(声明：刊用《中国新闻周刊》稿件务经书面授权) (statement：use《The China news weekly》The manuscript affairs written authorization)

　　北京奥运会之后，奥运会将回到田径、游泳、足球、网球、乒乓球等现代体育项目的发源地举行。但是，包括伦敦奥运会在内，体育大赛中东道主的优势依然不会消失。

The Beijing Olympic Games，The Olympic Games will be back to the track and field、swimming、football、tennis、Table tennis, the birthplace of the modern sport held。but，Including London, the Olympic Games，Sports contest the advantage of the host does not disappear still。

　　伦敦第30届奥运会即将开幕，国内外很多人做出的预测，有一点基本一致，那就是中国体育代表团所获金牌数，将比北京奥运会的51枚有较大幅度的减少。而减少的原因，很重要的一条是没有了东道主的优势。

London the 30 th the upcoming games，Many domestic and foreign people to make predictions，A little are basically the same，That is the Chinese sports delegation won gold MEDALS，The Beijing Olympic Games will be better than 51 pieces have a greatly reduce。And reduce reasons，Is one important is not the host nation advantage。

　　奥运会比赛，东道主的优势对于本国代表团的成绩有多大的影响？纵观一百多年奥运史，东道主代表团比上一届的成绩有提高的占绝大多数，大幅度提高的占很大比例。而到了下一届奥运会，上任东道主的代表团绝大多数成绩都出现下滑，仅有的例外是两个非常重视体育特别是竞技体育的国家，一是澳大利亚在2004年雅典奥运会上的17金，比悉尼奥运会多一枚，还有韩国在1992年奥运会上的12金，与汉城(现首尔)奥运会持平。

The Olympic Games，The advantage of the host to national delegation grades how old influence？Throughout the history for more than one hundred years，The host than the delegation on grades improve in a majority of cases，The improved accounting for a large proportion。And at the next Olympic Games，The delegation took most of the host result all declined，The only exceptions are two very attention sports especially competitive sports country，One is in Australia in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games 17 gold，Sydney Olympic Games more than a medal，And South Korea in the 1992 Olympics in 12 gold，And Seoul(Now Seoul)At the Olympic Games。

　　东道主对于本国代表团取得好成绩的作用如此之大，秘密在哪里？

The host country delegation to get good grades role so much，Secret where？

　　对于东道主的优势，人们最常见的说法是“占有天时、地利、人和”。这看似不起眼的天、地、人之利，其中大有文章。

For the advantage of the host，The most common people is that“Possession days、the、and”。This seemingly ordinary day、to、Person of the，Among them the there。

　

　东道主的“方便” host“convenient”

　　1988年汉城奥运会时，笔者负责采访的项目中有奥运会新成员乒乓球。赛前较早时间，恰看到韩国选手刘南奎等几人从体育馆内走出来，上了一辆专用轿车离开，显然刚刚训练完。

The 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul，The author is responsible for the interview with Olympic project new members table tennis。Pre-match earlier time，Just see South Korea's LiuNaKui wait a few people from the stadium go out，The one special cars to leave，Apparently just after training。

　　这就是东道主的一种“便利”。

This is one of the hosts“convenient”。

　　赛前，乒乓球项目的竞赛委员会事先要安排一个训练时间表，标明各国家和地区代表队何时在哪个场地的哪几张球台练习。各队将乘坐大会安排的大巴按此表规定的时间训练。而东道主队就不同了，可以在客队未抵达时来适应场地，尤其在快开赛时，可按时间表、也可在时间表之外的时间练习。他们对场地、灯光、球台弹性等设备、器材的适应程度，是其他队伍难以相比的。

pre-match，Table tennis competition committee of the project in advance to arrange a training schedule，Indicate different countries and areas in which the team when the which a few pieces of the practice。Teams will take the bus at this table for the provisions of the time for training。And the host team is different，The visitors did not arrive in time can adapt to field，Especially in quick opening，According to schedule、Also available in schedule of time outside of practice。They on the、light、The elastic equipments、The equipment the adaptation，The other team is difficult to compare。

　　东道主队在饮食方面的便利自然不言而喻。其他队伍一般都在奥运村餐厅就餐，训练时间通常无法回奥运村就餐，因为往返时间很长，总教练有时只得买来方便面让队员充饥。

The host team in eating convenience is self-evident naturally。Other teams generally restaurant in the Olympic village，The training time usually can't return to the Olympic village repast，And because time is very long，Manager sometimes had to buy instant noodles let players to appease hunger。

　　参赛的乒乓球高手，胜负往往在一些细微之处。这届奥运会的乒乓球赛，韩国选手获得男单金银牌和女双金牌。

The participants in the table tennis player，Often a in some fine point。This Olympic table tennis game，South Korea's won the women's doubles gold medal men's singles JinYinPai and。

　　有一届全运会，东道主为自己行“方便”，安排某项大球比赛在省会以外较远的一个城市进行，东道主队提前一天到达赛地，以逸待劳；而对手第二天乘大巴长途跋涉赶到，没有多少调整时间，比赛就要开始。这样的安排，对手虽不满也难提意见。奥运会比赛东道主队若有什么要求，同样组委会尽可能提供方便，而客队就没有这样的机会。

A th national games，The host for themselves to do“convenient”，Arrange a ball game far outside in the provincial capital of a city，The host team one day in advance to track places low demands，well-rested；And the second day opponents by bus to a long journey，Don't have much time to adjust，Game is about to start。This arrangement，Although difficult opponent unhappiness with an opinion。The Olympic Games the host team if there is any requirements，The organizing committee of the same possible conveniences，And the visitors have no such opportunities。

　　运动员的衣食住行当中，与身体健康和比赛发挥关系最密切的是“食”。记得1996年亚特兰大奥运会时，奥运村餐厅一开始只供应西餐，中国运动员有不少吃不惯，显然会对身体状况有些影响。相比2008年北京奥运会，东道主为来自不同地域、有不同饮食习惯的运动员准备了各色各样的丰盛饭菜，口味相当不错。而到了伦敦奥运会，东道主在运动员饮食上大概很难做到像北京一样完美。

Athletes of my shelter and food，And body health and game play is the most closely related“food”。Remember the 1996 Atlanta Olympics，The Olympic village restaurant serves only to western food，Chinese athletes have many eat not to spoil，Will obviously be some impact on health。Compared with the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing，From different areas for the hosts、There are different diet for athletes manner of great food，Tastes pretty good。And at the London Olympics，The hosts in the athletes diet may be difficult to do as the Beijing as perfect。

　　

东道主的“时间差” host“Lag between the”

　　体育比赛中，有的项目，运动员出场先后，观众可能看不出门道，圈内人士则心知肚明。有的项目出场顺序的先后甚至可能决定一名选手、一支队伍的名次。

Sports game，Some programs，Play athletes successively，The audience may can not see the doorway，The coterie cried foul。Some projects in order of the starting order may even decide to a player、One team places。

　　1984年洛杉矶奥运会体操男子团体赛的结果，就与出场顺序关系极大。

Of the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles gymnastics man team competition results，With the starting order a relationship。

　　中国队头一年刚战胜最强劲对手苏联队，勇夺世锦赛男团冠军，因苏联队没参赛，主要对手是日本队，许多人认为中国人此次一定稳操胜券。没想到，半个世纪与团体奖牌无缘的美国男队高居第一，同属世界一流的中国队和日本队却分列第二、第三名。

China first year just win over the most strong opponents the Soviet union team，NanTuan champions won the world championship，Because the Soviet union team didn't compete，Main rival is Japan，Many people think that the Chinese people must be the bag。Didn't expect，Half a century and groups of the United States for the medal at first，Belong to the world first-class China and Japan is the second respectively、The third。

　　秘密主要就在“时间差”。

Major in secret“Lag between the”。

　　被认为夺冠呼声最高的中国队和日本队，“恰巧”都被排在早晨的第一组，而美国队“恰巧”被划为晚上的最后一组。

The title of the highest calls are thought to China and Japan，“Happened to”Are the first group of row in the morning，And the United States“Happened to”As the night last group。

　　早上，裁判们精神饱满，尖刻又挑剔。有内行人发现，从第二组开始，裁判员评分的“标价”已经提高了。尤其到了晚上，裁判们已经有点疲倦，评分用的铅笔也不尖了。美国选手为减少失误，降低了动作难度，裁判员们却给美国选手打分时非常慷慨。

morning，The judges in high spirit，Bitter and picky。A professional found，From the second group began，The reffree of“price”Have improved the。Especially in the evening，The judges have a little tired，Scoring with pencil is not pointed。The American players for the turnovers，Reduce the difficulty of movement，But the referee to the American players rank is very generous。

　　赛后日本队总教练阿部和雄说：“这是一场没有裁判规则的比赛……”瑞士《体育报》在谈到裁判员时甚至说，“告诉我给谁加分，我事先告诉你分数”，只要运动员没有大的失误，一切都是事先安排好的，在洛杉矶也是如此。

After the game the Japanese team manager, department and the male said：“This is a no judge of the rules of the game...”Switzerland《La gazzetta dello sport》When talking about the referee even said，“Tell me to who points，I tell you beforehand scores”，As long as no big mistake athletes，Everything is arranged beforehand，So it is in Los Angeles。

　　有时大赛之前，突然发生的事故，好像不是有意为之，可是，受害的恰是东道主的主要竞争对手。有一届全国冬运会花样滑冰赛前，一对夺冠呼声最高的冰舞选手正在训练，音乐骤停，两位选手正做后蹬腿动作，在前的女选手蹬出去，而反应更快的男选手已经停住，冰刀一下刺入男选手的小腿，骨头都露了出来。年轻人后来咬牙坚持参赛，还是夺得冠军。这件发生在上世纪80年代的事令人记忆犹新，但谁也无法弄清那次突然停电的真相。

Sometimes before competition，A sudden accident，As if not the intent，but，Victims of the host just is main competitor。A session of national winter Olympics figure skating before the game，A voice of the highest title an ice dancer is training，Music stops，The two players are do kick after action，The first female athletes deng out，And the reaction of male athletes have stopped faster，A prick gets into the male players calf，Bones dew out。Young people later with his teeth to compete，Or winning the champions。This happened in the 1980 s is what the mind，But no one can find out the truth of that suddenly have a power fail。

　　1986年汉城亚运会，开幕那天下起大雨，参加入场式的中日等代表团被安排在主体育场旁边的露天田径场接受安全检查。检查人员十分认真，队伍前行缓慢。中国代表团一位官员见状不由担心：安检后要在露天田径场等一个多小时，入场后还要站一个多小时，长时间淋雨能不生病？于是，这位官员发令，中国运动员躲进过厅。东道主警察却命令中国代表团成员回到田径场。这位官员客气地解释并问道：“请问，东道主的队伍哪里去了？为什么他们不站到田径场上去？”警察无奈，眼看着西装已淋湿的日本代表团成员也进入过厅。后来，东道主就欠妥的安排向中日等方面表示了歉意。

The 1986 Seoul Asian games，Opening a heavy rain that day，In Japan, the parade was arranged for the delegation in the main stadium next to the outdoor track for security check。Inspectors very seriously，Team go slow。The Chinese delegation sees an official not worry：Security in the open air and track after more than an hour，After admission to stand more than an hour，The rain can not sick for a long time？so，The officials to the，Chinese athletes hid in the lobby。But the police ordered the Chinese delegation host members back to track。The official explanation and politely asked：“Excuse me，The host team where？Why don't they stand to running track？”The police but，To see the suit has drenched the Japanese delegation members also into the lobby。later，The host is unsuitable to the arrangement of aspects apologized。

　　体育比赛绝非仅仅是运动员之间的较量，特别是奥运会这样的大赛。

Sports game is not only competition among the athletes，Especially the Olympic Games this contest。

　

　裁判的心理倾向 The referee psychological tendency

　　体育比赛中的争议，由裁判裁决引发的最多，而争议中有不少涉及东道主。

Sports game in dispute，By the referee ruled most of the trigger，And there were many disputes involving the hosts。

　　在现代奥运会诞生后的“婴儿期”，赛会的许多方面都不规范。例如，有一项不成文的规定：东道主拥有调遣裁判的权力。裁判员由东道主“考察”“选择”。这样选出的裁判员特别是本国的裁判员执法，偏向东道主的可能性很大。

After the birth of the modern Olympic Games“infancy”，Many aspects of the standard are not。For example，There is an unwritten rule：The hosts have ordered the referee's power。By the host“investigation”“choose”。So choose referees especially their judges law enforcement，Turn to host possibility is very large。

　　鉴于此，国际奥委会做出决定，从第五届奥运会起，裁判员不再由东道主调遣，改由其下属各国际单项体育联合会选派。

In view of this，The international Olympic committee to decide，From the fifth Olympics up，The referee will no longer wanted by the host，Over its subsidiary international sports federations chosen。

　　然而，一些比赛承办方还是会有少数人耍手腕，搞贿赂，利用裁判对比赛施加影响。例如，1980年莫斯科奥运会好几项比赛出现争议：男子三米跳板跳水比赛，苏联选手入水时水花大溅，只列第五，他以观众喧闹为由要求重跳被允许，重跳后夺冠；而民主德国选手也要求重跳被拒绝。另有墨西哥人抗议裁判偏袒，两天后得到“惩罚”，该国竞走明星已遥遥领先，夺冠在望，却被判犯规罚出场。三级跳远比赛，澳大利亚一选手的一次试跳超过奥运会纪录，高居榜首，却被判犯规；巴西一位选手也跳出好成绩，同样被判犯规——他俩共12次试跳，8次被判无效。金牌最后归了东道主选手。英国队教练说，这是不公正的裁决。

however，Some of the games ChengBanFang will still have a few people play the wrist，Make bribery，Use the referee to exert influence on game。For example，The 1980 games in Moscow several appearances controversy：Man three meters the springboard diving competition，The Soviet union player into water spray big splash，Only fifth column，He to the audience by noisy requirements be allowed to jump again，Heavy jump title；And democratic Germany's also requires heavy jump was refused。Otherwise Mexican referee favouring the protests，Two days later get“punishment”，The country star has far ahead of the race，Title in sight，But was sentenced to play for a foul。Triple jump game，Australia a player a jump more than the Olympic record，Rank high on the list，But was sentenced to foul；A Brazilian players also jump out good grades，The same was sentenced to foul-a total of 12 times they try，8 times overturned。The gold medal to the host nation last player。England coach said，This is unjust verdict。

　　法国《巴黎晨报》指出，奥运会尽管使用许多精密仪器来测定比赛成绩，但作决定的仍然是人，而赌注、利益和偏见有时要比计算机更有力量。

France《Paris morning paper》Points out that，The Olympic Games although use many precision instrument to measure the results of the competition，But for decisions are still people，And the stakes、Interests and prejudice sometimes have more power than the computer。

　　莫斯科和洛杉矶两个奥运会东道主，都曾受到国际奥委会表扬。苏联在美国等缺席的情况下获得80金，美国在苏联等缺席的情况下获得83金，先后创造了奥运会一个代表团获金牌最高纪录，不能说与裁判的作用无关。

Moscow and Los Angeles two Olympics hosts，Has been the international Olympic committee (ioc) praise。The Soviet union in the United States, and the absence of get 80 gold，The United States and the Soviet union in the absence of get 83 gold，Has created a delegation of Olympic Games gold medal record，Can't say and the role of the referee is irrelevant。

　　最明目张胆的要算1986年汉城亚运会羽毛球赛，东道主队在司线员帮助下先后打败了老牌世界冠军印尼队和新的世界冠军中国队，被称为使用了“司线员战术”。这些司线员竟然在一局比赛中错判7个“界外球”。当时的羽坛巨星林水镜提出抗议，他气愤地说：“在汉城你休想打败韩国人！”

The most blatant want to calculate the 1986 Seoul badminton Asian games，The host team in the linesman help has defeated the former world champion whitewashed Indonesia and new world champions China，Called the use“Linesman tactics”。The linesman even in a game in seven wrongly convicted“throw-in”。At the time, the YuTan superstar Lin water glasses protest，He angrily say：“You can't beat South Korea in Seoul！”

　　上述种种利于东道主的判决，很多人用裁判的爱国来解释。但是，国际体育界都知道，爱国热情的释放不能以牺牲人类共同的奥林匹克理想来换取！

All of the decision to host，A lot of people use the referee's patriotic to explain。but，The sports world all know，The release of patriotic enthusiasm at the expense of common human not to return for the Olympic ideal！

　　为了让比赛的判决更客观、公正，许多体育组织一直在不断地努力。网球大赛引入“鹰眼”技术就是成功的一例。刚刚结束的温布尔登男单决赛的前几盘，有件事很值得回味：

In order to make the game more objective judgment、justice，Many sports organizations have been in constant efforts。Tennis competition into“Eagle eye”Technology is an example of success。Just after the end of the wimbledon men's singles final before of several dish，There is something very memorable：

　　费德勒对阵东道主选手穆雷，数次打出压线球，裁判多次判出界，费德勒有几次提出“挑战鹰眼”均获成功；没有提出的，“鹰眼”放出的录像也是压线，他白白丢分。电视评论员说，裁判有意无意或下意识地做出的判断，都对东道主选手有利。

Roger federer against the host's Murray，Several times and line up the ball，The referee to many times the line，Roger federer has proposed several times“Challenge eagle eye”Have been successful；Had not proposed，“Eagle eye”The recombination of video recording is also pressing line，He dropped points in。TV commentators said，The referee, intentionally or not, or the subconscious to make a judgment，All host the good players。

　　北京奥运会跆拳道女子67公斤以上级四分之一决赛，两届奥运会冠军陈中和英国选手萨·史蒂文森的较量。陈中1：0领先，就在离结束还有两秒时，史蒂文森踢中陈中头部，但边裁没有给她计分。主裁判召集四名边裁研究，最终仍判定史蒂文森不得分，陈中获胜。英国队赛后提出申诉，仲裁委员会征求中国方面意见后改判史蒂文森得2分获胜。担任奥运会裁判员的中国跆拳道协会官员说：“从后来的录像看，当时英国选手的确重击陈中头部，这样的动作应该得分。”

The Beijing Olympic Games taekwondo women's 67 kilograms the quarter finals，Two Olympic champion Chen zhong and British player gaza · Stevenson's competition。Chen zhong 1：0 leading，From two seconds to end，Stevenson Chen zhong kicked in the head，But the linesman did not give her score。Referee called four linesman research，Finally still judge Stevenson don't score，Chen zhong win。The British team appeal after the game，The arbitration committee for China's opinion is adjudged Stevenson after winning two runs。As the Olympic Games of the Chinese taekwondo association officials said：“From the later video look，At that time the British players really critical Chen zhong head，Such action should score。”

　　可以看出，至少执法的边裁在没有确切把握时会做出了有利于东道主的判定。这大概也可以算是东道主的一种优势。

Can see，At least the linesman in law enforcement no exact will make the host to grasp of the judgment。This is probably also may be the host of a kind of advantage。

　　北京奥运会之后，奥运会将回到田径、游泳、足球、网球、乒乓球等现代体育项目的发源地举行。人们相信，昔日制订了很多项目规则的东道主伦敦，在组织赛会的各方面都将按规则办事，一定会有出色的表现。

The Beijing Olympic Games，The Olympic Games will be back to the track and field、swimming、football、tennis、Table tennis, the birthplace of the modern sport held。People believe that，Former made many projects, the host of the London rules，In all aspects of the organization will play by the rules，Must have a good performance。

　　但是，我以为包括伦敦奥运会，体育大赛中东道主的优势依然不会消失。文/ 王俊璞   (作者为新华社前资深体育记者)

but，I thought including London Olympic Games，Sports contest the advantage of the host does not disappear still。Article/WangJunPu   (The author is former senior sports journalist xinhua news agency)