昨天，众多患者在北京儿童医院专门开辟的临时输液区输液。新华社发 yesterday,Many patients in Beijing children's hospital open special temporary infusion area infusion.The xinhua news agency hair

　　PM2.5是如何突破人体自身健康守卫的关口、成为危害人体健康的隐形杀手的呢？在严重雾霾天气情况下，人们应该如何做好健康防护工作？出门只要戴上口罩就能有效防止呼吸道疾病吗？在家里的时候应该紧闭门窗吗？这些问题，让卫生专家来为您解答。

PM2.5 is how to break through the gates of human's health guard/Be harmful to human health and invisible killer??In the serious fog haze weather condition,People should how to do well the health protection work?Go out as long as wear the mask can effectively prevent respiratory disease?In the home should be closed doors and Windows?These problems,Let health experts to for you to answer.

　　

■PM2.5进入人体过程及后果 S PM2.5 enter human body process and consequences

　　PM2.5进入呼吸道，刺激并破坏气管黏膜，导致气管黏膜杀灭病毒、细菌和抵抗它们进入肺部组织的功能下降，气管黏膜的排毒功能下降。

PM2.5 into the respiratory tract,Stimulus and destroy tracheal mucosa,Tracheal mucosa to kill the virus/Bacteria and resist them into the lung tissue function decline,Tracheal mucosa function that discharge of decline.

　　在这种情况下，原本身体健康的人群可能会出现咳嗽、气管炎等症状。

In this case,Originally healthy people may appear cough/Symptoms such as bronchitis.

　　患有哮喘、慢性支气管炎、慢性阻塞性肺病等呼吸系统疾病的人群则会造成肺部感染，引起气短、胸闷、喘憋等不适，出现急性加重反应。

With asthma/Chronic bronchitis/Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) and respiratory system disease groups can cause lung infection,Cause shortness of breath/Bosom frowsty/Asthma suppress and discomfort,Cases of acute aggravating reaction.

　　对心脑血管疾病等慢性病患者更是有较大的破坏力，如会增加心脏病患者的心脏负担，诱发脑梗塞等。

Patients with chronic diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases but also have greater destructive power,Such as will increase the heart of heart disease burden,Induce cerebral infarction, etc.

　　颗粒吸入量不断增多，进而损害到肺部，损伤呼吸系统及其他系统。

Particles suction volume increasing,And damage to the lungs,Damage respiratory system and other systems.

　　糖尿病患者因自身抵抗力较弱，更易患感冒。

Patients with diabetes because of their weak resistance,Are more likely to catch a cold.

　　首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院呼吸内科专家表示，细颗粒物PM2.5等空气污染物是呼吸道和心血管疾病的重要风险因子。

The capital medical university affiliated hospital of Beijing millennium monument respiratory medicine experts say,Fine particulate air pollutants such as PM2.5 is respiratory and cardiovascular disease of the important risk factors.

　　专家介绍，雾中的水汽很大，空气中的化学物质特别是有害气体，如二氧化硫、二氧化氮遇到水汽后容易形成小颗粒，并积聚在一起然后下沉。“这些附着着诸多微生物、细菌、病毒的可吸入颗粒物进入人体呼吸道后，首先会刺激和破坏我们的气管黏膜。”人体的气管黏膜主要有两种作用，一是杀灭有害病毒及细菌及抵抗它们进入肺部组织，二是把有毒有害物质排出体外，随着这种颗粒物吸入量的增多，保护人体的第一道关卡的气管黏膜遭到破坏后，这些颗粒物将进而损伤肺部，导致人体呼吸系统及其他系统疾病。

Expert introduction,Water vapor in the big fog,The air chemicals especially harmful gas,Such as so2/Nitrogen dioxide meet water vapor to form small particles,And accumulate together and then sink."These attached many microorganisms/bacteria/The virus enters the body of particulates after the respiratory tract,First will stimulate and destroy our tracheal mucosa."Tracheal mucosa of the human body basically has two kinds of effect,One is to destroy harmful viruses and bacteria and their resistance in lung tissue,The second is the poisonous and harmful material discharge in vitro,With the increase of the particles suction,To protect the human body the first hurdle of tracheal mucosa after damage,These particles will then damage the lungs,Lead to human respiratory system and other system disease.

　　北京大学环境健康研究团队在国际权威期刊发表的研究结果显示，空气污染可能首先诱发呼吸道局部氧化应激和炎症，进而导致全身性炎症和氧化性损伤。此外研究结果显示,大气细颗粒物及气态污染物暴露后数小时内，污染物浓度增加与交感/副交感神经功能的降低和血压的升高具有显著关联，全身低炎症水平和肥胖可能进一步加剧污染物急性暴露的心血管功能损伤。

Peking University environmental health research team in an authoritative international journals, the results show that,Air pollution may first cause respiratory local oxidative stress and inflammation,And then lead to systemic inflammation and oxidizing damage.In addition the results of the study show,Atmospheric fine particulate and gaseous pollutants exposure after several hours,Pollutant concentration increase and sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve function is lower and the rise of blood pressure has significant correlation,The whole body low inflammation level and obesity may be further aggravate pollutants acute exposure of cardiovascular function damage.

　

　■链接·呼吸道疾病患者增多儿童医院 S link · respiratory disease increase the children's hospital

　　儿童医院近半个月门诊量每天维持在9000人次左右，最高突破一万人次，其中内科病人占了近一半。而内科病人中，有近60%是呼吸道感染。世纪坛医院

The children's hospital for nearly half a month MenZhenLiang maintain some 9000 people in every day,The highest breakthrough ten thousand people,The medical patients accounted for nearly half.And medical patients,Nearly 60% is respiratory tract infection.Millennium monument hospital

　　呼吸科门诊量也达到日均200至300人，不仅比夏季高了一倍，也明显多于往年同期。120急救中心

Respiratory medicine MenZhenLiang to average 200 to 300 people,Not only more than twice as high in summer,Also significantly more than the same period in previous years.120 emergency center

　　新年第一周，心脑血管疾病和呼吸系统患者求助达到2148例，同比增长300例左右。999急救中心

The first week of the New Year,Disease of heart head blood-vessel and respiratory system to help patients in 2148 cases,Year-on-year growth of around 300 cases.999 emergency center

　　近两天的数据统计显示，共接送51名肺部感染患者、5名气管炎和哮喘患者、86名心血管疾病患者。

Nearly two days of data statistics,A total of 51 patients with pick-up a lung infection/Five bronchitis and asthma patients/86 patients with cardiovascular disease.

　　□健康提示

- health tip

　　“亲们尽量宅着吧，出门记得戴口罩。”眼见着雾锁京城将持续多日，市卫生局在其官方微博上发出健康提醒。此外，健康专家们也纷纷支招，教居民们在雾霾天气如何做好自身防护工作。

"The close to home with it,Remember to go out wearing a mask."Seeing the fog lock city will continue for many days,The municipal bureau of health, in its official micro bo in a health remind.In addition,Health experts have also move,Teach the residents in the fog haze weather how to do their own protection work.

　

　>>外出 >>out

　　应尽量选择戴专业口罩 Should as far as possible choose professional wear masks

　　空军总医院感染控制科主任曹晋桂建议，针对近几日的天气形势，市民应尽量减少外出，增加对基础性疾病的防范。如果外出，应尽量选择戴专业口罩，“医用口罩都是经国家正规批准，有许可证的，市面上的口罩，市民还是谨慎选购为好”。

Air force general hospital infection control section head CaoJinGui Suggestions,In recent days the weather situation,People should decrease as far as possible to go out,Increase the basic disease prevention.If you go out,Should as far as possible choose professional wear masks,"Surgical mask is approved by the national standard,A license,The mask on the market,Citizen or a carefully choose and buy is good".

　　据曹晋桂介绍，医学口罩主要分为三类，分别是医学防护口罩、外科口罩以及N95、N99口罩。这三类口罩的结构有三层，最外层是防溅，中间是过滤，最内层是防潮。这些医用口罩对于预防呼吸道疾病还是有效的，而市面上的棉纱口罩则只具有防尘作用。

According to CaoJinGui introduced,Medical masks are divided into three categories,Respectively is medical protective mask/Surgical masks and N95/N99 mask.The three types of mask structure has three layer,The outer layer is the splash,Intermediate is filter,The inner is moistureproof.The surgical mask to prevent respiratory disease or effective,On the market and the cotton masks, with only dust effect.

　　据了解，根据目前流感防控形势，京城各大医院的院内防控工作已经“升级”。宣武医院感染科主任医师王晶表示，急诊科、呼吸门诊、感染科等流感病人较多的重点科室的医务人员已经全部要求佩戴N95口罩，“但还未达到2009年甲流时的级别”。

It is understood,According to the current situation of influenza prevention and control,City each big hospital in prevention and control work has been"upgrade".Xuanwu hospital infection department chief physician jing wang said,Emergency department/Respiratory outpatient service/Infectious disease and influenza patients more key departments by the medical staff have all worn for N95 respirator,"But has not yet reached in 2009 when a flow level".

　

　>>通风 >>ventilation

　　每天应开窗10至20分钟 Every day should be open the window for ten to twenty minutes

　　首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院呼吸内科主任表示，许多人认为雾霾天气就要紧闭门窗的观点是错误的。一方面，每个人外出回到家中时都会携带许多微生物和细菌，如果不开窗通风，屋内的微生物和细菌含量将逐渐累加，甚至多于室外空气；另一方面，如果家中有流感患者的话，则更需每日对室内空气进行换气、流通，否则密闭环境下流感病毒会传染给家中其他成员。

The capital medical university affiliated hospital of Beijing millennium monument breathing head of the medical department said,Many people believe that fog haze weather will lock door window is wrong.On the one hand,Everyone will go home with many microorganisms and bacteria,If not a window ventilated,The house of microbes and bacteria content will gradually accumulation,Even more than outdoor air;On the other hand,If the home have flu patients words,It need more daily to indoor air for ventilation/circulation,Otherwise closed environment flu virus can infect other members in the home.

　　“沙尘暴天气不应开窗通风，但不适用于雾霾天气，而且即使不开窗，室外的粉尘等颗粒还是会进入到屋内。”对于开窗时间，专家建议每天10至20分钟即可。

"Sandstorm weather should not be a window ventilated,But not for fog haze weather,And even if don't open the window,Outdoor dust particles will enter to the room."To open the window of time,Expert advice every ten to twenty minutes.

　　

>>饮食 >>diet

　　少吃刺激性食物多吃梨 Eat less irritating food eat pears

　　北京120急救中心医生建议有慢性病的患者，避免在清晨雾气正浓时出门购物、参加各种户外活动，要多饮水，注意休息。身体若出现不适，要尽快前往医院就医。

Beijing 120 emergency center the doctor advised a chronic disease of the patients,Avoid the mist in the morning is thick go out shopping/Take part in all kinds of outdoor activities,Drinking more,Pay attention to rest.If the body appear discomfort,Want to go to hospital as soon as possible.

　　由于大雾天气压较低，高血压和冠心病患者不要剧烈运动，避免诱发心绞痛、心衰。平时有晨练习惯的人，最好将室外的晨练转移至室内。同时，雾天饮食要尽量清淡，少吃刺激性食物，多喝水；可以多吃滋阴润肺的梨、百合、枇杷、莲子、萝卜等。

Because of the fog weather pressure is low,Hypertension and coronary heart disease patients don't strenuous exercise,Avoid cause angina pectoris/Heart failure.Usually have morning exercise habit,The best of the outdoor exercise indoors.At the same time,Fog diet to try to light,Eat less irritating food,Drink more water;Can eat more Yin runfei pear/lily/loquat/Lotus seed/Radish, etc.

　　世纪坛医院专家建议，因为大蒜和葱都有杀灭体内细菌的作用，因此雾霾天气和流感高发季节如果每晚能生吃少许大蒜，将可有效预防流感。

Millennium monument hospital expert advice,Because the garlic and onion has the function of killing bacteria in the body,Therefore fog haze weather and high flu season if every night a little garlic can be eaten raw,Can effectively prevent the flu.

　

　□走出误区 - out of misunderstanding

　　雾霾天气下，健康成为最热门的话题。然而面对微博上和邻居、同事间的七嘴八舌，一些人遇到特殊情况难免会陷入健康误区。有病就得马上往医院跑吗？大雾天抽支烟可以净化体内空气？专家对这些说法说了“NO”。

Fog haze weather,Health became the most popular topic.But in the face of the micro bo and neighbors/All of the colleagues,Some people meet special condition will be hard to avoid mistakes in health.He is ill he'll go to hospital running?The fog day smoke can purify air in?Experts say these claims"No".

　　

>>发烧 >>fever

　　孩子能吃能玩可暂不去医院 Children can eat can play can temporarily don't go to the hospital

　　家长如果初步诊断孩子发烧是由感冒引起的，孩子要是能吃能玩、精神反应好、症状不重，可以暂时不去医院。如果出现发烧伴有严重的呕吐、腹泻，不能进食，精神反应差，2岁以下的孩子发烧一天以上高热不退、幼儿及学龄儿童发烧超过38.5℃时，家长给孩子口服退烧药后要带孩子去医院。

Parents if preliminary diagnosis the child has a fever is caused by a cold,If children can eat can play/Mental reaction good/Symptoms not heavy,Can temporarily don't go to the hospital.If a fever accompanied by severe vomiting/diarrhea,Can't eat,Mental reaction difference,Children under the age of 2 a day above high fever is not retreated/Preschool and school-age children have a fever more than 38.5 ℃ when,Parents give children after oral antipyretic to bring children to the hospital.

　　>>吸烟 >>smoking

　　净化身体之说纯属无稽之谈 Purification of the body said utterly ridiculous

　　微博上有人说，雾霾天气严重时吸根烟能净化体内气体。这种说法不可信。烟草本身对人体包括气管黏膜、肺组织等多个器官都会造成损伤，烟民的气管黏膜已被破坏，而在大雾天气吸烟，无疑对气管是“雪上加霜”的危害，将会加重对气管黏膜的破坏。同时，因雾霾天气室内开窗通风时间减少，如果在室内吸烟，无疑还会造成二手烟对家庭成员的影响。在室外吸烟的话，因空气中的有害物质很多，且加上汽车尾气等都不能得到及时消散，此时吸烟即是三种有毒气体进入体内。

Micro blog someone said,Fog haze weather serious when a cigarette can purify the body gas.It is not credible.Tobacco itself to the human body including tracheal mucosa/Lung tissue, and other organs will cause damage,Smokers of tracheal mucosa has been destroyed,And in the heavy fog weather smoking,No doubt is of the trachea"Add insult to injury"harm,Will add to tracheal mucosa damage.At the same time,Because of the fog haze weather indoor a window ventilated time reduced,If smoke indoors,No doubt it will cause secondhand smoke to the influence of family members.The outdoor smoking words,The harmful material for air many,And plus car tail gas and so on all can't receive timely dissipation,The smoking is three kinds of poisonous gas enters the body.

　　本报记者李秋萌

Our reporter LiQiuMeng