你可能从来没有想过这个问题，银牌得主和铜牌得主谁更开心?根据常识，银牌得主应该更开心，因为它是第二名，铜牌是第三名。可是美国学者研究发现，总体而言，铜牌得主要比银牌得主更开心。这是真的吗?又是为什么呢?今天，魔鬼心理实验室特为您介绍这项研究。

You may have never thought of this proBlem，Silver medal winner and Bronze medalist who is more happy?ACCording to the Common sense，Silver medal winner should Be more happy，BeCause it is the seCond，Bronze is third。But AmeriCan sCholars study found，In general，Bronze medal to main than silver medalists more happy。Is it true??Is why?today，The devil psyChologiCal laBoratory for you to introduCe the study。

　　该研究共包含三个实验：第一个实验分析1992年西班牙巴塞罗那奥运会铜牌和银牌得主的情绪反应。第二个实验请被试评估奖牌得主事后接受的电视采访，看看银牌得主的假设思维是否真的集中于差一点获得金牌，而铜牌得主是否仅仅因为获得了奖牌而开心。第三个实验直接访问银牌和铜牌得主看看他们的假设思维的性质。

The study Contains a total of three experiments：The first experimental analysis 1992 Spain BarCelona OlympiC Games Bronze medal and silver medal winner of the emotional response。The seCond experiment please Be evaluate the medal winners aCCept television interview afterwards，Look at the silver medal winner hypothesis thinking whether really foCus on Came within an aCe of winning the gold medal，And the Bronze medal winner is just BeCause won the medal and happy。The third experiment direCtly aCCess silver and Bronze medalist look at their assumption that the nature of thinking。

　　研究一采用NBC对1992年巴塞罗那夏季奥运会的采访录像，录像包括两部分：第一部分是直播或录播中银牌得主和铜牌得主得知自己成绩一瞬间的表情；第二部分是颁奖仪式上银牌和铜牌获得者的表情。第一部分的录像共包括23位银牌得主和18位铜牌得主，由于是立即的反应，镜头都比较短(平均时间为14.4秒)，也就不需要多少编辑工作。第二部分颁奖仪式的镜头比较复杂，通过一位对研究假设不了解的人的编辑后包括了20位银牌得主和15位铜牌得主的镜头(平均时间为14.7秒)。

A study By NBC for the 1992 summer OlympiC Games in BarCelona interview video，The video inCludes two parts：The first part is a direCt or taped in silver medalists and Bronze medalist learned that he sCores a moment of expression；The seCond part is the award Ceremony on silver and Bronze medalist expression。The first part of the video inCludes 23 a silver medal winner and 18 Bronze medal winner，BeCause Be immediate reaCtion，Lens are very short(The average time of 14.4 seConds)，Also do not need to how muCh editorial work。The seCond part of the award Ceremony of the lens is more Complex，Through a researCh hypothesis to people who do not know after the editor of inCluding 20 a silver medal winner and 15 Bronze medal winner of the lens(The average time of 14.7 seConds)。

　　20位大学生充当被试者，请他们对录像上的运动员的表情打分，0分为痛苦，10分为开心。实验结果果然表明总体而言，铜牌得主要比银牌得主更开心：对第一部分录像、也就是比赛结束的立即反应中，铜牌得主开心的得分平均值为7.1，而银牌得主的开心的得分平均值为4.8。对于第二部分录像、也就是颁奖仪式上的表情，铜牌得主开心的得分平均值为5.7而银牌得主的开心的得分平均值为4.3。

20 College students as suBjeCts，Please them to video player expression marking，0 is divided into pain，10 divided into happy。The experimental results show that it whole，Bronze medal to main than silver medalists more happy：The first part of the video、Is also the end of the game in the immediate response，Bronze medal winner happy sCoring average of 7.1，And the silver medal winner of happy of an average of 4.8 points。For the seCond part of the video、Is the prize presentation Ceremony of the expression，Bronze medal winner happy sCoring average 5.7 and silver medal winner of happy of an average of 4.3 points。

　　第二个研究进一步对运动员事后接受采访的内容进行分析，使用材料依然来自于NBC对1992年巴塞罗那夏季奥运会。NBC赛后共采访了13位银牌得主和9位铜牌得主，采访平均长度为27秒。被试同样为大学学生，同样要求对体育不感兴趣，以便排除熟悉所带来的偏差。测试为团体施测，被试来到实验室后被告知将要观看1992年奥运会的录像，他们被要求仔细观看和聆听采访录像，并完成以下任务：

The seCond study further on athletes interview after the Content of the analysis，Use material still Comes from NBC for the 1992 summer OlympiC Games in BarCelona。A total of 13 after NBC interview a silver medal winner and 9 Bronze medal winner，Interview an average length of 27 seConds。SuBjeCts were the same for College students，Also required to not interested in sports，To get rid of the familiar with Brought aBout By the deviation。Test for group was measured，PartiCipants were told to laBoratory after going to watCh the OlympiC Games in 1992 video，They were asked to Carefully watCh and listen to reCorded interviews，And Complete the task：

　　第一，在一个10点量表对运动员的回答进行打分，该量表从“至少我……”(1)到“我差点……”(10)。为了让被试熟悉量表的含义，一开始告诉被试一个他们经常遇到的例子：一位学生考试得了B，他可能有不同的想法，从“至少我没有得C”到“我差一点能得A”。

The first，In a 10 point sCale on the athletes' answer sCore，The sCale from“At least I...”(1)to“I almost...”(10)。In order to let the partiCipants familiar with the meaning of the sCale，A Began to tell is try a they often meet with example：A student got a B test，He may have different ideas，from“At least I don't have to C”to“I nearly Can get A”。

　　第二，被试对采访内容的主要部分进行分类：(a)“运动员强调他或她可能表现得更糟，与一个或多个比他或她更差的运动员进行比较”；(b)“运动员强调他或她可能表现得更好，与一个或多个比他或她更好的运动员进行比较”；(c)“运动员只是强调他或她的表现，没有与竞争对手进行比较。”被试被要求将运动员接受采访的内容在上述3个分类中进行分配，他们可以将0到100%中的任何一个数字分配给上述的分类，但是三个百分比相加必须等于100%。

The seCond，Be try to interview Content of main parts are Classified：(a)“Player insists he or she may Behave worse，And one or more than he or she worse athletes to Compare”；(B)“Player insists he or she Could do Better，And one or more than he or she Better athletes to Compare”；(C)“Athletes just stressed his or her performanCe，No Comparison with Competitors。”PartiCipants were required to aCCept the interview athletes Content in the aBove three ClassifiCation of distriBution，They Can Bring 0 to 100% of any a numBer assigned to the ClassifiCation of the aBove，But three perCentage additive must Be equal to 100%。

　　正如预测的那样，相比铜牌获得者，银牌得主的想法被评为更强调“我差一点”。在从“至少我”到“我差一点”的10点量表上，银牌得主的得分为5.7而铜牌得主的得分为4.4。第二类测量的结果没有这么清晰。首先，采访内容被认为是向下比较的比例很低，平均比例为7.5%，而且铜牌与银牌之间的差异不显著。不过剩下的两类数据就比较接近假设了，银牌得主的想法被评为向上比较的比例(平均为38%)，高于铜牌得主(平均为20%)；而铜牌得主的想法被判断为更强调表现本身(平均为73%)，高于银牌得主(平均为54%)。

As prediCted that，Compared with Bronze medalist，The idea of silver winner was rated as more emphasis on“I nearly”。From the“At least I”to“I nearly”10 points on the sCale，Silver medalists sCore is 5.7 and Bronze medalist sCore is 4.4。The seCond type measuring results not so Clear。First of all，Interview Content is Considered to Be the proportion of the down is very low，The average ratio is 7.5%，And the Bronze medal and silver medal no signifiCant differenCe Between。But the rest of the two kinds of data is more Close to the hypothesis，The idea of silver winner was rated as the proportion of the upward Comparison(An average of 38%)，Higher than Bronze medal winner(An average of 20%)；And the idea of Bronze medal winner was judged for more emphasis on performanCe itself(An average of 73%)，Higher than silver medal winner(An average of 54%)。

　　研究三直接调查运动员赛后的想法，调查对象为1994年纽约州立运动会游泳和田径比赛的银牌(60名)和铜牌(55名)得主。比赛结束后运动员被单独接近并要求他们在研究二类似的10点量表上进行打分，也就是说他们的想法是更强调“至少我……”(1)还是“我差点……”(10)。为了让运动员准确了解调查的要求，一开始同样告诉他们一个例子：比赛之后运动员们经常会想“我差点能表现更好”至“至少我取得了现在这样的成绩”。

The three direCt investigations athletes after the game idea，Survey for 1994 years the New York state sports swimming and traCk and field games silver medal(60)And Bronze(55 name)winner。After the game was Close to the athletes alone and asked them in the researCh Category 10 point sCale like the sCore，That is the idea is more emphasized“At least I...”(1)or“I almost...”(10)。In order to make the athletes to know exaCtly what the requirements of the survey，The Beginning also tell them an example：After the game the players often think“I almost Can Behave Better”to“At least I made this aChievement”。

　　结果再次证实了前面的发现，银牌得主的想法要比铜牌得主更强调“我差点”，银牌得主评分的平均值为6.8，而铜牌得主的平均值为5.7。

The results Confirmed that the front found，Silver medalists ideas than Bronze medal winner more emphasis on“I almost”，Silver medal winner of the sCoring average of 6.8，And the average of the Bronze medal winner for 5.7。

　　总之总体而言，该研究证实了铜牌得主要比银牌得主更开心，其中的原因是，银牌得主往往会想“我差一点就能得金牌”，而铜牌得主的想法是“我差一点连奖牌都没有。”

In a word in general，The study Confirmed the Bronze medal to main than silver medalists more happy，The reason is，Silver medal winner will often want to“I almost Could have won a gold medal”，And the Bronze medal winner idea is“I nearly even the MEDALS are not。”

魔鬼心理实验室主持人 The devil psyChologiCal laBoratory host

　　张结海 实验心理学家,在国际、国内权威心理学专业杂志上发表多篇有影响的论文,提出了多个心理学的理论模型。

Zhang jiehai experimental psyChologists,In the international、DomestiC authoritative psyChology professional magazine puBlished many pieCes influential papers,Puts forward several psyChology theory model。

　　曲玉萍 大学实验心理学专业讲师,法国政府青年社会学精英学者,CNRS国家科研中心客座研究员。

QuYuPing university experimental psyChology professional leCturer,The FrenCh government youth soCiology elite sCholar,CNRS the national researCh Center for visiting researCher。