完善的“下水道网” perfect“Sewer nets”

　　记者在慕尼黑当地报纸上看到一个市政广告，说慕尼黑下水道可以免费参观。据说，这是当地政府为促进下水道的建设和管理的一个举措。慕尼黑下水道旅游已经搞了两年多，与一般的下水道博物馆旅游不同，这里展示的都是“现役”的下水道。那天参加下水道旅游的有上百人，在专业导游塔克斯带领下，大家沿着台阶进入地下几米的下水道世界。一股暖湿气流立即袭来，本来担心的臭味没有闻到，也没有恐怖小说的幽灵场景，记者看到下水道十分宽阔，粗的直径有四五米。维修人员可以将工程作业车直接开进管道中进行勘察和修缮。而管道之间的节点也相当宽敞，面积赶上一个房间了。

Local newspaper reporter in Munich to see a municipal advertising，Munich sewer can visit said。It is said that，This is the local government to promote the drain of the construction and management of a move。Munich sewer make travel has more than two years，General with the sewer museum tourism different，Shown here“Active service”Of drain。In that day the sewer travel hundreds of people，In the professional tour guide tower with alex，All along the steps into a few meters underground sewer of the world。A stream of warm-moist air flow immediately by storm，Had to worry about bad smell didn't smell，And no horror novel of the phantom of the scene，The reporter sees sewers wide，There were four or five meters thick diameter。The maintenance personnel can will work directly into the car in the pipe investigation and repair。And the pipeline between nodes rather spacious also，Area of catch up with a room。

　　据导游介绍，德国下水道是西方现代排水系统的新起点。德国下水道有一个“减负”的设计。如果暴雨不期而至，慕尼黑13个地下储水库可以暂时存贮雨水。“这好像是13个缓冲用的阀门，充当暴雨进入地下管道的中转站。”导游塔克斯说，储水库总容量达70.6万立方米。记者看到，有的地下储水库像一个大厂房。地下排水管道分为污水雨水合流管道和污水雨水分流管道。这样，既可以防止城市内涝，同时可蓄积雨水，合理利用。此外，排水系统还设有紧急排水口和暴雨溢流口，分布在几条运河边上。

According to the guide introduces，Germany is the western modern sewer drainage system of the new starting point。Germany has a drain“burden”design。If when heavy rains，Munich 13 underground storage reservoir can temporarily store rain。“This seems to be the valve with 13 buffer，ACTS as a storm of the underground pipes into the region。”Guide tower cox said，Storage reservoir the capacity of 706000 cubic meters。The reporter sees，Some underground storage reservoir like a big plant。Underground drainage pipe into sewage pipe and sewage rain rain confluence shunt pipeline。this，Can prevent the potential city，At the same time can be accumulated rainwater，Reasonable use。In addition，Drainage system also has an emergency drain and rain overflow mouth，Distribution in a few canal the side。

　　德国也是个水灾频繁的国家。大量的人员伤亡和财产损失，让德国痛定思痛，不断改进排水系统。慕尼黑下水道总长有2434公里，而柏林下水道网络则达9500公里，全德国总长更是超过55万公里，大约可绕地球14圈。罗马不是一天建成的，慕尼黑下水道起先只是一条20公里的阴沟渠，经过近200年的发展，才形成完善的“下水道网”。

Germany is also a flood of frequent countries。A large number of casualties and property losses，Let by Germany，Continuously improve drainage system。Munich is 2434 km presidents sewer，And Berlin sewer network is 9500 kilometers，The total more than 550000 kilometers in Germany，About 14 times around the earth。Rome is not built in a day，Munich is just a sewer at first 20 km Yin ditch，After nearly 200 years of development，Just perfect“Sewer nets”。

下水道备件100年还能用 Sewer spare parts can in 100

　　德国一些大的城市每年投入到下水道系统的预算都在上亿欧元。维护费每公里年均在5000欧元左右。有趣的是，德国企业之前还有一个施工标准，在老化零件周边3米范围内，应该设置一个存放备件的“小仓库”。里面全是用油布包好的备用件，即使过100年仍光亮如新。水务部门闭路电视系统对地下管道24小时实时监控。有些进不去的管道还用机器人来帮忙维护。

Germany large cities each year into the sewer system in hundreds of millions of euros budget。Maintenance fee per km annual average around 5000 euros。Interesting is，German enterprise before and a standard of construction，In the aging parts 3 meters around the range，Should set up a store of spare parts“Small warehouse”。In which there are all the oil we need spare parts for good，Even 100 years still if brightness is new。Water department cable TV system for real-time monitoring of underground pipeline 24 hours。Some can't get into the pipe still use robots to help to maintain。

　　记者还发现，慕尼黑、柏林等地污水井的铁箅子的缝隙比较大，这样会提高排水速度；其次铁箅子下面有铁篮子，能截住树叶、塑料袋、污泥等杂物。

Reporters also found that，Munich、Berlin, sewage well BiZi iron aperture of relatively large，This will improve drainage speed；Second iron BiZi below have iron basket，Can stop the leaves、Plastic bags、Sludge and mud。

绿地能够“锁住”雨水 Green space can“lock”The rain

　　返回地面，下水道之旅还没有结束。因为排水系统不仅仅是下水道系统，还包括地上的“锁水系统”。导游说，近年来，慕尼黑不断扩大滩涂、河边的湿地和绿地，提高水的涵养能力。该市周边的河流，都是弯弯曲曲，河岸不是用水泥，而是用石块等筑成，有利于生态防洪。此外，德国城市还根据不同的区域铺设不同的透水路面。人行道、步行街、自行车道及郊区道路等受压不大的地方，采用透水性地砖，加速雨水渗透。

Back up to the surface，Sewer trip is not over yet。Because the drainage system is not only a sewer system，Also include the ground“Lock water system”。Tour guide said，In recent years，Munich constantly expand beaches、The river wetland and green，Improve the ability of water conservation。Around the city of rivers，Are winding，The bank is not with cement，But with the built stone etc，To ecological flood control。In addition，German cities also on different regional laid different permeable pavement。sidewalk、Pedestrian street、Bicycle lanes and suburban road compression is not big place，The permeability of floor tile，Accelerate the rain penetration。

　　德国各大城市还都制定“防水灾地图”，标有下水道设施以及城市哪些地方最可能遭遇水灾。每家建造房屋都须有“排水许可证”，排水系统要连接城市排水网。在每家花园下面，还有蓄水装置。

German cities also have formulated“Prevent flood map”，Sewer facilities as well as the city with where the most likely to experience the flood。Each build houses are required to have“Drainage license”，Drainage system to connect urban drainage nets。In every garden below，And water storage device。

　　下水道旅游在柏林、汉堡、科隆等大城市也办得很红火。德国下水道能从“地下”走到公众视线里，这是城市发展到一定阶段的标志。

Sewer tourism in Berlin、Hamburg、Big cities including cologne have been going very prosperous。Germany can drain from“underground”Go to public view，This is the city to a certain stage of signs。