“低于成本的价格”如何界定、由谁来鉴定 “The price lower than the cost”How to define the、Who to identify

　　如针对“零负团费”，草案规定“旅行社不得以低于成本的价格招徕、组织、接待旅游者”。

As for“Zero negative membership fee”，Draft regulation“Travel agency may attract the price lower than the cost、organization、Receive tourists”。

　　问题在于：为何“不得以低于成本的价格”经营？旅游服务作为一种商品，在市场上进行交易，作为市场的主体企业有权对自己的商品进行定价，低不低于成本是这个企业自己的事情，“法律”有何权力干预？以正在进行的“携去”电商价格战为例，携程拿出“自由行返现金”、“一元接机”、“半价门票”、“租车首日0租金”四大杀手锏对付竞争对手，用优惠手段吸引旅游消费者，其中产品有可能会“低于成本价”，但若携程没有坑害消费者，有什么理由规定“不得”？这里的关键是企业是否蒙骗消费者。

The problem is：why“Shall not be lower than the cost price”business？Tourism services as a kind of commodity，In the market transactions，As the main body of the market enterprise has the right to own commodity pricing，Low cost is not less than the enterprise own things，“law”What is the power intervention？With the ongoing“Join to”Electric business price war, for example，Ctrip out“Freedom ride back to cash”、“A yuan pick up”、“Half-price tickets”、“The first car rental 0 rent”Four big ace in the hole to deal with competitors，With favorable means to attract the consumers，The product may be“Below cost price”，But if ctrip not entrap consumer，Is there any reason rule“Shall not”？Here's the key is the enterprise whether cheat consumer。

　　“低于成本的价格”如何界定、由谁来鉴定？旅游服务一方面提供的是食住行游购娱等物质性的硬服务，这方面大致可以界定价格；另一方面是接待过程中的非物质性的软服务，如人性化、个性化的细致服务，这方面的价格是难以量化的，如何界定？是否“低于成本的价格”，是由政府主管部门、行业组织还是独立的第三方来界定？如由政府主管部门（旅游局或价格局）界定，这是倒退到计划经济模式；若是由行业组织界定，目前的旅游协会仍是政府主管部门附属的准官方机构，由这样的行业组织界定，仍是变相的行政审核。至于“独立的第三方”，时下还没有。

“The price lower than the cost”How to define the、Who to identify？Tourism services on the one hand provides accomodation is swim the purchase entertainment, etc material hard service，This aspect can be roughly defined price；On the other hand is the reception process of non-material soft service，Such as human、Personalized meticulous service，This price is difficult to quantitative，How to define the？whether“The price lower than the cost”，Is by the competent government department、Industry organization or independent third party to define？If the competent department in charge of by the government（Tourism administration or price bureau）define，This is back in the planned economy mode；If the definition of industry organization，The current tourist association is still competent government departments affiliated quasi official agencies，By this definition of industry organization，Is still a form of administrative review。As for“Independent third party”，Nowadays is not。

　　笔者认为，问题的关键在于是否损害了旅游消费者的权益。如果没有损害，即使“低于成本的价格”，谁也不能干预；如果确有损害，就以《反不正当竞争法》、《消费者权益保护法》惩处即可，但不能以“低于成本的价格”之名惩处。如果某个企业长期以“低于成本的价格”经营，又没有违法之举，它肯定会倒闭，何用法律去惩处？就“零负团费”中可能产生的蒙骗消费者、损害游客权益，用惩治旅游消费者权益的“倒逼法”去遏制非正常的恶性价格竞争，可能更合理、更有效。

The author thinks that，The key to the problem is whether the damage the rights and interests of the consumers。If there is no damage，Even if“The price lower than the cost”，No one can intervention；If the damage is，in《Anti-unfair competition law》、《The consumer rights and interests protection law》Punishment can，But not to“The price lower than the cost”Punish the name of。If an enterprise with for a long time“The price lower than the cost”business，And if there are no illegal move，It will go bankrupt，Use the law to punish？it“Zero negative membership fee”May have cheats consumer、Damage tourists rights，With punish tourism of the rights and interests of consumers“DaoBi method”To curb abnormal vicious price competition，May be more reasonable、More effective。

“不得指定购物场所”能否行得通 “Shall not designate any shopping place”Will it work

　　又如针对强迫购物和另行付费问题，草案规定“旅行社组织接待团队旅游不得指定购物场所，不得强迫或者变相强迫购物，不得安排任何形式的另行付费旅游项目”。

And as for forced shopping and pay problems separately，Draft regulation“Travel agency organization reception team tourism shall not designate any shopping place，May not compel or in a disguised manner compel shopping，Must not arrange any form of further pay tourism projects”。

　　这里“不得指定购物场所”实际上行不通。无论国内还是国外、内地还是港澳台，都有政府有关部门审定或行业机构推荐的购物商店，游客去那里比较放心或省力。让游客自己去陌生的环境里找商店，同样存在受骗上当的风险。“不得强迫或者变相强迫购物”，如果旅游合同中规定购物场所和次数，算不算“强迫或者变相强迫购物”、“不得安排任何形式的另行付费旅游项目”，也过于绝对。目前，出境旅游中都有“自费项目”，有的很受部分游客欢迎，但另一部分游客不想参加。以笔者经历而言，对西班牙之旅中的观看弗拉明戈舞自费项目很满意；观看斗牛价格高出门票实际价格一倍以上，虽贵了些但省去了自己购票、交通的麻烦，还可以接受；在泰国去植物园“品尝瓜果”、在希腊吃“海鲜大餐”，感觉完全是上当受骗。这里的关键问题在于购物的次数是否任意增加、时间是否任意延长，对不购物的游客有无歧视性语言或行为，购物中有无假冒伪劣商品，安排另行付费旅游项目中价格是否透明、合理，有无欺客行为。

here“Shall not designate any shopping place”It didn't actually work。Whether domestic or abroad、Mainland China or Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan，There are government departments authorized or trade agency recommended shopping stores，Tourists go there is rest assured or effort。Let visitors to unfamiliar environment looking for a shop，There is also the risk of fraud。“May not compel or in a disguised manner compel shopping”，If travel stipulated in the contract shopping places and times，Calculate do not calculate“Compel or in a disguised manner compel shopping”、“Must not arrange any form of further pay tourism projects”，Also too absolute。At present，Outbound tourism have“At one's own expense project”，Some are very welcome by part of the tourists，But another part visitors don't want to go to。Based on the author experience，To travel to Spain in the watch latino dance at one's own expense project is very satisfied；Watch bullfighting price higher than the actual price tickets for more than twice，Although expensive but save his negotiating、Traffic trouble，Can also accept；Botanical garden in Thailand“Taste the melon and fruit”、In Greece to eat“Seafood dinner”，Feeling is totally be deceived。Here's the key problem is that the number of shopping whether any increase、Any time is extended，To shopping tourists have discriminatory language or behavior，Shopping in counterfeit and shoddy goods，Arrange the tour shall be separately pay price is transparent、reasonable，Have QiKe behavior。

从“导游小费”开刀能否解决旅游市场秩序紊乱的顽症 from“Guide tips”Operation can solve tourist market order disorder of persistent ailment

　　再如草案规定“旅游经营者及从业人员不得违法索取小费”。

Be like again draft regulation“Tour operator and staff shall not illegal a tip”。

　　不知该草案如何界定“小费”。笔者认为，游客因服务满意而自愿向导游、领队和其他服务人员支付小费，是游客对服务者良好服务的一种认定与酬谢。接受小费是否合情、合理、合法，关键在于：游客对旅游服务是否满意和游客支付小费是否出于自愿。如游客对导游服务不满意，而导游强行索取或变相强行索取小费，则是不合情理的违规行为，但并非触犯法律的犯罪行为。

Do not know how to define the draft“tips”。The author thinks that，Tourists for service satisfaction and voluntary to guide、The leader and other service personnel tipping，Is the visitor to server good service of a kind of recognition and reward。To accept a tip is within、reasonable、legal，The key lies in：Visitors to travel service satisfactory and tourists tipping is voluntary。If visitors to the tour guide service is not satisfied，And guide claim by force or in disguised form forced a tip，It is unreasonable violations，But not beyond the law crime。

　　目前，导游服务中存在的不正之风并非“小费”本身之过，而是导游没有收入与其他社会保障，甚至要向旅行社支付“挂靠费”、“人头费”乃至垫付接团费等的结果。从“导游小费”开刀解决不了旅游市场秩序紊乱的顽症。对专职导游，旅行社须与导游签订“基本工资＋上团津贴＋法定险金”形式的劳动合同；对兼职导游，旅行社须与雇员签订带团薪酬与人身保险的劳动合同。至于导游可不可以接受小费、如何接受小费、何种情况下不得接受小费，则在旅行社与游客签订的服务合同及与导游签订的劳动合同中具体商定。政府主管部门可以规范小费行为，但不必下令禁止小费。国际通行的服务业“小费”问题实在不宜列入旅游法。

At present，Tour guide service existing unhealthy tendency is not“tips”Itself of，But guide no income and other social security，Even to the travel agency payment“Affiliated fee”、“reward”And disbursements joint membership fee and results。from“Guide tips”Operation can not solve the tourist market order disorder of persistent ailment。Professional tour guide to，Travel agencies should be signed with the tour guide“Basic salary + on group allowance + legal XianJin”Forms of labor contract；For part-time guide，Travel agencies should be signed with the employees with group compensation and personal insurance labor contract。As for the tour guide can accept tips、How to accept a tip、What circumstances is not allowed to accept tips，The travel agent and tourists in a service contract and labor contract signed with the guide of the specific agreed。Government departments can regulate tips behavior，But don't have banned tips。The prevailing international services“tips”It should not be included in the supply。

一些过高的门票价格是既得利益者幕后推动的结果 Some tickets for the high price is vested interest behind the push results

　　对于景区门票问题，草案规定，景区经过主管部门批准方可有偿收取门票。利用公共资源开放的景区门票实行政府定价或者政府指导价。景区门票价格变动应提前6个月公布。

Tickets for the problem，Draft regulation，After the approval by the competent department of charge and then for tickets。Use of public resources open scenic spot ticket a government pricing or guided by the government。The ticket price change should be announced 6 months。

　　目前，利用公共资源开放的景区门票价格与我国城乡居民的平均收入相比多数偏高，其原因并非没有实行“政府定价或者政府指导价”，而恰恰是地方政府批准或授意的结果。一些过高的门票价格及非正常提价也并不是用“景区门票价格变动应提前6个月公布”可以遏制的，是景区背后有关方面的既得利益者推动的结果。景区门票价格变动的公布时间不是问题的实质，景区门票收入的使用是否公开、透明、合理，价格变动的程序是否健全、公正才是问题的症结，景区门票价格变动的公布时间提前3个月还是6个月并不重要。

At present，Use of public resources open scenic spot ticket price and the average income of urban and rural residents than most on the high side，Its reason is not without practice“The government pricing or guided by the government”，And just is the local government approval or incite results。Some high ticket prices and abnormal price increase is not use“The ticket price change should be announced 6 months”Can contain the，Is behind the relevant aspects of the vested interest promote results。The ticket price change, the release of time is not the essence of the problem，Tickets for the use of the income is open、transparent、reasonable，The change in price whether the program sound、Justice is the crux of the problem，The ticket price change of time announced three (3) months in advance or 6 months is not important。

旅游法的制定理应从根本上理顺各类旅游相关利益者的关系 The formulation of supply should fundamentally straighten out the relationship between the various types of tourist stakeholders

　　目前，我国旅游市场中的诸多顽疾由来已久，上述问题政府有关部门也曾出台过不少管理条例、办法和措施，还多次采取行政手段进行“整顿”和“严打”，但一直收效甚微，“横扫”过后诸多顽疾卷土重来，甚至愈演愈烈。当某个行业中的某种消极因素长期存在、屡禁不止的时候，就要认真探讨产生此类现象的社会环境、行业规则和政府自身的行为。以人们常说的导游小费而言，笔者认为这种现象的产生正是一些组团社与地接社之间的利益分割不正常，旅行社内高管层与一线服务层之间分配不公的结果，也与导游人员的正常权益得不到保障有关。旅游行政主管部门三令五申发文要求旅行社与导游建立劳务合同，但在当前条件下，这种“文件”基本行不通。

At present，In Chinese tourism market has many of the ill，The above problems relevant government departments have has too many regulations、Methods and measures，Also many times to take administrative means“rectify”and“crackdown”，But has had little effect，“sweep”Many ill after stage a come back，Even fiercer。When a industry in some negative factors exist for a long time、Long-standing time，To seriously explore produce this kind of phenomenon of social environment、Industry rules and government own behavior。With people often say that guide for tips，The author thinks that the generation of this kind of phenomenon is some ZuTuanShe and DeJieShe between benefit segmentation is not normal，In the travel agency executive layer and a line service layer between the result of unfair distribution，And with the tour guide's normal is not guaranteed rights relevant。The competent administrative department of tourism demand dispatch repeated orders travel agent and guide to establish labor contract，But in the current conditions，this“file”Basic won't work。

　　旅游作为一种大量、普遍的社会人群异地流动，作为一个事关国计民生的战略产业与国民休闲的权利之一，其中牵涉到旅游管理者、经营者、服务者、消费者和旅游目的地居住者的权利与利益。旅游法的制定理应从根本上理顺各类旅游相关利益者的关系，矫正异化了的利益链条，缩小以至杜绝形成行业潜规则的土壤。

Tourism as a large、Common social crowd different flow，As a matter of national economy and people's livelihood strategic industry and national leisure is the right one，Involves tourism managers、operators、server、Consumers and tourist destination residents rights and interests。The formulation of supply should fundamentally straighten out the relationship between the various types of tourist stakeholders，Correct the alienation in the interests of the chain，Narrowing and put an end to form industry latent rules of the soil。

　　旅游法草案全文尚未公布，笔者的上述意见难免有失偏颇。希望旅游法的出台不仅是在形式上规制旅游业的现存弊端，更要切实保障处于旅游服务链条末端的消费者、服务者和居民的权益，同时，规范旅游管理者的行为与保障经营者的正当权益，这才是出台旅游法的本意与保障旅游业健康发展的根本。

The draft supply full text have yet to be announced，The author of the above opinion is biased。Hope supply come on stage is not only in the form of tourism in the existing malpractice regulation，More to protect in tourism service chain end consumer、Server and the rights and interests of the residents，At the same time，Norms tourism management behavior and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the operators，This is the supply on the original idea and guarantee the healthy development of the tourism industry the fundamental。