（新华调查·关注古城改造修复系列报道之一）一哄而上 掠夺式开发

(新华调查·关注古城改造修复系列报道之a)a哄while上 掠夺式The development

　　——古城改造修复背后的利与忧

——古城改造修复背后的利With the忧

　　新华网太原5月12日电（记者李亚楠、叶健、邓卫华）近来，我国一些地区的古城改造修复和开发利用成为舆论热点。记者在多个历史文化名城采访了解到，30多年来，我国古城保护建章立制成效明显，有的成功选入世界文化遗产，带动了当地经济社会发展。然而，随着古城开发改造热情不断高涨，同时也暴露出掠夺式开发、重利用轻保护、规划编制滞后等一系列问题。

新华网太原5月12日电(The reporter Li Yanan/Ye Jian/Deng Weihua)recently,我国a些地区的古城改造修复andThe development利用成为舆论热点.The reporter understands in an interview in many famous historical and cultural city,More than three decades,Our country ancient city building rules and regulations protection effect is obvious,Some elected to the world cultural heritage,Drive the local economic and social development.然while,As the ancient city development enthusiasm rising,At the same time also revealed predatory development/Heavy use of light/规划编制滞后等a系列问题.

　　

古城保护建章立制成效明显 The ancient city of building rules and regulations protection effect is obvious

　　自1982年国务院公布首批历史文化名城至今，我国在古城保护法律法规体系的完善、保护规划的编制与实施、古城文化遗产的保护与开发等方面都取得了明显成效。

自1982年国务院公布首批Historical and cultural city至今,The perfection of legal system in the ancient city protection in China/The planning of protection and implementation/The protection and development of the ancient city of cultural heritage have achieved obvious results.

　　首先，建立了以历史文化名城为主体的保护体制。30多年来，我国共确定并公布了119处国家级历史文化名城、157处省级历史文化名城。此外，建立了历史文化名镇名村保护制度，迄今共评选181处中国历史文化名镇和169处中国历史文化名村，各省也先后公布省级历史文化名镇名村725处。历史文化名城、名镇、名村的确定，为全面实施古城文化遗产保护奠定了基础。

First of all,Established by historical and cultural city protection system for the main body.More than three decades,In our country were determined and announced in 119 the national famous historical and cultural city/In 157 the provincial famous historical and cultural cities.In addition,The famous historical and cultural town village protection system is established,To date selection of 181 Chinese history culture famous town and 169 in China's historical and cultural village,The provinces also reported a provincial historical and cultural town village in 725.Historical and cultural city/Famous town/The determination of village,Laid a solid foundation for the full implementation of the ancient city of cultural heritage protection.

　　其次，古城保护法律法规体系不断完善。据住建部、国家文物局相关负责人介绍，《中华人民共和国城乡规划法》《中华人民共和国文物保护法》和2008年出台的《历史文化名城名镇名村保护条例》构成了我国古城保护的基本法律法规体系。各地也相应出台了一系列地方性古城保护法规。

The second,The ancient city protection system constantly improve laws and regulations.According to the ministry/The relevant person in charge of state administration of cultural heritage,[The People's Republic of China urban and rural planning][The People's Republic of China on the protection of cultural relics]And in 2008[Historical and cultural city town village protection regulations]Constitutes the basic legal system of ancient city protection in China.各地也相应出台了a系列地方性古城To protect法规.

　　第三，大多数历史文化名城编制了古城保护规划。一些地方编制的古城保护规划均已纳入当地城市发展总体规划。河南省开封市住建局副局长孔祥成说，开封市先后出台了《开封市历史文化名城保护规划》和《宋都古城风貌保护与重现工程规划》。按照规划，开封市将逐步搬迁古城内现有工业企业及行政办公单位，适当减少人口容量，并对古城内的新建建筑在高度、体量、建筑风格、色彩等方面都进行分区域控制，尽力保护历史自然风貌。

第three,Most of the famous historical and cultural city's old city protection plan is compiled.a些地方编制的古城To protect规划均已纳入当地城市发展总体规划.Kaifeng in henan province live built bureau deputy director Kong Xiang said,Kaifeng has issued[Kaifeng city historical and cultural city protection planning]and[Song Dou ancient city protection and recreate engineering planning].In accordance with the plan,Kaifeng will gradually move ancient town industrial enterprises and administrative office of the existing units,Decrease the population capacity,And the old and the new buildings of the city in height/dimension/Architectural style/In such aspects as color control areas,Try our best to protect the historical and natural.

　　“盲目跟风、一哄而上”的争议不断增多 "Blindly follow suit/a哄while上"The growing controversy

　　采访中，几乎每个城市的领导干部都详述古城开发利用的必要性、重要性。他们认为，适度开发利用古城，能够改善古城内棚户区居民民生，有利于发展服务业，有助城市转型，更好地保护历史遗存。

采访中,Almost every city of leading cadres and elaborated the necessity of the development and utilization of ancient city/The importance of.They think that,Moderate the development and utilization of the ancient city,The livelihood of the people can improve the shanty town in the city residents,Conducive to the development of service industry,Help city transformation,To better protect the historical heritage.

　　当前，古城改造修复主要有两种模式，一是在原有古城基础上进行的整体改造或重建模式，这种多适用于面积不大的古城，如山东台儿庄、山西大同等；二是在原有古城基础上进行的局部改造或修复模式。这种模式多为古城遗存面积较大的城市采用，如开封、南京等古都。

当前,Old city transformation repair there are two main mode,a是在原有古城基础上进行的整体改造或重建模式,This kind of more suitable for small ancient city,Such as shandong taierhchuang/Shanxi large equivalent;(2)是在原有古城基础上进行的局部改造或修复模式.The model number is used for the remains of the ancient city of the city with larger area,Such as in kaifeng/Nanjing ancient capital, such as.

　　随着各地对古城开发利用热情的逐步高涨，社会各界对古城改造“盲目跟风、一哄而上”的争议也不断增多。记者实地走访晋鲁豫三省发现，这些地区历史文化名城的改造修复和开发利用规划的实施情况可分为三类：

随着各地对古城The development利用热情的逐步高涨,The social from all walks of life to old city transformation"Blindly follow suit/a哄while上"The dispute is also growing.记者实地走访晋鲁豫three省发现,这些地区Historical and cultural city的改造修复andThe development利用规划的实施情况可分为three类:

　　一是修复改造已取得明显成效，如山西平遥古城。这些古城严格按照规划内容进行保护性开发，在古城保护、旅游开发、新城建设等方面加强联动，形成合力，以文化为核心功能，以旅游为主导产业，以当地居民为主要社会支撑，通过多年改造，已经将古城改造为集文化、旅游和居住为一体的综合性城市功能区，逐渐步入良性发展阶段。

a是修复改造已取得明显成效,Such as shanxi pingyao ancient city.The ancient city of protective development in strict accordance with the planning content,In the ancient city protection/Tourism development/New town construction to strengthen the linkage,Form the resultant force,With culture as the core function,Use tourism as a leading industry,Local residents as the main social support,Through years of renovation,Has transformed the ancient city of culture/旅游and居住为a体的综合性城市功能区,Gradually enters benign development stage.

　　二是修复改造规划正在推进过程中，如大同、开封等。这些古城保护范围内的多层建筑基本为人居环境极差的危房，无论搞不搞古城保护都在拆迁改造范围，区别只在于拆除的城市空间干什么，是用于古城保护，还是用于商业开发。

(2)是修复改造规划正在推进过程中,As in datong/Kaifeng, etc..The ancient city protection within the scope of the multi-storey building basic for the dangerous house of living environment is poor,Whatever don't make the ancient city protection in the scope of demolition and reconstruction,Difference is in demolishing urban space,Is used in the ancient city protection,Or used for commercial development.

　　三是因财力匮乏等因素，虽已制定规划，但尚未投入实施，如河南商丘古城。

three是因财力匮乏等因素,Is planning,But not yet in place,Such as henan shangqiu city.

　　

将“保护”与“开发”捆绑的模式不可持续 Will be"To protect"With the"The development"Bound mode unsustainable

　　记者采访发现，将“保护”与“开发”捆绑“外包”，进行掠夺式开发问题严重。一些地区把发展旅游作为出发点，将历史文化名城和历史文化街区完全交由旅游公司进行开发。中国文物学会名誉会长谢辰生认为，这种做法不仅有悖于法律法规，而且常常对遗产造成重大破坏。

记者采访发现,Will be"To protect"With the"The development"bundling"outsourcing",Predatory exploitation problem seriously.a些地区把发展旅游作为出发点,The famous historical and cultural city and historical and cultural blocks to the travel company to develop completely.Honorary chairman at Chinese culture relics association Xie Chen thought,This approach not only goes against the laws and regulations,while且常常对遗产造成重大破坏.

　　同时，部分地方决策者认识偏差，重利用轻保护问题突出。一些地方由于巨额投入，就想方设法用高门票收回投资，对保护重要性认识不足。例如，云南大理古城为影视拍摄需要，在古城东北角建立了一个“大理之眼”建筑，严重破坏了古城的整体风貌。

同时,Parts of policymakers understanding deviation,Heavy use of lightweight protection problems.a些地方由于巨额投入,Just try to recoup their investment with high ticket,Importance to protect the lack of understanding.Such as the,Yunnan Dali for film and television shooting needs,在古城东北角建立了a个"Eye of the Dali"building,Serious damage to the whole of the ancient city of the landscape.

　　此外，一些地区还存在古城保护规划编制滞后问题，有的则有编制不执行。全国至今仍有27个国家级历史文化名城没有编制保护规划。有些地方虽然编制了高水平的规划，在古城改造修复过程中却不按照规划实施。比如，宁波郁家巷历史文化街区的保护规划编制出现原则性错误，不按照真实性、完整性和生活延续性保护街区，而是将上海新天地模式用于历史文化街区保护，造成巨大破坏。

In addition,a些地区还存In the ancient city protection规划编制滞后问题,Others have not execute.Across the country there are still 27 the national famous historical and cultural city didn't prepare the protection planning.Although created a high level of planning in some places,In the process of old city transformation repair is not in accordance with the plan to implement.Such as the,Ningbo yu home lane of historical and cultural blocks conservation planning principle error,Not in accordance with the truth/Integrity and continuity of life protection block,while是Will be上海新天地模式用于历史文化街区To protect,Huge damage.

　　接受记者采访的专家和基层干部认为，古城改造修复过程中暴露出的种种问题，说明保护与传承我国丰富的古城文化遗产任重道远。建议有关部门加强顶层设计，在宏观布局上进行适度调控，加强引导，避免由于盲目跟风、动机不纯、缺乏专业性的不当改造修复和开发利用，对原本就十分脆弱的古城保护、遗存传承造成不可挽回的破坏。

接受记者采访的专家and基层干部认为,In the process of old city transformation repair problems,That ancient city protection and passing on China's rich cultural heritage is a long way to go.Suggest that relevant departments to strengthen the top-level design,On the macro layout of moderate regulation,We need to strengthen guidance,Avoid the blind follow suit/Motivation is not pure/Lack of professional repair and improper development and utilization,To the already fragile old city protection/Heritage inheritance cause irreparable damage.

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