪制度、宗教信仰的传播与交流，对中华文明一体化则产生了巨大的推动作用。如果说二里头之前还是土生土长的文明，从二里头开始的青铜时代，复合文明的特征越来越多。“如果没有吸收大量的外来文化，中华文明也许会如古印度文明一样中断，而形成了复合文明，犹如合金，自然会柔韧坚强，绵延不绝。”邓聪强调。

    The new material new study also further proof of the Chinese civilization the origin and early development is multiple，The regional environment resources to difference the production technology、Cultural tradition different，Affecting the ancient society in the process of civilized way，And advanced technology、Etiquette system、The spreading and communication of religious belief，The integration of the Chinese civilization, has had a huge role。If before or a native of civilization at erlitou，From the start of the Bronze Age at erlitou，The characteristics of composite civilization more and more。“If not absorb a lot of foreign culture，The Chinese civilization might such as the ancient Indian civilization interrupt，And the formation of the composite civilization，Like alloy，Naturally flexible strong，Endless miles。”DengCong emphasize。

    在党中央、国务院的关怀和重视下，在中华文明探源工程部际联席会议的领导下，今年科技部再次将“中华文明探源及其相关文物保护技术研究”列入国家“十二五”科技支撑计划，予以重点支持，这标志着中华文明探源工程在进入第三期的攻关阶段。北京大学考古文博学院是文明探源工程的另一重要支撑，院长赵辉说，“由于中华文明形成的复杂性，目前所有取得的成果恐怕还只是非常初步的成果，要真正勾勒出中华文明的起源，描绘出其丰富的路径，还需要整个考古界长期不懈的努力。”(记者 杨雪梅)

    The central committee of the、The state council care and attention，In the Chinese civilization retraces the joint meeting of BuJi project under the leadership of the，This year, the ministry of science and technology will again“The Chinese civilization retraces the protection of cultural relics and related technology research”Listed in the national“1025”Scientific support plan，Be key support，This marks the Chinese civilization in the third period project retraces the research stage。Beijing university archaeological institute is civilization superiority of another important retraces engineering support，Dean ZhaoHui said，“Because of the complexity of the formation of Chinese civilization，At present all achievements and I'm afraid I just very preliminary results，To really draw the outline of the origin of Chinese civilization，Paint of its rich path，Still need the whole the archaeology long-term unremitting efforts。”(Reporter YangXueMei)