“北京咳”这个略带玩笑意味的叫法，已经在外国人中间流传了十余年，近日竟被外国人白纸黑字地印入了旅游指南。简单说，“北京咳”是一种类似水土不服的反应，指一些人来到北京后便会不由自主地咳嗽，离开后咳嗽又自然消失。对于长期生活在北京的人来说，似乎并未意识到“北京咳”，但当一个国家的首都被贴上这种调侃的标签后，它反映的便就不仅仅是环境问题了。

"Beijing cough"The only way that joke,Among the foreigners have been spread over more than ten years,Recently he was a foreigner in black and white to print in the travel guide.In simple terms,"Beijing cough"Is similar to an endemic reaction,Refers to some people came to Beijing will spontaneously cough,Left cough and disappear naturally.For a long time living in Beijing people,Do not seem to realize"Beijing cough",But when a country's capital to be labeled as such the ridicule after label,It reflects the will is not just an environmental problem.

　　

“北京咳”也是咳嗽 "Beijing cough"Is cough

　　“红墙绿瓦、胡同小院、古都风情……”29岁的美国人里昂说，他来北京之前，一直有个美好的北京梦。2012年7月，他作为交换生来到北京攻读硕士。起初，里昂和在美国时一样，坚持每天早上在学校周边跑步5公里。一星期后，他发现自己不由自主地咳嗽起来，白天咳几声，半夜就咳醒。

"The red walls and green tiles/Hutong small courtyard/Ancient capital amorous feelings……"The 29-year-old American Lyon said,Before he came to Beijing,Still have a beautiful dream of Beijing.In July 2012,He came to Beijing as an exchange student for master's.At first,Lyon and in the United States as,Insist that every morning in the school running around 5 km.A week later,He found himself spontaneously cough up,Cough a few sound during the day,Midnight he would cough up.

　　在与朋友的交谈中，里昂发现不少刚从外国来到北京的人，都会经历这种咳嗽过程，症状又以12月至4月较重。朋友们提醒他，外出一定要戴口罩，清晨最好不要在马路边跑步。

In the conversation with a friend,Leone discovered many just came to Beijing from foreign people,Will go through this process of cough,Symptoms and in December to April heavier.My friends remind him,Go out must wear a face mask,Early in the morning had better not running along the road.

　　“何止是外国人，我们周围咳嗽的人也越来越多。”在北京市四惠交通枢纽附近值班的交通协管员李大姐说：“季节交替时，咳嗽声在等车人群中此起彼伏。咳着咳着，就有一口痰吐在地上。”李大姐指了指公交车牌旁、墙角里、垃圾桶边的地上，全都布满了痰渍。

"Far more than is a foreigner,The people around us cough more and more."In Beijing four you near the transportation hub of traffic crossing guard on duty LiDaJie said:"Season at the turn of,Cough are waiting for a bus to break out in the crowd.Cough cough for a,There is a spit on the ground."LiDaJie pointed to the bus by the license plate/The corner of the/The edge of the trash on the ground,All was full of sputum stains.

　　经常往返于国内各地的张先生也感觉到了“北京咳”。“每次到北京，一下飞机就能感觉到空气中有股奇怪的味道，随之而来的便是喉咙不舒服。”张先生说，因为每次来北京时间短，虽未出现不断咳嗽现象，但却回回鼻孔里都是灰。

Often return to the country's Mr. Zhang also feel"Beijing cough"."Every time he went to Beijing,The plane can feel the air there is a strange smell,What followed was throat uncomfortable."Mr Zhang said,Because every time to Beijing time is short,Though not appear constantly cough phenomenon,But the nostrils are grey.

　　记者查阅资料发现，“北京咳”一词由来已久，1990年，国际扶轮社所办杂志上刊载的一篇文章写道：“工业国家曾经的主要城市现象——空气污染，已经散播至全世界……在北京，空气污染导致的呼吸疾病很常见，被称为‘北京咳’。”

Reporters found that data access,"Beijing cough"A word has,In 1990,,Rotary international magazine put an article wrote:"Industrial countries once the main urban phenomenon - air pollution,Has spread to the world……In Beijing,Air pollution in respiratory disease is very common,called‘Beijing cough’."

　　虽然大多数国人还不知道“北京咳”这个概念，但北京公众环境研究中心主任马军、北京市环境保护科学研究院大气所所长彭应登等环境专家都对这一说法不陌生。

Although most people still don't know"Beijing cough"This concept,But Beijing public environmental research center director ma jun/Beijing environmental protection science research institute director peng's atmosphere should be such as to the environmental experts is not strange.

　　医学领域，临床医生则对这个词语态度各异。中国人民解放军总医院呼吸病研究所所长刘又宁说：“这不是一个医学名词，也不是一个学术概念；没有一个定义，也没有它的症候群，这纯是外国人编的。”

Medical field,Clinical doctors to the words the different attitude.The Chinese people's liberation army general hospital respiratory disease institute director liu and better said:"This is not a medical term,Also is not an academic concept;Not a definition,No it's syndrome,It is made of pure foreigner."

　　北京协和医院呼吸内科主任医师王京岚表示，“北京咳”也算是病，是一种气道高反应性，指气道受到某种刺激而发生收缩反应，表现为咳嗽、胸闷、哮喘等。

Beijing union medical college hospital respiratory medicine chief physician WangJingLan said,"Beijing cough"Also be disease,Is a kind of airway high reactivity,Refers to the airway by some kind of stimulation and produce contraction reaction,Performance for cough/Bosom frowsty/Asthma, etc.

　

　干燥污染是根源 Dry pollution is root

　　气候干燥。“北京属于温带季风气候，降水偏少，和国内外一些城市相比，北京真的太干了！”环境专家彭应登说，1961年至1990年，北京12月平均降水量为2.3毫米，上海为34.7毫米，广州为23.5毫米，而美国纽约为86.9毫米，英国伦敦为79毫米，日本东京为39.6毫米。协和王京岚教授表示，北京冬春季尤为干燥，是许多呼吸系统疾病的高发期，一定程度上也诱发了咳嗽。

Climate is dry."Beijing belongs to the temperate zone monsoon climate,Rainfall is less,And the domestic and foreign some compared to the city,Beijing really too dry!"Environmental experts should be peng's,From 1961 to 1990,Beijing, dec. Average precipitation 2.3 millimeters,Shanghai is 34.7 mm,Guangzhou is 23.5 mm,And in the United States, New York is 86.9 mm,London is 79 mm,Tokyo, Japan is 39.6 mm.The WangJingLan professor said,Beijing winter spring is dry,Many respiratory system disease period,A certain extent also induced the cough.

　　空气污染。环境专家彭应登表示，我国空气质量与发达国家有差距，尤其是可吸入颗粒物的浓度。而空气质量对人体呼吸系统的影响很大，外国人可能就是因为不适应北京空气而咳嗽，这是呼吸系统自洁能力的体现。北京冬春季处于采暖期，需要大量燃煤，随即产生大量二氧化硫等空气污染物，再加上干燥少雨，空气质量会比其他季节差。协和王京岚教授补充道：“冬春季多雾天，空气中的有害物质容易对呼吸道产生影响，引起不适或疾病。”

Air pollution.Environmental experts peng's should be said,Air quality in our country and the developed countries have difference,Especially fine particulate concentration.And air quality to have great influences on the human respiratory system,Foreigners may be because they do not adapt to the Beijing air and cough,This is respiratory system since the embodiment of the clean ability.Beijing winter spring in CaiNuanQi,Needs a large number of coal,Then produce a large number of air pollutants, such as so2,Add dry little rain,Air quality is better than other seasons difference.The WangJingLan professor added:"Wintry fog more,The air harmful substances likely to affect the respiratory tract,Cause discomfort or disease."

　　给首都带来负面影响

Bring negative effects to the capital

　　和北京烤鸭一样，“北京咳”近年频繁地出现在旅游攻略中。美国一本旅游攻略中提醒游客：“很多人抱怨‘北京咳’，但我们还不知道预防的方法。”

And like Beijing roast duck,"Beijing cough"In recent years, frequent in tourism in the strategy.The United States a tourism strategy of remind visitors:"Many people complain that‘Beijing cough’,But we also don't know the method of prevention."

　　“外国人把‘北京咳’作为标签贴在北京这所千年古都上，不免让人觉得苦涩。”北京大学社会学系夏学銮教授表示，空气污染问题关系到北京乃至中国的国际形象，有可能会给政府带来负面影响。在北京生活两年的美国人杰克表示，应该设计一个手机程序，当空气污染指数达到200时，就自动帮人订张机票离开中国。

"The foreigners‘Beijing cough’As a label on the Beijing the one thousand on the ancient capital,Not let a person feel bitter."Beijing university professor of the department of social XiaXueLuan said,Air pollution problems related to Beijing and China's international image,May bring negative effects to the government.Living in Beijing two years of American jack said,Should design a mobile phone program,When the air pollution index reached 200,Automatically gang book ticket to leave China.

　　据记者了解，北京大气污染是全国五大中心城市中最严重的，2011年世界1085个大城市排名中，北京排名倒数第42位。环境专家马军说，“北京咳”的确会影响首都形象，但当下我们更该重视空气污染对生活在北京的人造成的健康伤害。

According to reporter understanding,Beijing air pollution is the five central city of the most serious,The 2011 world 1085 cities in the rankings,Beijing in the bottom a 42.Environmental experts ma jun said,"Beijing cough"Does have an impact on the capital image,But then we should pay attention to air pollution in Beijing to life causes health damage.

　　北京医院呼吸内科副主任柯会星告诉记者，空气污染会对呼吸系统和心血管系统造成伤害。《中国环境状况公报》显示，大气中总悬浮颗粒物浓度每增加1倍，慢性障碍性呼吸道疾病死亡率就增加38％。北京大学公共卫生学院劳动卫生与环境卫生学系副主任潘小川认为，除了咳嗽，环境污染日趋严重还会增加肺癌发病率。北京肿瘤防治研究办公室数据显示，2010年肺癌位居北京户籍人口男性恶性肿瘤发病的第一位，2001至2010年，北京肺癌发病率增长了56%。

Beijing hospital respiratory medicine, deputy director of the ko will star told reporters,Air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular system damage.[China's environmental situation bulletin]display,Total suspended particles concentration in the atmosphere every increase 1 times,The obstacle of chronic respiratory disease mortality increased by 38%.Peking University school of public health, labor health and environmental health, deputy director of the department of PanXiaoChuan think,In addition to cough,Environmental pollution is more serious also increases the incidence of lung cancer.Beijing cancer prevention and control research office data display,2010 lung cancer in Beijing household register population male malignant disease first,From 2001 to 2010,Beijing lung cancer incidence increased by 56%.

　　

治理污染从身边做起 Pollution from the side with

　　“污染是城市乃至国家发展的一个阶段。”中国预防医学科学院环境卫生监测所崔九思教授表示，就像孩子慢慢长大一样，治理城市空气污染也需要这个过程。

"Pollution is the city and state of the development of a stage."Chinese academy of preventive medicine environmental health monitoring cui nine think professor said,As children grow up slowly as,Management of the city's air pollution also need to this process.

　　其实，空气污染问题并不仅仅困扰着中国，在很多工业发达的国家，都曾给民众带来烦恼。“北京咳”这样的现象，国外发达国家同样经历过。

In fact,Air pollution is not only bothering China,In many industrialized countries,Have to bring trouble to people."Beijing cough"Such a phenomenon,In developed countries the same experience.

　　“雾都”曾是英国伦敦的代名词。1952年冬，伦敦发生“烟雾事件”，仅在5日到8日这4天里，死亡人数就高达4000人。大雾散去后，英国人开始反思空气污染，并为摘下“雾都”的帽子付出了半个世纪的努力。1956年，英国颁布了世界上第一部空气污染防治法案，规定伦敦城内电厂必须关闭。以后的几十年中，英国针对废气排放制订了明确的处罚措施，并通过抑制私家车数量，减少了空气中的烟尘和颗粒物。到了1975年，伦敦雾日便由每年几十天减少到15天。此外，德国用了30多年、日本用了20多年解决空气污染问题。

"WuDou"Was the pronoun of London, England.In the winter of 1952,London's"Smoke events",Only in the 5th to 8 this four days,The death toll is up to 4000 people.The fog dispersed after,British people began to reflect on air pollution,And took off for"WuDou"Hat pay for half a century efforts.In 1956,,The UK has issued in the world the first a air pollution prevention and control act,Provisions in the city of London power plants must be closed.After dozens of years,British for emissions made clear punishment measures,And the number of private cars inhibition,Reduce the smoke and dust in the air and particles.By 1975,London fog day by day and each year dozens of reduced to 15 days.In addition,In Germany for more than thirty years/With Japan over twenty years to solve the problem of air pollution.

　　从1979年开始，环境专家崔九思就在我国主持“全球环境监测系统”。“当时，二氧化硫和总吸入颗粒物明显超标，国家马上进行了治理。”崔九思回忆说，从上世纪70年代末开始，北京治理空气污染的步伐从未停下过，经历了治理煤炉、风沙和增加绿化面积的三个阶段。

Starting from 1979,Environmental experts cui nine thoughts were in our host"The global environment monitoring system"."At that time,Sulfur dioxide and total suction particles significantly overweight,The management state immediately."Cui nine think recalled,Since the late 1970 s,Beijing air pollution control the pace of have never stopped,Experienced management coal stove/Sandstorm and increase the green area of the three stages.

　　起初，燃煤是北京空气污染的首要来源。为解决这一问题，从1999年以来，北京城区4.4万台机关单位茶炉大灶完成“煤改气”，促使燃煤在能源比重中持续下降。此后，北京大规模调整产业结构，将首钢等200多家重污染企业关停或搬离。“治理效果还是非常明显的。”环境专家崔九思表示，直至2011年，全市二级及以上天数达到286天，比1998年多出186天。

At first,Coal is the primary source of air pollution in Beijing.In order to solve the problem,Since 1999,The Beijing city 44000 sets agency unit geo-thermal tea stove finish"Coal to gas",The proportion of coal in the energy to continue to decline.Since then,Beijing mass to adjust the industrial structure,Will shougang and 200 other heavy pollution enterprise shut down or move away from."Governance effect is very obvious."Environmental experts cui nine think said,Until 2011,The level 2 or more days to 286 days,More than 1998 more than in 186 days.

　　“目前，北京空气污染问题和十年前相比，发生了重大变化。”环境专家彭应登表示，汽车尾气已成为北京空气污染的首要因素。环境专家马军也认为，近年来，北京汽车数量呈爆炸式增长，虽然开始控制，但已错过最佳时机，效果不会立竿见影。但为解决空气污染，我们可以从小的方面下手，比如增加小区和公共空间的绿化面积、治理建筑工地扬尘、管理运输渣土的大型车辆、严禁近郊私自焚烧垃圾和枯草败叶、供暖期间降低室内温度等。

"At present,Beijing's air pollution problems and ten years ago,Great changes have taken place."Environmental experts peng's should be said,Car exhaust has become the first element of air pollution in Beijing.Environmental experts ma jun also think,In recent years,Beijing automobile quantity is explosive growth,Although it began to control,But have missed the best time,Does not immediate.But in order to solve the air pollution,We can from the directions,Such as increase community and public space of the green area/Management construction site dust/Management of waste transport large vehicle/It is strictly prohibited to suburban privately garbage burned and the withered grass/Heating period reduce indoor temperature, etc.

　　“治理空气污染不全是政府的责任，也需要老百姓的参与，从身边小事做起。”环境专家崔九思表示，人们可以少开车，多乘坐公共交通，少吃烧烤，过低碳生活。

"Control air pollution is not complete is the obligation of government,Also needs the participation of people,From nearby small start."Environmental experts cui nine think said,People may be driving less,More on public transportation,Eat less barbecue,Too low carbon life.

　　而且，环境专家彭应登表示，北京已设立35个空气质量监测站，每个小时都会更新数据，居民可以登陆北京市环保局网站，随时了解空气污染物浓度值，调整出行安排，在污染问题无法彻底解决之前，市民们出门时可以戴上口罩，家中养些绿植、多喝水等。

and,Environmental experts peng's should be said,Beijing has set up 35 air quality monitoring station,Every hour will update data,Residents can log on to the Beijing environmental protection bureau website,Understand the air pollutant density,Adjust travel arrangement,In the pollution problem cannot be completely resolved,People go out to wear the mask,Home to raise some green plant/Drink more water, etc.