在伦敦奥运会赛场上，各国选手在不断地挑战人类的运动极限。最新的一项研究显示，世界顶级运动员事实上或多或少携带有一些特殊的“增强表现”的运动基因，让他们具有超越普通人的爆发力、耐力等运动天赋。想在奥运会上夺取金牌，也许该像当下不少科学家们那样，先查查你有没有抽中“金牌基因”的“彩票”大奖。

In London on the Olympics，All athletes in constantly challenged the movement of human limits。A new study shows，The world's top athletes in fact more or less with some special“Enhanced performance”Sports gene，Let them have beyond ordinary people explosive force、Stamina sports talent。Want to take the gold medal in the Olympic Games，Maybe this like the many scientists like that，We check did you smoke“Gold medal gene”of“lottery”awards。

　　策划：赵洁

planning：ZhaoJie

　　文：记者 李文

wen：Reporter when levin

　　

运动能力70%靠遗传基因 The sports ability 70% by genetic gene

　　虽然不情愿，但我们不得不承认，有些人天生就更适合运动。英国《自然》杂志网站近日发表的一篇文章称，在未来，也许奥运会会变成一场“超人”运动员大会。一方面，世界顶级运动员都或多或少携带有一些特殊的“增强表现”的运动基因，让他们拥有超越普通人的爆发力、耐力等运动天赋。另一方面，现代基因疗法等科技手段也化身“基因兴奋剂”，被一些人用来违规改造运动员的身体。越来越接近身体内部的隐形改造，让反兴奋剂检测的“驴车”，不得不吃力地追赶研发的“火箭”。

Although reluctantly，But we have to admit that，Some people are just naturally more suitable for sports。British《natural》The journal website recently published an article said，In the future，Maybe the Olympics will become a“superman”Athletes congress。On the one hand，The world's top athletes are all more or less with some special“Enhanced performance”Sports gene，Let them have beyond ordinary people explosive force、Stamina sports talent。On the other hand，Modern science and technology such as gene therapy means also incarnation“Gene doping”，Some people used to violate compasses reform the athlete's body。More and more close to the internal body contact transformation，Let the anti-doping testing“Donkey cart”，After the research and development have to hard“The rockets”。

　　北京体育大学科学研究中心胡扬教授长期从事与运动相关的基因研究，他在接受本报专访时表示：“目前，科学家已经发现了200多种可能与运动能力有关的基因。它们有的与骨密度和握力相关，有的控制肌肉的供氧能力，有的关系到腿部垂直起跳能力，还有的则与大腿肌肉力量产生联系。不过，这方面的研究只能说是刚刚开始。这些基因究竟是如何起作用的？在多大程度上能提高人的运动能力？很多基本的问题都还不能有确切的回答。”

Beijing sport university scientific research center HuYang professor long engaged in sports and relevant genetic research，In accepting our newspaper interview he said：“At present，Scientists have found 200 various possible and sport ability of the genes。They some and bone mineral density and related grip，Some control muscle oxygen supply for ability，Some relationship to the leg ministry vertical takeoff ability，Others and thigh muscle strength connected。but，The research of this aspect can only be just the beginning。Exactly how these genes work？To what extent can increase the person's sports ability？Many basic problems are not have the exact answer。”

　　研究显示，遗传基因确实在运动能力中起着关键性的决定作用。在胡扬看来，能走上奥运会赛场的世界顶级运动员，身上确实带有上天赋予的特殊基因，我们且称之为“金牌基因”。运动能力70%靠遗传基因，如果你确实缺乏“金牌基因”，不妨把体育作为业余爱好来好好享受，不要太执著于夺取奥运金牌。

Research shows that，The genetic gene in the sports ability really plays a key role of the decision。In HuYang seems，To the world of the Olympics can top athletes，Indeed, with given to special genes，We call it“Gold medal gene”。The sports ability 70% by genetic gene，If you really want“Gold medal gene”，Might as well put off the sports as hobby to enjoy，Don't stick to seize the Olympic gold medal。

　　

速度基因和耐力基因 Speed gene and endurance genes

　　当下寻找特殊运动基因的工程，算得上最新的阶段性发现是“辅肌动蛋白3”基因(ACTN3)和“血管紧张素转换酶”(ACE)基因。

Then look for special sports genetic engineering，Is the latest stage is found“Auxiliary actin 3”gene(ACTN3)and“Angiotensin converting enzyme”(ace)gene。

　　ACTN3被认为是与短跑等爆发力运动相关的基因，是目前科学家研究得最早、也较为透彻的运动基因。这种基因的R型变异可能让人体生成一种存在于快肌纤维中的蛋白质，为人体提供爆发力，而X型变异则会抑制这种蛋白质的生成。ACTN3基因也因此得名“速度基因”。

ACTN3 is considered and sprint explosive sports such as related gene，Is the first scientists to study、A more thorough movement genes。The gene variations may let the human body type R to generate a exists in fast the protein in the muscle，Provide for human body explosive，And X variation will restrain the generation of the protein。ACTN3 genes also originated“Speed gene”。

　　据报道，澳大利亚体育研究院的研究者认为，在同样的训练下，那些有着先天基因优势的运动员能取得更好的成绩。资料显示，“在接受他们调查的737名运动员中，普通运动员拥有ACTN3基因的比例为30%左右；高水平的耐力项目运动员，如长跑等项目的运动员，拥有ACTN3基因的比例为50%左右；而参加奥运会并取得顶级运动成绩的爆发力项目，如短跑、举重项目的运动员，ACTN3基因的携带者比例高达95%；特别是在爆发力项目的女运动员中，携带这个基因的比例高达100%。”

According to the report，The Australian sports institute researchers believe that，In the same training，Those who have innate genetic advantage athletes can achieve better results。Data shows，“In accepting their survey of 737 athletes，Ordinary athletes have ACTN3 gene ratio for about 30%；A high level of endurance athletes project，Such as long-distance running project athletes，Have ACTN3 gene ratio for about 50%；And to take part in the Olympic Games and to have the top sports scores explosive force of the project，Such as sprint、Weightlifting athletes of the project，ACTN3 carriers of the gene as high as 95%；Especially in the female athletes explosive force project，Carry the gene rates as high as 100%。”

　　也有数据显示，除了运动员带有这种基因，这种基因也存在于85%的非洲人以及50%的欧洲人和亚洲人体内。不过，其他没有中这张基因“彩票”的数十亿人可能要重新评估自己想在奥运会上获得奖牌的“美梦”的可行性。

Also have data shows，In addition to carrying the gene athletes，This gene also exists in 85% of africans and 50% of European and Asian body。but，No other of this gene in“lottery”Billions of people may want to review their want to in the Olympic Games medal winners“dream”Feasibility of。

　　相比之下，ACE基因则与长跑等耐力运动密切相关，可被称为“耐力基因”。据报道，携带有ACE基因“I”变异的运动员，比没有携带该变异的运动员更容易爬上8000米高峰。尼泊尔加德满都谷地雪尔帕人，有94%的人拥有“I”变异；而其他种族的人群中，仅仅45%~70%的人拥有该变异。这一变异会提高人的耐受力。对英国跑步运动员进行的研究发现，这种基因变异在那些耐力较好的运动员中最常见。

compared，ace gene is long and endurance sports such as closely related，Can be called“Endurance gene”。According to the report，Carry a ace gene“I”Variants of the athletes，Carry the variation of better than no more easy to climb on athletes 8000 meters high。Nepal Kathmandu valley xue er palmer，94% of the people have“I”variation；And the other RaceS in the crowd，Only 45% to 70% of people have this mutation。This will increase the person's tolerance variation。British athletes to run the study found，This gene mutation in those endurance better athlete is the most common。

　　

用基因标准选才 By gene standard to choose

　　

或会更稳定 Or will be more stable

　　胡扬和他的团队目前也正在尝试寻找与训练敏感性相关的基因。他指出：“同样的训练方案，有些运动员训练效果好，另外一些则效果不好。这背后很可能也是某些特殊基因在起作用。如果真能找到这样的基因，未来不仅可以更好地训练运动员，对大众健身也有帮助，例如我们可以根据基因的个体差异，给不同的人开出不同的个性化健身处方。”

HuYang and his team at present are also trying to find and training of sensitivity related gene。He pointed out that：“The same training program，Some athletes training effect is good，Others the result is bad。It could also be behind this some special genes in action。If I can find such genes，The future can not only better trained athletes，To public fitness will also help，For instance, we can according to genetic individual，To different people at different personalized fitness prescription。”

　　他指出，在挑选好的运动员苗子时，相比传统的形态学、生理学指标，未来用基因指标挑选也许会更稳定。“基因从一出生就不会改变，而个人的体格形态到十七八岁才能相对定形。很多十四五岁就开始进入体校的年轻人，到了成年以后，体格会有很大变化。小的时候看上去是块搞运动的好材料，但长大了，身形走样，并没朝着预测的方向发展。如果真有一天，人类能清楚标记出与运动天赋相关的基因，作为参考的基因标准，那选材时的评价就能大大提前。”他说。

He pointed out that，In choosing good athletes young plant，Compared with the traditional morphology、Physiology index，The future with the genetic index selection may be more stable。“Genes from a birth will not change，Personal physical forms to the seventeen or eighteen to relative set。Many 14 or 15 began to enter the young people who，To adulthood,，Physical there will be great changes。Small when look is a block in sports material，But grew up，Shape its shape，And in the direction of the prediction didn't development。If there is any day，Mankind can clearly marked out and athletic related gene，As a reference standard of genes，The evaluation of select material can be well in advance。”He said。

　　不过，要实际进行应用恐怕还为时过早。胡扬指出，寻找特殊运动基因的研究目前还存在很多备受质疑的地方。“如果在人群中广泛大量地采集样本，找到的运动基因也许会等级不高，缺乏代表性。而如果只在世界冠军这类顶级运动员中寻找，会因这些人数量太少，不能从根本上说明问题。运动基因的真实性究竟如何，到底能不能拿来用，目前还都是存疑的。”

but，To the practical application I'm afraid is too early to tell。HuYang points out that，Looking for special sports genes at present there are still many been questioned place。“If in the crowd to massive samples，Find the movement of the gene may level is not high，Lack of representative。And if only in the world champions this kind of top athletes in search for，Because of these people too little number，Can't fundamentally explanation。Exactly how the authenticity of the gene movement，If it can go and make use of them，At present are of dubious。”

　　另外，不同种族、不同地域的人群，基因与运动能力的关联也存在很大差异。胡扬指出，就拿ACTN3基因和ACE基因来说，把国外的研究结果放在中国作比照研究，就发现不太适用。又比如，在国内不同地域，群体的差异性也很明显，例如在广东就比较容易出短跑、举重运动员，而在东北，能选拔出较多长跑运动员。

In addition，Different ethnic、The crowd of different district，Gene and sport ability of the association is also a big difference。HuYang points out that，Take ACTN3 genes and ace gene for example，The results of the study abroad in China for study mutatis mutandis，He found that don't apply。And such as，Different areas in China，Groups of difference is obvious，For example in guangdong is easier to dash out、Weightlifting athletes，And in the northeast，Can the selected more distance runner。

　　

对抗“基因兴奋剂”： against“Gene doping”：

　　

奥运不是突变体角斗士的战场 Olympic Games is not mutant gladiator battlefield

　　虽然最基础的运动基因研究远谈不上成熟，“基因兴奋剂”药物和基因改造疗法已经开始被一些想要夺金的运动狂人违禁应用。

Although the most basic sports genetic research far from mature，“Gene doping”Drug and gene transformation therapy has started to be some want to win gold sport fanatics who banned applications。

　　随着用来改变受损或者致病基因的革命性基因疗法的出现，人们发现，原本用来治疗严重贫血患者的促进红细胞生成的基因疗法，可提高运动员的有氧代谢能力。用来治疗重症肌无力患者的基因疗法可以提高特定部位肌肉的力量。根据不同竞技项目的要求，基因技术能够对人体不同部位的肌肉进行特定的改造：注入了增强肌肉基因的标枪运动员，打破世界纪录易如反掌；将促进血红细胞增长素的基因注入马拉松运动员体内，许多人都可以轻松跑完全程，突破2小时大关……想要更加疯狂地改造自身基因，去成为运动“天才”的人不是没有。从技术上讲，这只是时间的问题。

As to change damaged or genetic diseases revolutionary gene therapy appear，People found，Originally used for the treatment of patients with severe anemia promote red blood cell production of gene therapy，Can improve the athlete's aerobic metabolic ability。Used for the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis (gene therapy can improve muscle power to specific areas。According to the requirements of different competitive projects，Gene technology to human body to different parts of the muscles for specific transformation：Build up the muscles of the gene into the javelin athletes，Breaking the world record is a piece of cake；Will promote the growth of red blood cells, gene into a marathon runner body，Many people can easily run all the way，2 hour mark...... breakthroughWant to be more crazy to reform their own genes，To become movement“genius”Man is not without。technically，This is only a matter of time。

　　当科技被错误应用，会带来无穷祸害。过度增加血液红细胞数量，血液就会变得黏稠，心脏不得不像水泵一样迫使黏稠的血液通过窄小的血管，患高血压和中风的风险会大增。肌肉体积的过度增长，会增加联结性组织损伤的可能性，有诱发肿瘤的危险。

When technology application by mistake，Will bring boundless scourge。Excessive increase blood red blood cell number，Blood will become sticky，The heart has to like water pump blood through the same force sticky stiff small blood vessels，Hypertension and stroke risk will soar。Excessive growth of muscle mass，Will increase the possibility of coupling sex tissue damage，The danger of a induce tumor。

　　胡扬指出，相比传统的兴奋剂，基因兴奋剂更加隐蔽，但危害也更大。因为这影响的不仅是运动员本身，还可能会影响到下一代。此外，经过基因修饰的细胞脱落或者排泄将会对周围环境造成污染。尽管在临床研究中，没有发现基因受到污染的患者，但是当运动员滥用基因兴奋剂时，对环境的污染将难以控制。

HuYang points out that，Compared with the traditional stimulant，Gene doping more hidden，But much more harm。Because this affects not only athletes itself，May also affect to the next generation。In addition，Genetically modified cell falls off or discharge will cause pollution to the environment。Although in clinical research，No discovered genes of contaminated patients，But when athletes abuse gene doping，Pollution to the environment will be difficult to control。

　　世界反兴奋剂组织WADA已于2003年明确将基因兴奋剂列入禁用药物之列。WADA主席庞德说：“我们希望金牌给予那些诚实竞争的运动员……我们需要的是运动员，而不是角斗士；我们需要的是真正的人，而不是突变体。”

The world anti-doping agency (WADA already in 2003 genes in clear doping in the list of banned drugs。WADA chairman pound said：“We hope that the gold medal given to those athletes...... honest competitionWhat we need is the athlete，Not gladiator；What we need is a real person，Instead of mutants。”

　　

某些运动基因或能在后天被激发 Some sports genes or can be inspired in the day after tomorrow

　　为什么埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、牙买加这些国家容易出田径天才？

Why Ethiopia、Kenya、Jamaica to these countries a track and field genius？

　　英国格拉斯哥大学的生物学教授雅尼斯·皮奇拉迪斯在这些国家展开长期的研究。当他考察肯尼亚一个出了不少长跑健将的村庄时发现，先天的遗传因素和后天的环境因素其实复杂地纠缠在一起。原来，长久以来，这个村庄的孩子每天都要跑步5公里，到离村庄很远的学校上学，一天往返就是10公里。这样的后天环境使得一代代的村民从小每天都在进行长跑训练。擅长长跑的基因也许就在这样的生存环境中被激发出来。而这基因也通过血缘关系，一代代在村庄中延续下来。

Glasgow university biology professor Lawrence where peach, as James rafael in these countries developing a long-term research。When he investigation Kenya a long run in a lot of athletes village found，Inherent genetic factors and environmental factors of the day after tomorrow actually complex entwine together。The original，Has long，The village children go jogging every day 5 km，Far away from the village to the school，And a day is 10 kilometers。Such acquired environment makes generations of villagers from long-distance running every day in training。Good at long distance genes may be such in the living environment is stir up。And this gene also through the blood relations，A generation continue down in the village。

　　胡扬指出，运动能力是涉及人体多个系统的综合机能，先天遗传因素、后天环境因素和训练都在决定着运动能力的高低。所以，被“金牌基因”选中的人不必沾沾自喜，因为也许根本就不存在明确有效的“金牌基因”，即便被选中了，没走上后天专业训练的路，恐怕也很难登得上奥运领奖台。至于没抽中“彩票”的人更不必沮丧，在运动的乐趣面前，人人平等。

HuYang points out that，The sports ability is related to the human body more comprehensive function of the system，Congenital genetic factors、The environment factors and training in the movement to the level of the ability of。so，was“Gold medal gene”The selected people need not complacent，Perhaps because there were no definite effective“Gold medal gene”，Even if was chosen，Not the way of the professional training on the day after tomorrow，I'm afraid it is difficult to put on the Olympic also podium。As for didn't smoke in“lottery”More people don't be dismayed，In the movement of the front fun，Everyone is equal。