抗生素使用误区知多少？ Antibiotic use know how much misunderstanding?

　　国家食品药品监督管理局近日公布的“公众安全用药现状调查报告”显示，我国公众对抗生素认识存在不足，虽然对药品安全非常重视，但不合理用药习惯仍然存在。有不少居民选择在感冒或腹泻后就使用抗生素。这些人容易顺从习惯，不去医院找医生就吃抗生素。专家提醒，应谨慎使用抗生素。

The state food and drug administration recently published"The public security investigation report drugs"display,Our country public understanding to antibiotics inadequacy,Although to drug safety very seriously,But not rational drug use habits still exist.Many residents choose to catch a cold or diarrhea after the use of antibiotics.These people easy to obey habits,Don't go to the hospital to find the doctor antibiotics.The expert reminds,Should be careful to use antibiotics.

　　

对抗生素认识模糊 Know to antibiotics fuzzy

　　报告指出，目前中国公众对抗生素的认识存在不足；此外，不同区域、不同受教育程度的居民在安全用药习惯方面存在极大差别，不合理用药习惯广泛存在。有些人对抗生素的治疗作用有一定的了解，但对其毒副作用了解比较少。大部分公众相信自己使用抗生素不会发生危险，并对抗生素产生依赖性。

The report says,At present the Chinese public to antibiotics realize the existing shortage;In addition,Different area/By different education level of residents in the security custom there are great differences,No rational drug use habits exist widely.Some people to antibiotics therapy effect have a certain understanding,But the side effects of understanding is less.Most of the public believe that their own use antibiotics not dangerous,And to antibiotics dependence.

　　调查显示，分别有23.9%和8.9%的居民选择在感冒或腹泻后使用抗生素。公众对抗生素的概念也存在模糊认识。调查发现，20.7%的居民和35.2%的网友选择了同意“抗生素就等同于消炎药”的说法。调查数据中还显示，公众安全用药习惯的形成与一个区域人们的生活习惯、卫生习惯、受教育程度有着密切关系，各个区域居民在安全用药的习惯上有较大差异。总之，受教育程度越高，其安全用药的水平和程度就越高。

Investigation shows that,There were respectively 23.9% and 8.9% of residents selection in cold or diarrhea after use of antibiotics.The public to antibiotics are also the concept of fuzzy understanding.Survey found,20.7% of the residents and 35.2% of the net friend chose to agree"Antibiotics is synonymous with anti-inflammatory drugs"that.Survey data also show,Public safety drug habit formation and a regional people's habits/Health habits/By the education level has the close relationship,Each area residents in the habit of drug safety have bigger difference.In a word,Education by the higher level,The drug safety level and degree is high.

　　此外，数据显示，虽然目前公众对药品的安全性非常重视，但他们在药物的正确使用上，却存在疏忽大意的问题。

In addition,Data display,Although at present the public drug safety very seriously,But they are drugs on correct use,Has the problem of carelessness.

　　

抗生素不是普通药品 Antibiotics are not common drugs

　　所谓抗生素，就是用于治疗各种细菌感染或抑制致病微生物感染的药物。这类药品曾一度挽救过许多人的生命，成为人们日常生活不可或缺的常备药。然而，滥用抗生素会造成致病菌的耐药性，也就是对药品的适应性。同一种致病菌在多次使用某种抗生素后，等到再次感染这种致病菌，用这种抗生素就可能治不了这种病，而必须使用更强的抗生素。这样，就有可能让细菌在多次对抗生素适应的过程中，进化产生所谓的“超级细菌”。

The so-called antibiotics,Is used in the treatment of various bacteria infection or inhibiting pathogenic microorganism infection of drugs.This kind of medicine once saved many people's lives,Become People's Daily life indispensable standing drugs.however,The overuse of antibiotics will cause the pathogenic bacteria resistance,It is simply the adaptability of drugs.The same kind of pathogenic bacteria in the use of certain times after antibiotics,Again until the pathogenic bacteria infection,In this antibiotics may can't cure the disease,And must use more antibiotics.this,It is possible to let bacteria in many times to antibiotics in the process of adaptation,Evolution produce so-called"Super bacteria".

　　专家强调，感冒分病毒性、细菌性等几种。对于普通感冒，用些缓解药就可以，如鼻塞、流鼻涕，吃白加黑、康泰克等感冒药；伴有咳嗽可吃些止咳药，生病期间注意多喝水，休息好。

Experts stressed,Cold points viral/Bacterial to wait for a few kinds.For the common cold,Use some medicine can relieve,Such as congestion/Runny nose,Eat white and black/Contac cold medicine, etc;Accompanied by a cough can eat some cough medicine,During his illness, pay attention to drink more water,Rest good.

　　药监人员提醒说，抗生素不是普通药品，必须谨慎使用，应该做到“三不”：不自行购买，不主动要求用药，不随便停药。否则，滥用抗生素轻则会引发药品不良反应，更严重的甚至可能殃及整个人群，使其无药可用。

Also researchers warn,Antibiotics are not common drugs,Must be used with caution,Should do"three":Not to purchase,Don't ask for drugs,Don't stop drug casually.otherwise,The overuse of antibiotics light will cause adverse drug reaction,More serious might even bring disaster to the entire population,Make it have no medicine can be used.

　　此外，某些抗菌药物还可与酒精发生相互作用，导致发生药物不良反应，常表现为面部潮红、结膜充血、头痛、眩晕、恶心呕吐、心跳加快、呼吸困难等，严重者可出现急性心衰、呼吸抑制、意识丧失、惊厥等。专家特别提醒，在服用药物期间应尽量避免饮酒，包括任何含酒精类饮料和食品，以避免药物不良反应的发生。

In addition,Some antibacterial drugs can interact with alcohol,Causes adverse drug reaction,Often present as a facial flushing/Conjunctival congestion/headache/vertigo/Nausea and vomiting/Heart beats faster/Difficulty breathing, etc,In cases of acute heart failure/Respiratory depression/Loss of consciousness/Convulsion, etc.Experts special remind,In the period of the drug should as far as possible to avoid drinking,Include any alcoholic class drinks and food,In order to avoid the occurrence of adverse drug reactions.

　　

滥用抗生素损害身体 The overuse of antibiotics damage the body

　　北京大学临床药理研究所副所长肖永红表示，抗生素本身是一个药物，广泛使用以后可以产生很多不良反应。比如：儿童使用了庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素可能会出现耳聋，以后会成为聋哑儿童，成人使用可能会有导致肾脏出现问题。还有红霉素里面的四环素，大量使用会造成肝脏的损害，小孩使用会影响牙齿和骨骼的发育。每一种抗生素造成的不良反应是各式各样的，基本上涉及到人体的每一个器官、每一个系统，只不过每一种药物反应的侧重点不一样。此外，抗生素使用以后微生物可以针对它产生耐药性。微生物本身也是一个生命，就像我们人体一样，当有外面的东西侵入时，会自卫、防御、反击，最后的结果就是耐药。这是细菌保护自己的措施。如果我们滥用抗生素，环境中存在的这些致病微生物都是耐药的，人体生病感染的都是耐药菌，那就很难得到有效的药物治疗，最后受到损害的是我们人类自己。

Beijing university deputy director of the institute of clinical pharmacology XiaoYongGong said,Antibiotics itself is a drug,Widely used later can produce a lot of adverse reactions.For example:Children use gentamicin/Amikacin may appear deafness,Will become deaf children,Adult use may have caused kidney problems.The inside of the tetracycline and erythromycin,A large number of use can cause liver damage,The children use will affect the development of teeth and bones.Each kind of antibiotic adverse reaction is various,Basically involves human every organ/Every system,But each kind of drug reaction of different emphasis.In addition,After antibiotic use in microbial can it produces resistance.Microbial itself is a life,Just as we as human body,When there is something outside intrusion,Will self-defense/defense/counterattack,The final result is resistance.It is bacteria measure to protect themselves.If we abuse of antibiotics,The environment in the pathogenic microorganism is resistance,The human body ill infection are drug-resistant bacteria,It will be difficult to get effective drug therapy,The damage is our humanity.

　　肖永红强调，抗生素一定要在医生的指导下合理使用，不要自己盲目使用。生病以后，一般可以先根据自己的情况购一些对症的药，如果真的觉得是细菌感染，应该咨询医生来决定是否使用抗生素。

XiaoYongGong emphasize,Antibiotic must be in under the guidance of doctors use reasonable,Don't be blind use.Ill after,General can according to their own situation to purchase some suit medicine,If you really think it is bacterial infection,Should consult a doctor to determine whether the use of antibiotics.

　　

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抗生素与抗菌消炎药区别 Antibiotics and antibacterial anti-inflammatory drugs difference

　　抗生素品种繁多，使用广泛，在普通人群中间的知名度很高，这样就造成了它在名称方面比较混乱的状态。老百姓一般所指的消炎药即是抗生素，但从严格意义上讲，消炎药和抗生素应该是不同的两类药物。我们所用的抗生素不是直接针对炎症来发挥作用的，而是针对引起炎症的微生物，是杀灭微生物的，而消炎药是针对炎症的，比如常用的阿斯匹林等非甾体类消炎镇痛药。

A variety of antibiotics,Is widely used,In the general population visibility is very high,That would give it the name in the state of confusion.People generally referred anti-inflammatory drugs is antibiotics,But in the strict sense,Anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics should be different two types of drugs.We use of antibiotics is not directly targeting inflammation to play the role,But according to cause inflammation of microbes,Is kill microbes,And anti-inflammatory drugs is aimed at the inflammation,Such as commonly used aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic.

　　

抗菌药和抗生素关系 Antiseptic and antibiotic relationship

　　它们是大范围和小范围的关系。抗生素是针对所有能够致病的生命体，包括细菌、病毒、寄生虫、肿瘤细胞等，抗菌药物主要是杀灭细菌的。因为能引起人体感染的，除了细菌以外还有很多的微生物，比如2003年流行的非典，它是病毒感染，需要用抗病毒的药物。抗病毒和抗细菌的药物都可以算在抗生素的范畴里面去。抗生素是比较广义的，而抗菌药物是比较专一的。

They are big range and small range of relationship.Antibiotics are for all to pathogenic organism,Include bacteria/virus/parasites/Tumor cells, etc,Antibacterial drugs is mainly kill bacteria.Because can cause human infection,In addition, there is a lot of microbial bacteria,In 2003, for example, the SARS epidemic,It's a virus infection,Need to use antiviral drugs.Antiviral and antibacterial drugs can be included in the category of antibiotics inside.Antibiotics is more generalized,And antibacterial drugs is more specific.

　　

抗生素到底是什么？ Antibiotics exactly is what?

　　答：简单地说，是微生物生长繁殖过程中产生的或人工合成的物质，它能抑制细菌生长繁殖或把细菌杀掉。部分抗菌药物不仅能杀灭细菌，而且对支原体、衣原体等其他致病微生物也有抑制和杀灭作用。

a:Simply said,Is the growth of microorganism propagation process of or synthetic material,It can restrain bacteria grow and breed or to kill bacteria.Part of antimicrobial agents can not only kill bacteria,But also for mycoplasma/Chlamydia and other pathogenic microorganism have inhibition and exterminate action.

　　

哪些药属于抗生素？ What medicine belongs to the antibiotics?

　　答：市场上各个厂家生产的抗菌药物至少在150种以上。主要包括青霉素类，如盘尼西林、阿莫西林等；头孢菌素类，如头孢唑啉、头孢拉定、头孢克肟等；碳青霉烯类；大环内酯类，如红霉素、罗红霉素等；四环素类，如四环素、米诺环素等；氨基糖苷类，如庆大霉素、阿米卡星等；喹诺酮类，如左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、氟哌酸等。此外，还有磺胺类、糖肽类、氯霉素等。在这些纷繁复杂的抗菌药物中，最常用的是头孢菌素，比如头孢唑啉、头孢拉定。

a:The market each manufacturer production antibacterial drug at least 150 kinds of above.Mainly includes the penicillin class,Such as penicillin/Amoxicillin, etc;cephalosporin,Such as cefazolin/cefradine/Cefixime, etc;Carbon blue mould xi kind;macrolides,Such as erythromycin/Luo erythromycin, etc;Tetracycline class,Such as tetracycline/Camino ring element, etc;aminoglycoside,Such as gentamycin/Amy card magnitude;quinolones,Such as levofloxacin/ciprofloxacin/Norfloxacin, etc.In addition,And sulfa/Sugar peptide/Chloramphenicol, etc.In these complicated antibacterial drugs,The most common is cephalosporins,Such as cefazolin/cefradine.

　　

什么病不需要用抗生素？ What disease does not need to use antibiotics?

　　答：很多人感冒了，发烧了，咳嗽了，咽痛了，都会用抗生素。其实，90%的感冒患者是病毒性感染，并不需要用抗生素。咳嗽时，如果痰从白色变成黄色，才有可能是细菌性的，才需考虑要不要用抗生素。慢性咽喉炎大多不需要使用抗菌药物。

a:A lot of people caught a cold,Have a fever,cough,Pharyngalgia the,With antibiotics will.In fact,90% of the patients with a cold is viral infection,Does not need to use antibiotics.Cough when,If the sputum from white to yellow,Just may be the bacterial,Just should be don't use antibiotics.Chronic pharyngitis mostly do not need to use of antimicrobial agents.

　　

抗生素吃多了会耐药是怎么回事？ Antibiotics to eat many will resistance is how to return a responsibility?

　　答：当人们用抗生素对抗细菌时，细菌也会做出反击。为了躲避药物，细菌会变异，产生出耐药菌株。到这时，抗生素对这个细菌就没用了。(记者 喻京英)

a:When people use antibiotics against bacteria,Bacteria also can make counterattack.In order to avoid drug,Bacteria could mutate,Produce resistant strain.To at this time,Antibiotics on the bacteria is useless.(Reporter yu jing British)