由于饮食文化的不同，中西方对于剩宴处理方式难免有所不同。西餐都是分餐制，每个人自行决定吃多少。而中国的宴席文化注重聚餐制，使得“剩”饭的形成成为一种可能。当然，盛宴变成“剩”宴，这其实是对中华饮食文化的一种误解甚至是亵渎。孔子说，食不厌精，脍不厌细。食物讲求精细，在精而不在多。而做菜的最高境界是“吃光盘中餐”，这是对厨师劳动成果的一种肯定，更是对中华传统饮食的一种赞赏。

Because of the different diet culture,With Chinese and western for handling and there is always something different.Western food is eating,Everyone decide how much to eat.While China's banquet dinner to pay attention to culture system,makes"left"The formation of rice as a possibility.Of course,Feast into"left"feast,It is on the Chinese diet culture a misunderstanding or even against.The master said,Food not tire of fine,Kuai not tire of fine.Food with fine,In essence, not much.And cook is the highest realm of"Eat dinner",This is to cook work achievement one kind of affirmation,But for the Chinese traditional food of a kind of admiration.

　　在国内某些豪华宴会上，一盘盘几乎没有动过的佳肴转眼间被倒进了垃圾桶。严重的浪费现象引发了人们的愤怒，也引发人们思考如何解决“剩”宴问题。

In the domestic some luxury banquet,Almost no moving trays of food presto was poured into the trash can.Serious waste phenomenon has sparked anger,Also cause people to think about how to solve"left"Feast problem.

　　目前，我国高层注重倡导节约之风，杜绝公款浪费现象，使厉行节约、反对浪费在全社会蔚然成风。在国外，很多国家对如何处理“舌尖上的浪费”，都有很好的做法与经验。

At present,Our country high pay attention to advocate the wind of saving,Put an end to waste public money phenomenon,To economize/Against the waste in the whole society become common practice.In a foreign country,Many countries on how to deal with"The tip of the tongue waste",Have good practice and experience.

　　

关键词： Key words:

　　分餐、AA制付账、打包、处罚

which/AA system pay/packing/punishment

　　

德国 Germany

　　餐桌浪费处罚最严 The most severe punishment table waste

　　世界上多国餐厅都针对食物浪费设处罚规定。德国被认为是处罚餐厅浪费最严的国家。在德国，无论自助餐还是点餐，都不能浪费，一旦发现有人浪费，任何见证人都可向相关机构举报，工作人员会立即赶到，按规定罚款。此前，有报道称，有中国游客在德因用餐浪费，被罚30至50马克不等的罚款。

The world multinational restaurant food waste for a penalty provision.Germany is considered to be the most severe penalty restaurant waste of the country.In Germany,No matter the buffet or order,Can't waste,Once found someone waste,Any witnesses can to relevant agencies reported,Staff will immediately went to the,A fine in accordance with the provisions.after,Reports say,Chinese tourists in Germany for dinner waste,Penalty was 30 to mark unequal fines.

　　从幼儿园起，德国孩子们就会受到节俭就餐的教育，孩子们就餐时老师会按需分配食物，一次不能太多，有需要的孩子可再加。在家里，孩子若浪费食物，也会被处罚劳动。

From the kindergarten,German children will be frugal meal of education,The children when repast the teacher will be to each according to his need food,One cannot too much,By the children can add.At home,If children to waste food,Will also be punished labor.

　　德国餐馆一般不设包间，甚至总理、部长也都在大庭广众之下用餐。德国高官宴请各国高官通常就在普通餐馆摆一张长桌，双方人员分宾主坐在条桌两边，用餐就在大庭广众之中，其他食客看得一清二楚。

The German restaurant do not set pack,Even prime minister/Minister also are in the public under dinner.German official banquets countries official is usually in ordinary restaurant put a long table,Both sides personnel points I sit on both sides of the tables,Dinner is in in public,Other patrons see clearly.

　　在德国，政府不能随便请客吃饭。政府的财务制度卡得很严，报销手续复杂。即便是普通宴请，也要首先填写请客申请表，详细说明请什么人，大概价格、请客目的，然后交给领导签字，经批准后才能请客。

In Germany,The government can't literally spring for dinner.The government's financial system card very strict,To submit an expense account formalities complex.Even ordinary banquets,Also be the first to fill in the application form to treat,Details please what person,Probably the price/Treat purpose,And then give it to the leaders signing,Is approved to treat.

　　

意大利 Italy

　　在餐厅不谈生意或者公事 Don't talk in the restaurant business or business

　　意大利的餐厅档次分类清晰，仅从其“招牌”上就能很容易加以区别，使人们能够根据自身消费水平挑选适合的餐厅。

Italian restaurant class classification is clear,Only from the"signs"It can easily distinguish,So that people can choose according to their own consumption level for restaurant.

　　此外，意大利的餐厅没有“最低消费”的限制，但只要意大利人进了餐厅大门，一般就会选择一个前餐加第一道或者第二道主菜，这基本上已经成为当地人用餐的习惯。意大利人把到餐厅用餐当做一种社交的方式，但这种社交方式往往只是家庭或者朋友之间交流感情的方式，而不是到餐厅谈论生意或者公事。

In addition,Italian restaurant no"Minimum consumption"restrictions,But as long as the italians into the restaurant door,General will choose a meal before with the first or the second main dishes,Basically, it has become the local people dining habits.The Italian to restaurant as a kind of social way,But this kind of social way often just family or friends communication between the feelings of the way,Rather than go to a restaurant to talk about business or business.

　　意大利是一个十分传统、甚至有些保守的国家。通常，一个大家庭每周日都会到附近的教堂进行弥撒，然后中午一家人会来到比较熟悉的餐厅用餐。大家一起聊天、吃饭，其乐融融。所以，在意大利人的观念中，到餐厅用餐其实是用来维系亲人、朋友间情感的最好方式。基于这种理念，每一个意大利家庭会选择到适合自身消费水平的餐厅用餐，因为都是一家人，所以没有必要讲究不必要的排场或者面子问题。意大利人在用餐过程中实行分餐制，大家会根据自己的喜好选择食物，因此很少会有浪费。

Italy is a very traditional/Even some conservative countries.usually,A big family to Sunday will be near the church of mass,Then noon family will come to familiar with restaurant.Everyone together to chat/eat,happy.so,In the Italian's idea,The restaurant is actually used to sustain the family/The best way to emotion between friends.Based on the concept,Every Italian families to choose suitable for their own consumption level restaurant,For they are family,So there is no need to pay attention to unnecessary for busyness, or face problems.Italian table during a meal separate portions,You will the be fond of according to oneself choice food,So there will be a little waste.

　　到意大利人家中做客，如果盘中剩下食物，是一种不礼貌的表现，更是对主人的不尊敬。

In the family visit to Italy,If the plate of food left,Is a kind of rude,But for the master's not respect.

　　

墨西哥 Mexico

　　吃剩打包是表关爱 Leftovers packing list is love

　　不同于欧美人的商务范儿，墨西哥总体来讲依然是一个人情社会。因而，对于墨西哥人来说吃吃喝喝、迎来送往依然是他们生活中的一个主旋律。

Different from the European and American business lun namely model,Mexico generally is still a human society.so,For Mexico people eat and drink/Welcome to is still a theme in their lives.

　　墨西哥人聚会宴请的形式，可以依照环境、内容和组织者的不同分为三种：第一种是由政府或者是大单位组织的宴请活动，内容多为冷餐会或者是自助，参加活动的人相互多为公务往来，在席间以饮酒谈话为主，吃东西基本为浅尝辄止；第二种则是个人间的请客吃饭，根据宾主间私人关系的远近可能在餐厅也可能是家宴。在这种宴请里，墨西哥人秉持着和中国北方人一样的习惯，宁滥毋缺，一定要客人吃剩才算是宴请到位。但是墨西哥宴请多为分餐制，客人为了表示礼貌一定会吃完自己盘中的份额，所谓的“剩饭”只是在主餐盘中没被消耗的公共菜肴；第三种则是私人关系非常要好的人之间举行的聚会，这种聚会并不一定准备丰盛的菜肴，三五好友饮酒谈笑即可，和大鱼大肉的宴请有着本质区别。

Mexican party fete form,May, in accordance with the environment/The content and the organizers of the different divided into three types:The first kind is by the government or big unit of fete activity,More content for the buffet or a buffet,The campaign for mutual business contacts,In the table to drinking conversation is given priority to,Eat basic for dilettante;The second is a human pay to have a meal,According to the functional personal relation between the distance may be in dining-room also may be family dinner.In this banquet in,Mexico and north China adheres to the habit of people,Better not abuse of,Guests must be left is a banquet in place.But Mexico banquets for eating,The guest to show politeness will eat their share of the tray,The so-called"left-over"Just in the dinner plate is not the consumption of public dishes;The third is a very good personal relationship between people at the party,The party must not prepare a rich dishes,Friends can be drinking laugh,And the big fish big meat banquets has essential difference.

　　墨西哥人对于“面子”的观念和东方人迥异，即使在公务宴请中，如果不是非常正式的场合，他们也不会觉得将吃剩的东西打包有什么不妥。而在记者参加过的墨西哥家宴中，许多长辈会将没被动过的菜肴打包，热情地交给年轻的记者，在他们看来，这不但不会有伤面子，更是一种对晚辈关爱和亲近的表现。

In Mexico"face"The ideas and different,Even in the official banquets,If it's not a very formal occasion,They can't find the leftover pack what's wrong.In reporter in Mexico in family dinner,Many elders will not passive of food packaging,Enthusiastically to the young reporter,In their eyes,This not only won't have ShangMianZi,Is a kind of love and close to the younger generation performance.

　　

巴西 Brazil

　　欲推行剩菜捐社会 To implement the social donation leftovers

　　热情的巴西人对于食物同样是十分热衷的。但是由于餐桌习俗的不同，巴西人大都是自助餐，如果是点餐的形式，也都是每个人点自己的分量，所以通常，餐桌上大家都会遵守“吃多少取多少”、“吃多少点多少”的习惯，做到不浪费食物。

Enthusiasm for the Brazilian food is also very dedicated.But because of the different custom table,Brazil's National People's Congress is buffet,If it is in the form of order,Is everyone some of their own component,So usually,The table and everybody will abide by"How much to eat how many take"/"How much to eat how many points"habits,Do not waste food.

　　但是，作为世界粮食生产大国，巴西的食物浪费情况也十分严重，数据显示，巴西平均每天浪费粮食近4万吨，这一数据相当于两千万巴西人一天的食物总量。而其中28%的浪费主要源于效率欠佳的收割、运输和储存条件，另外15%在工业加工中就被浪费掉了，还有20%是在日常烹调和餐饮过程中浪费掉的。

but,As the world food production country,Brazilian food waste situation is also very serious,Data display,Brazil on an average day waste food nearly 40000 tons,This data is equivalent to twenty million Brazilian day food amount.And 28% of the waste from the poor efficiency of the main harvest/Transportation and storage conditions,Another 15% in the industrial process will be wasted,There are 20% is in daily cooking and food process wasted.

　　为此，巴西有关机构从1998年开始就在推行一项有关避免食物浪费的法律，也就是鼓励餐馆和私营单位将每日剩下的食物捐赠给社会。但是目前这一法案尚未有结果。不过现在不少州政府和非政府组织都在积极努力向家庭妇女还有儿童宣传浪费食物的严重性，并指导他们如何正确对待食物。

therefore,Brazil relevant authorities since 1998 in pushing a relevant avoid food waste law,Also is to encourage restaurants and private units will daily for the rest of the food donations to the society.But now the legislation has not yet have the result.But now many state governments and non-governmental organizations in the efforts of women and children's propaganda households within the seriousness of the waste food,And teach them how to deal with food.

　　

日本 Japan

　　精打细算 餐桌AA制 Careful calculation and strict budgeting table AA system

　　曾有一位印度朋友告诉笔者，在印度很多人都分不清中国人和日本人，但是他有一个诀窍百试不爽。说出来其实很简单，只要看看吃完饭之后的表现就一目了然了。你推我搡，打架似地抢着买单的绝对是中国人。而有一人掏出计算器，就着灯光一通狂按，然后每人各自掏出一堆零钱硬币的则必是日本人无疑。

There have been an Indian friend told the author,In India many people cannot tell the Chinese and Japanese,But he has a know-how try not great.Say it is actually very simple,As long as see after the meal as the be clear at a glance.You push me Sang,Fight like rob the check absolute is Chinese.And a man took out a calculator,The light in a crazy,Then each person can take out a pile of COINS, change will be the Japanese undoubtedly.

　　虽为笑谈，但近乎教条的AA制的确是日本式饭局最典型的特征。不仅朋友同事之间的小聚如此，据说就连政治家们公款吃喝之后都不忘AA一下，然后各拿一张账单回去冲账报销。普通日本民众对于花在饭局上的银子是十分精打细算的。

Is a proverb for,But almost dogmatic AA system is indeed the most typical characteristics of Japanese dinner party.Not only between friends colleagues chat so,It is said that even politicians and public funds after all don't forget the AA,Then each take a bill back to strike a balance to submit an expense account.Ordinary Japanese people to spend money on meals is very economical.

　　除了高档餐厅，东京的大街小巷遍布着世界各国风味的小饭馆，规模小的仅三五张桌子。这些小饭馆每天中午都会推出各自的特色套餐，价格一般都在800日元至1500日元之间，既有特色也很实惠，颇受欢迎。夜幕降临，公司职员们通常三五成群聚到小店喝上几杯，聊聊职场八卦，发发对上司的牢骚，结账时照例是一成不变的AA制。也正是因为无论是谁张罗的饭局，大伙儿吃来吃去最终吃的都是自己口袋里的钱，所以普通日本民众的饭局上很少会出现剩酒剩菜等浪费现象。当然，AA制也并非绝对的平摊，地位和收入较高的人一般会多承担一些。例如老师和学生们一起吃饭，通常会是老师掏一半，剩下的再由学生们平分。而这种默契的AA制，也许只有被称为“经济动物”的日本人才能明白吧。

In addition to high-end restaurant,The streets of Tokyo in the countries all over the world with the flavor of small restaurant,Small only 35 tables.These small restaurant at noon every day will launch their own characteristics package,The price be in commonly 800 yen to between 1500 yen,Both characteristics is also benefits,popular.The night,Company staff usually want to shop together drink a few cups,Talk about workplace gossip,Send to the boss's complaints,As usual, the checkout is invariable AA system.It is also because no matter who scare up the dinner party,We all have to eat to eventually eat of is all my pocket money,So ordinary Japanese people rarely house.i will appear with wine leftovers etc waste phenomenon.Of course,AA system is not absolutely flat,Status and the person with higher income to general will take some more.Such as the teacher and the students have a meal together,It is usually a teacher half cut,The rest of the again by the students equally.And this kind of tacit understanding of AA system,Perhaps only called"Economic animals"Japanese people can understand it.

　　

韩国 South Korea

　　吃自助餐先交押金 Eat buffet pay deposit

　　韩国粮食自给率仅为30％，因此韩国政府推出了很多措施解决严重的浪费问题。与很多国家不同，韩政府推行餐桌节约计划，将努力对象瞄准餐厅，而非就餐的客人，比如说减税政策。

South Korea its self-sufficiency rate of grain is only 30%,So the south Korean government introduced a lot of measures to solve the serious waste problem.And many countries different,Government implement table saving plan,Will try to object aimed at restaurant,Instead of dinner guests,Such as tax cuts.

　　韩国上世纪末推出一项法令，如果一家餐馆能向顾客提供把饭菜吃光的标准菜单或能让顾客把吃剩下的饭菜打包带走，就可享受减税或减收30％水费的优惠。此举一出，很多韩餐厅在客人点餐时就努力向客人介绍饭菜的分量，力求从源头上堵住餐桌浪费。

South Korea at the end of last century introduced a law,If a restaurant to eat the food of the customers with the standard menu or can let the customer to eat the rest of the pack away the food,Can enjoy tax reduction or reduce water 30% discount.This a,Many Korean restaurant in the dinner guests when they try to introduce the guest the component,From the source to block table waste.

　　作为餐桌浪费的重灾区，多家韩国自助餐厅陆续推出“吃自助、交押金”政策，要求客人就餐前先交纳押金，如出现食物浪费现象，餐厅不会返还客人押金。尽管这项规定看起来对就餐者不公平，但自助餐厅用更低廉的价格依然能吸引到很多客人。

As a table of waste areas,Several South Korea cafeteria releasing"Eat self-help/deposit"policy,Requirements guests dining before you pay the deposit,If appear the phenomenon of food waste,The restaurant will not return the deposit.Although the rules seem to the diner to unfair,But the cafeteria in more low price can still attracted to a lot of guests.

　　从2011年开始，京畿道金浦市政府还别出心裁推出“半碗饭”项目，选择35间饭店作为试点。市政府制作1.13万个比普通饭碗少盛45克至160克米饭的“京畿道半型碗”，免费送给餐厅。

Starting from 2011,The city government has launched the gyeonggi kingburg try to be unique"Half bowl of rice"project,Choose between 35 hotel as a pilot.The municipal government making 11300 less than the ordinary rice bowl filled 45 g to 160 g of rice"Gyeonggi-do half type bowl",Free to restaurant.

　　最开始，顾客们的反应强烈，甚至有顾客抱怨：“饭量这么少，感觉像是在吃剩饭”。但金浦市政府坚持，把现在的饭量减半有很多好处，除了符合消费者追求苗条健康、减少热量摄入的要求外，还可以减少食物垃圾的产生，更适合儿童的饭量等。

The beginning,The customers of a strong response,There is even customer complaints:"Appetite so little,Feel like eating leftovers".But kingburg municipal government adhere to,The now half appetite has a lot of advantages,In addition to conform to the consumer the pursuit of slender health/To reduce calorie intake of the requirements,Also can reduce the production of food waste,More suitable for children's appetite, etc.

　　不久之后，效果就显现出来了。客人们习惯了吃“半碗饭”，会根据自己的需要点一份或两份米饭，不仅实惠而且减少了粮食浪费。

Shortly after,The effect is revealed out.The guests are accustomed to eating"Half bowl of rice",According to their own needs point in one or two rice,Not only benefits and reduce the waste of food.