穿越五千年，拆仿一线间

Through five thousand,And copy a thread

　　“拆旧”和“仿古”的大戏正在中国城市加速上演。一边，部分“中国历史文化名城”岌岌可危，历史文化街区频频告急；一边，55亿再造凤凰，千亿重塑汴京，仿制古城遍地开花。这一切正成为中国城市化进程中的独特风景。

"depreciation"and"antique"Drama is China's urban accelerating stage.side,part"China's historical and cultural city"At risk,The historical and cultural blocks in again and again;side,5.5 billion reengineering the order of the phoenix,Yuan tomb sweeping festival to reshape,Imitation ancient city blossom everywhere.All this is becoming China's urbanization process has the unique scenery.

　　若非十五年前栽下的两棵梧桐树还立在那，严振已经找不到曾经生活了近四十年的家。

Were it not for fifteen years ago under the tree planted two trees still stand in it,YanZhen have find had lived nearly 40 years of home.

　　2012年10月的一天，他站在山东聊城古城楼南大街的梧桐树下，眼前已不见当年的两层小楼，而是一座青砖灰瓦、檐牙高啄的仿古宅院。

In October 2012 a day,He stood in the shandong liaocheng ancient towers south street buttonwood,Eyes were not the two f,But a brick tiles/Eaves dental high peck antique house.

　　这只是聊城这座国家历史文化名城雄心勃勃的古城重建计划的一瞥。而今，站在古城的中心有着“天下第二楼”之称的光岳楼楼顶四顾，这座面积约1平方公里的水上古城四面的主干道两侧，仿古建筑已然鳞次栉比。

This is only liaocheng the national historical and cultural city ambitious old city reconstruction plan at a glance.now,Standing in the center of the ancient city with"The first day on the second floor"GuangYueLou known as the roof looks,The area of about 1 square kilometers of water all the main road on both sides of the ancient city,Antique building row upon row of already.

　　三年前，聊城开启浩大的古城保护与改造帷幕，严振便和生活于此的万余居民一样，渐次离开了这座躺在水上的千年城池。他们的旧屋悉数被夷为平地，让位于那些漆色崭新的城墙、角楼、府衙和考院。

Three years ago,Liaocheng open vast old city protection and reconstruction curtain,YanZhen then and life in the residents,Gradually left the lie in water city in one thousand.In their old house was razed to the ground,Let is located in those who painted the walls of a brand new/turret/Ancient house and the examination yuan.

　　随着这些旧屋及其周边道路的拆除，聊城古城的历史文化街区的原貌化作一地瓦砾。

As these old house and its surrounding road demolition,Liaocheng city historical and cultural blocks intact into a rubble.

　　“赝品！”对已然立起的古建筑，严振充满了鄙夷。而在当地政府的计划里，这些看似古色古香的“古城”制品，不仅替代了旧城脏乱差的面貌，而且寄予着地方“旅游业发展龙头”的期待。

"fake!"To have set up of old buildings,YanZhen filled with contempt.And in the local government plan,These seemingly antique"city"products,Not only replaced the old city the face of the thirty-three,And place the place"Leading tourism development"expectations.

　　在这场激荡着中国城市的拆旧与仿古的热潮中，聊城并非孤例，甚至不值一提。北京大学城市与环境学院教授吴必虎的初步统计显示，中国正有不少于三十个城市已经、正在或谋划加入这一古城重建风潮。

In the full with Chinese cities and the old and antique has,Liaocheng is not isolated cases,Even doesn't make any sense.Beijing university professor wu city and the environment will be tiger preliminary statistics show,China is no less than thirty city has/Are or plan to join the old city reconstruction agitation.

　　争相上演巨资“穿越” Scramble to put on a huge sum of money"through"

　　最新入局的是昆明。2012年10月26日，滇池湖畔的昆明市晋宁县，投资220亿元的“七彩云南古滇王国文化旅游名城”破土动工。昆明市宣布，要“确保3年时间再造一个古滇国”。

The latest incoming is kunming.On October 26, 2012,The dianchi lake in kunming ningxian,Investment of 22 billion yuan"Colorful yunnan ancient dian kingdom cultural tourism city"Break ground.Kunming announced,to"Ensure that three years to create another ancient dian kingdom".

　　中国的城市不乏值得一说的历史与故事，自从1982年首批国家历史文化名城公布至今，共有119个城市已荣膺这项桂冠。现在，他们中的部分已不满足于单纯守卫祖上的零星遗产，力求重现千年的恢宏历史。

There is no lack of Chinese cities is the history and story said,Since 1982, the first batch of national historical and cultural city announced so far,A total of 119 a city has selected the crown.now,Some of them are not satisfied with the simple guard ancestor the odd heritage,Strive to return one thousand grand history.

　　回到“明代”。2012年底，大同古城墙即将合龙，投资500亿元的古城再造正令这座城市再现明代风华。

Back to"In the Ming dynasty".By the end of 2012,Datong ancient city wall is closure,Investment of 50 billion yuan of old city reconstruction is to reproduce the city receives in the Ming dynasty.

　　回到“宋代”。2012年8月，河南开封爆出千亿打造古城新闻，力争四年内重现北宋汴京繁华。

Back to"Song dynasty".In August 2012,Henan kaifeng ancient city was build escape the news,Strive to four years the northern song dynasty tomb sweeping festival prosperous again.

　　回到“春秋”。2012年初，山东肥城“春秋古城”项目开工奠基，计划总投资60亿元，占地2200亩。

Back to"Spring and autumn".At the beginning of 2012,Shandong feicheng"Ancient spring and autumn"Project ground-breaking,Plan a total investment of 6 billion yuan,Covers an area of 2200 mu.

　　回到“上古”。2011年9月，江苏金湖尧帝古城开建，项目占地千亩，总投资30亿元。

Back to"ancient".In September of 2011,Jiangsu golden lake yaodi city open built,The project covers an area of one thousand mu,The total investment capital is 3 billion yuan.

　　……

……

　　在同济大学建筑与城市规划学院教授张松的记忆中，以往这种复古表现为对个别建筑的整修，如北京琉璃厂、南京夫子庙、承德清代一条街、开封宋街等。而今，复古已变为一区乃至一城。

In tongji university architecture and urban planning college professor zhangsong memory,Before the performance for restoring ancient ways to individual building renovation,Such as Beijing liu lichang/Nanjing Confucius temple/Chengde street in qing dynasty/Kaifeng song street, etc.now,Restore ancient ways already become area and a city.

　　作为住建部历史文化名城专家委员会委员，中国城市规划设计研究院教授级高工赵中枢目睹了各地古城重建后悟出一个规律（如图示）：在较发达的东部沿海、偏远的西部地区少有这种现象，但在中部，经济上有一定潜力仍想大发展的地区，古城重建正扎堆出现。其中，仅河南一省，即有郑州、鹤壁浚县、开封、商丘、洛阳等五地欲重建古城。

As a living JianBu historical and cultural city is also a member of expert committee,China's urban planning design and research institute ZhaoZhongShu witnessed the senior engineers around the old city reconstruction to realize a rule(Such as graphic):In the more developed eastern coastal/The remote western region rare this phenomenon,But in the central,The economy has certain potential still want to big development area,Old city reconstruction is gathers together appear.the,Only henan province,Namely zhengzhou/Hebi JunXian/kaifeng/shangqiu/Luoyang, etc in five to rebuild ancient city.

　　“这是一个方向性的错误。”张松说，“这是不现实的，更重要的是城市文化、城市生活是回不去的。”

"This is a directional error."ZhangSongShui,"It is not realistic,More important is the culture of the city/City life is not going back."

　　但在一些人眼中，回到过去轻而易举。“大美滦州已备好美酒佳肴，恭候八方朝拜的下臣进城就座。”2012年9月30日，投资52亿元、占地两千亩的河北滦州古城举行开城大典，辽国的“国王”和“皇后”率领身披铠甲的仪仗队出城迎客，俨然一场“穿越秀”。

But in the eyes of some,Go back to the past and easy."Great beauty of the luanhe river state are ready for food and wine,Expecting eight party giving pilgrimage to the city seating."September 30, 2012,Investment of 5.2 billion yuan/Covers an area of two thousand acres of hebei luanhe river state city held ceremonies of kaesong,Liao countries"The king"and"queen"And wear armor of the guard of honor to welcome out of the city,Peremptory a"Wear yuexiu".

　　“重建未必是坏事，某种意义上这是地方重视文化的一个反映。”中国工程院院士、原建设部副部长周干峙对南方周末记者说，“但我们希望是保护遗产，而不是一味恢复历史面貌。”他认为，恢复一座古城既非易事，亦无必要。

"Reconstruction is not necessarily a bad thing,In a sense this is the place to attach importance to a reflection of the culture."Chinese academy of engineering/The original construction ZhouGanShi vice minister of southern weekend reporter said,"But we hope is to protect the heritage,We do not only restore the outlook of the history."He thinks,Restore an ancient city is neither easy,Nor necessary.

　　周干峙说，在全世界九百多处世界遗产中，中国只有43个。“九百多个里有一半以上在欧洲，就此而言，我们还交代不过去。”但对于怎么保、保什么，仍是目前面临的一个大问题。

ZhouGanShi said,In the world in more than nine hundred places in the world heritage,China only 43."There are more than nine hundred more than half in Europe,For that matter,We also metasomatism not the past."But for how to protect/Protect what,Is still facing a big problem.

　　不敢撤销的名城称号 Dare not to cancel the title of city

　　严振越过新修的仿古宅院，古城的另一面浮现眼前：原来密密麻麻的居民楼已经被悉数铲平。

YanZhen over the new repair of archaize house,The other side of the ancient city sight to emerge:Originally from one of the attacked compounds have been numerous in leveling.

　　这是重建的另一面：拆。

This is the other side of the reconstruction:and.

　　同济大学国家历史文化名城研究中心主任阮仪三，这位领衔编制《聊城古城保护与整治规划》的“古城卫士”告诉南方周末记者，按照当年规划，应当对古城建筑原样原修，并留存部分居民，“这是可持续发展的基本要求”。然而，聊城地方政府却只是采取了该规划的壳，反以大拆大建的方式将古城的历史街区拆除，“就剩了一条假裤子”。

Tongji university national historical and cultural city research center director ruan yisan from,The lead the establishment[Liaocheng city protection and renovation plan]of"City guards"Tell the southern weekend reporter,According to in those days the planning,Should old city building the same original repair,And retained some residents,"This is the basic requirement of sustainable development".however,Liaocheng local government is just to take the planning of the shell,Back to the method of demolishing old buildings of the ancient city of the historical block removed,"It left a false pants".

　　“想完全恢复之前的古城格局和街巷已经很困难了。”一位聊城匿名文保官员对南方周末记者说，二十年前，正是凭借这些文物古迹和古城格局，聊城得以跻身第二批国家历史文化名城。

"Want to fully recover before the city pattern and street is very difficult."A liaocheng anonymous WenBao officials to southern weekend reporter said,Twenty years ago,Is precisely relies on these cultural relics and ancient city pattern,Liaocheng to the second batch of national historical and cultural city.

　　推倒重来的聊城已经成为负面典型。在2012年6月召开的“纪念国家历史文化名城设立三十周年论坛”上，住建部副部长仇保兴痛批“拆真名城、建假古董”的行为，直接点名聊城，“成片历史街区被拆掉，统一建仿古建筑，一个设计图纸、一个时间建出来的”。

Down heavy to liaocheng has become a typical negative.In June 2012 at the"Marking national historical and cultural city set up 30 anniversary BBS"on,Live qiu baoxing, vice minister of construction of pain"And true city/Built fake antiques"behavior,Direct call liaocheng,"Vast stretches of historical block being torn down,Unified built antique buildings,A design drawings/A time out of the building".

　　不惟聊城，中国诸多历史文化名城的历史街区都在成片消失。

Not only liaocheng,Many Chinese historical and cultural city of the historical blocks are vast stretches of disappear.

　　所谓历史文化街区，是指保存文物特别丰富、历史建筑集中成片、能够较完整和真实地体现传统格局和历史风貌，并具有一定规模的区域。

The so-called historical and cultural blocks,Refers to the special rich cultural relics/Historical building into focus/Can a complete and truly reflect the traditional pattern and historical style,And a certain scale area.

　　2011年1月起，住建部与国家文物局联合开展了三十年来首次国家历史文化名城、名镇、名村保护工作检查。按照进度，检查于当年7月即宣告结束。但结果未对外公布。

January 2011,Live JianBu and national bureau of cultural relic joint carried out for the first time in 30 years national historical and cultural city/Famous town/Name village protection work inspection.According to the schedule,Check in the July is ended.But the results are not announced.

　　这注定是一份不容乐观的结果。参与检查的赵中枢曾透露，在全国119个国家级历史文化名城中，有13个名城已无历史文化街区，还有18个名城只剩一个历史文化街区。按照规定，有两个以上历史文化街区的才能申报历史文化名城。

This is doomed to be a not optimistic results.Participate in the inspection ZhaoZhongShu has revealed,In the national 119 in the state-level historical and cultural city,There are 13 city has no historical and cultural blocks,There are 18 cities there are only a historical and cultural blocks.According to the regulation,There are more than two historical and cultural blocks to declare historical and cultural city.

　　阮仪三则称，没有了历史街区的名城可达二十多个，此外还有一半以上的历史文化街区是不合格的。

Ruan yisan from, say,No historical block of city can reach more than 20,In addition there are more than half of the historical and cultural blocks is not qualified.

　　赵中枢说，历史文化街区消失的原因，有的是在1982年国家划定第一批历史文化名城时尚未划定历史文化街区，但更多是划定之后却人为拆毁。

ZhaoZhongShu said,The disappearance of the historical and cultural blocks,Have a plenty of in 1982 the national defined the first batch of historical and cultural city has not been defined in the historical and cultural blocks,But it is more a after delimit but human break down.

　　2009年4月，南京市“危旧房改造计划”将历史街区列入改造范围，安品街、南捕厅等一大批老街区被拆除殆尽。“大同的善化寺和上下华严寺周边，原来是一片历史街区，现在也全部建成仿古建筑了。”阮仪三说。

In April 2009,nanjing"The reconstruction of the old plan"Will be included in the scope of the historical block transformation,AnPin street/South hall of catching a large number of older streets in the city be removed completely."Datong good turn temple and fluctuation HuaYanSi surrounding,It is a piece of historical block,Now also completed the antique buildings."Ruan yisan from said.

　　此外，1949年以后产生的历史街区几成空白。据赵中枢观察，目前中国还能找到的上世纪五六十年代遗留下来的人民公社旧址，仅余河南、四川等地的两三处。

In addition,1949 years later production history of the block a few into blank.According to ZhaoZhongShu observation,At present China also can find the s left over from the old people's commune,Over henan only/Sichuan province, two or three place.

　　事实上，依照检查通知规定，对已不具备条件的名城，由住建部与国家文物局向国务院建议列入濒危名单或者撤销称号。但是，“专家们有个担忧，摘掉一些城市国家历史文化名城的帽子，他们就索性不要了，要他干什么？很麻烦的。”阮仪三说。

In fact,In accordance with the provisions of inspection notice,To have do not have conditions of the city,By living JianBu and national bureau of cultural relics of the state council to suggest the endangered list or cancel the title.but,"Experts have a worry,To remove some cities national historical and cultural city hat,They simply don't,Will he do?A lot of trouble."Ruan yisan from said.

　　一笔旅游、地产经济账 A tourist/Real estate JingJiZhang

　　“古城重建的动机很少是为了文物保护，大部分是为了搞旅游、搞地产开发。”北京大学城市与环境学院教授吴必虎说。

"Old city reconstruction motives seldom is for the protection of cultural relics,Most is to make tourism/Make real estate development."Beijing university professor wu city and the environment will be tiger said.

　　在2009年聊城古城保护与改造动员大会上，聊城市一位领导公开感慨，原汁原味的“天下第二楼”光岳楼、傅斯年纪念馆知者寥寥。“究其原因，就是由于我们的文化旅游业发展不够。”因此，古城的改造开发被寄望成“旅游业发展的龙头，带动经济发展，带动老百姓发家致富”。

Liaocheng in 2009 old city protection and reconstruction on the mobilization meeting,Liaocheng city in a leading public feeling,authentic"The first day on the second floor"GuangYueLou/A knower fu memorial."Investigate its reason,Is because of our cultural tourism development is not enough."therefore,Old city the transformation of development is supposed to"The development of the tourism industry leading,Promoting economic development,Drive people to get rich".

　　事实上，诸多重建的古城并不隐讳打着“旅游”字样的别名，如尧帝古城又称金湖印象旅游城，银川西夏古城亦称西夏商业文化旅游博览园。

In fact,Many of the old city reconstruction is not a veil"tourism""Alias,Such as yaodi city also called golden lake impression travelocity,Yinchuan xixia city also called xixia commercial culture tourism expo.

　　据阮仪三观察，当下这股古城重建的风潮正是肇始于丽江、平遥、乌镇等古城古镇旅游业兴起之后。“人家能够搞好，我们也一样能够搞好，完全能够实现后来居上。”上述聊城市领导如是说。

According to the ruan yisan from observation,Then the old city reconstruction of agitation is began in lijiang/pingyao/Ancient town tourism such as wuzhen after rise."Somebody else can do well,We also can do well,Fully come to realize."The above said liaocheng city in leadership.

　　地方政府已然运筹帷幄。聊城市政府的招商文件显示，恢复建设历史文化景点投资约为1.78亿元，建成后，年客流量约为30万人次，可收入1亿元左右。而大同市更是曾公开期许，未来旅游人数将达到每年300万人，以100元门票算，一年即是3亿元，这还不包括餐饮购物等。

The local government has have a card up one's sleeve.Liaocheng city in the government's investment promotion documents show,Restore historical and cultural attractions construction investment about 178 million yuan,After the completion of,Volume of about 300000 people,Can the income 100 million yuan.Datong is has publicly and expectations,The future of tourists will reach 3 million people every year,With 100 yuan ticket calculate,A year is 300 million yuan,This is not even including the food shopping, etc.

　　仅仅旅游开发的目的并不足以解释全部。赵中枢告诉南方周末记者，如果仅仅为了旅游或保护古城，完全可以通过丽江、平遥那样的新旧分离模式，抑或当下在北京等地推行的旨在避免大拆大建的微循环渐进式的整修，但这样的方案却被聊城等地弃之不理。

Only the purpose of tourism development is not enough to explain all.ZhaoZhongShu told southern weekend reporter,If only for tourism or protect ancient city,Completely through lijiang/Pingyao that old and new separation mode,Or present in Beijing, carrying out to avoid big of demolishing old buildings and microcirculation gradual renovation,But this scheme has been liaocheng, abandon ignore.

　　“拆了老房建新房，有GDP和房地产收入，修老房子，费钱、又没有收入。”阮仪三如是解释地方政府推倒重来的动力。

"The old and new endowed,Have GDP and real estate income,Fix old house,costly/And have no income."Ruan yisan from so explain local government re-evaluated power.

　　两院院士吴良镛曾指出，大拆大建对地方政府而言是一种最经济的做法。“老城中心地价高，拆迁花费的成本高，但是经济回报会更高。”赵中枢说。

Senate WuLiangYong academician once pointed out,Big demolishing old buildings in to the local government is one of the most economical way."Old city center high land price,Removing the costs high,But the economic returns will be higher."ZhaoZhongShu said.

　　聊城市政府的公开效益预测称，古城内棚户区改造项目投资约为16.87亿元，可建民居约48万平方米，预计销售收入约28.8亿元，其利润之丰厚自不待言。

Liaocheng city in the government's public benefit forecast says,Ancient town shantytowns renovation project investment about 1.687 billion yuan,Can build houses about 480000 square meters,Sales revenue is expected to about 2.88 billion yuan,The profit of the rich go without saying.

　　如此，不是在新区大笔一挥，而是在古城的“螺蛳壳里做道场”成为重建古城最划算的选择。

so,Not in the new city at a stroke,But in the old city"Snail shell in the dojo"Become the most cost-effective choice reconstruction of old city.

　　然而，所有的算盘都能尽如人意吗？

however,All of the abacus can be satisfactory?

　　在当下轰轰烈烈的古城重建风中，山东枣庄的台儿庄古城是为数不多的已然开门迎客的一个。公开资料显示，自2010年开城以来，该古城共接待了400多万人次游客，从2009-2011年，古城三产增加值占GDP比重提高了3.9%。

In the present magnificent and victorious old city reconstruction of the wind,Shandong ZaoZhuang taierhchuang of ancient city is one of the few has opened the door to welcome a.Public data shows,Since 2010 since the kaesong,This ancient city received a total of more than 400 overseas visitors,From 2009-2011,Ancient city of tertiary industry sector accounted for the proportion of GDP increased by 3.9%.

　　更多正在加速度前进的古城项目尚未及接受考验。“是假文物没关系，但要考虑业态。业态规划成功，古城会响亮转身；只是物质城墙，可能大量的钱投进去以后收不回来，留给下届政府，最后真正承担的还是老百姓。”并不反对再造的吴必虎说，“政府立项，老百姓埋单，直到一代代把债还清。”

More are acceleration on the project has not ancient city and tested."Is it false cultural relics,But to consider format.Format planning success,GuChengHui loud turned;Only material wall,May be a lot of money after put in charge does not come back,Left to the next government,The last real bear or people."Not against the reconstituted wu will tiger said,"The government project,People buried single,Until a generation of the debt."

　　夜幕降临，一平方公里的聊城古城里，只有屈指可数的几处灯光。而政府的官方话语坚信，“一座古城如凤凰一般徐徐除去老旧的躯体，正向新生阔步前进。”（作者：南方周末记者 彭利国 实习生 周琼媛 发自：北京、山东聊城） (来源：南方报业网)

The night,A square kilometers of ancient liaocheng city,Only can be counted on one's fingers of several light.And the government's official discourse firmly believe that,"An ancient city such as phoenix general slowly remove old body,Forward the new marches on."(The author:The southern weekend reporter PengLiGuo interns from the ZhouQiongYuan:Beijing/Shandong liaocheng) (source:South newspaper net)