提起风景名胜区，人们首先想到的往往是旅游。然而，在一些专家看来，这恰恰是一种误区。

A scenic spot,What people thinks of above all is often travel.however,In some experts believe,This just is a kind of misunderstanding.

　　“我特别怕一提风景名胜区就跟旅游联系在一起。”住房和城乡建设部风景名胜区专家顾问、住房和城乡建设部城市建设司原副司长王秉洛告诉记者，30年前国家设立风景名胜区制度的时候，考虑的首要任务是对一些具有独特自然风貌、深厚文化积淀的地方进行保护。可现在，风景名胜区却变成热闹的旅游区，生怕没有人来。

"I am very afraid of mention scenic spots like tourism relates in together."Ministry of construction of housing and urban and rural scenic spots expert advisor/Ministry of construction of housing and urban and rural JianSheSi city former vice priests WangBingLuo told reporters,Thirty years ago the state shall establish the scenic spot of system,The first task is to consider some of the unique natural scenery/The deep place of cultural heritage protection.But now,Scenic area has become the busy tourist area,For fear that no one came.

　　近日，在中国城市规划设计研究院风景所、北京大学城市与环境学院、中国城市建设研究院风景园林专业院联合主办的风景和遗产论坛上，一批专家专题研讨该如何应对风景名胜区面临的种种问题。

recently,In China's urban planning and design institute of the scenery/Beijing university institute of urban and environment/China's city construction institute of landscape architecture professional school co-hosted landscapes and heritage on the BBS,A group of experts seminar this how to deal with scenic area faces all sorts of problems.

　　风景名胜区到底是什么

What scenic spots

　　在住房和城乡建设部风景名胜区专家顾问、北京大学世界遗产研究中心主任谢凝高看来，风景名胜区是以具有科学、美学价值的自然景观为基础，自然与文化融为一体的地域空间综合体，主要是满足人类对大自然精神文化与科教活动的需求。

In the housing and rural construction scenic spot expert advisor/Beijing university, director of the center for world heritage research XieNingGao looks,Scenic area is a scientific/Aesthetic value of the natural landscape as the foundation,Natural and cultural integration of a regional space synthesis,The main is to meet human nature spirit culture and science and technology activity needs.

　　新中国成立之初，政府在财政状况不佳的情况下，就曾下拨资金抢修古迹、疏浚湖泊、绿化荒山，保护、建设风景名胜区。

At the beginning of the founding of,The government in the financial situation of the poor situation,Those who had money to repair sites/Dredging lakes/Greening barren hills,protection/The construction of scenic spot.

　　从1978年开始，国务院以及有关部门相继出台文件、组织会议，提出要加强对名胜、古迹和风景区的管理。十几个部门、十多个不同领域的专家都曾参与过。目的只有一个，就是加强保护。

Starting from 1978,The state council and the relevant departments have issued documents/Organization meeting,Puts forward to strengthen the scenic spots/Historic sites and scenic spot management.Ten several departments/More than ten specialists in different areas have participated in.Only one objective,Is to strengthen the protection.

　　这个时候，联合国教科文组织已于1972年通过《保护世界自然文化遗产公约》，美国首创的国家公园制度已经在世界多个国家被复制。

This time,The United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization has passed in 1972[Protection of the world natural and cultural heritage convention],The first national park system has to be copied to many countries around the world.

　　“上世纪80年代初，我曾参加世界遗产学习班，当时国外的专家追着我们来自中国的学员介绍这方面的情况，介绍了一个多月。”王秉洛告诉记者，当时我们对国外专家的这套理论还比较警惕，觉得是在用资本主义的价值观来影响中国。但对我国相关自然、文化名胜的保护，还是希望能够建立一套制度。

"In the early 1980 s,I have to take part in the world heritage classes,When foreign experts from China after our introduces students the aspects of the situation,This paper introduces a months."WangBingLuo told reporters,When our foreign experts this theory is relatively alert,Think it is in the capitalist values to influence China.But for our country's relative nature/The protection of the cultural landscape,Still hope to be able to set up a set of system.

　　1982年11月，国务院审定第一批44处国家重点风景名胜区，泰山、黄山、西湖、八达岭、桂林漓江、洛阳龙门等都在列。这44处国家重点风景名胜区的确认，标志着我国风景名胜区制度的建立。

In November 1982,The state council approved the first batch of national key scenic spot in 44,Mount tai/huangshan/The west lake/badaling/Lijiang river of guilin/Longmen, etc are listed.This 44 national key scenic spot in the confirmation,Marks the establishment of the system of Chinese famous scenic sites.

　　在当时，一些有名的名胜古迹已经出现破坏和不规范建设问题。

At the time,Some famous places of interest has been destroyed and standardization of construction problems.

　　王秉洛告诉记者，早在上世纪80年代初，当时的中国建筑学会曾在泰山召开会议，大家一致要求制止泰山建造索道。

WangBingLuo told reporters,In the early 1980 s,The architectural society of China has held a meeting in mount tai,We agree to stop building cableway for mount tai.

　　“我国风景名胜区制度中，许多方面都参照国际上国家公园体系的做法。从一开始设立风景名胜区时就对资源价值、环境条件、规模范围纳入统一鉴定和论证。在立法的过程中反复强调风景名胜环境的条件、质量，要求同资源一并进行保护和管理。”王秉洛说。

"Chinese famous scenic sites in the system,Many ways on national park system with reference to the international practice.From the beginning to the establishment of scenic spot resources value/Environmental conditions/Scale range into the unified evaluation and demonstration.In the process of legislation reiterated of scenic environment conditions/quality,Requirements are the same resources packaged with protection and management."WangBingLuo said.

　　1985年，国务院颁布《风景名胜区管理暂行条例》，按照这个条例，风景名胜区管理机构应当根据风景名胜区的特点，保护民族民间传统文化，开展健康有益的游览观光和文化娱乐活动，普及历史文化和科学知识。这也就是说，资源保护是风景名胜区的核心。

In 1985,,Issued by the state council[Scenic spot management provisional regulations],According to the regulations,Scenic spot management institution shall, according to the characteristics of the scenic spot,To protect the folk traditional culture,Develop health beneficial sightseeing and cultural entertainment activities,Universal history culture and scientific knowledge.This also means,Resources protection is the core of the scenic spot.

　　条例特意作出规定，禁止超过允许容量接纳游客和在没有安全保障的区域开展游览活动。

Regulations have stipulated,Prohibit more than allow capacity to accept tourists and no security in the region to carry out activities to visit.

　　不过，这些美好的设想从一开始就有了异化的苗头。

but,The idea of the good from the start of the alienation of the symptom.

　　王秉洛告诉记者，当时刚好是改革开放之初，旅游部门希望利用风景名胜区赚取外汇，但当时国内各方面的条件都还不能适应国际旅游的需要，于是不少风景名胜区都出现了迁就外商、乱搞建设、破坏资源的情况。有些风景名胜区还将珍贵资源过度进行商业性包装，作为商品进行推销。

WangBingLuo told reporters,At that time is just at the beginning of the reform and opening up,Tourism department hopes to use scenic spot to earn foreign exchange,But when the domestic various aspects of the conditions are still can not adapt to the needs of the international tourism,So many scenic spots have appeared accommodate foreign/Monkey with construction/Destruction of the resource.Some scenic spots will be precious resources over for commercial packaging,As a commodity to sell.

　　由于当时国家还没有足够的资金对风景名胜区进行投入，为了迎合国际游客而进行的不当建设愈演愈烈。

Since the country has not enough money to scenic spot for input,In order to meet the international tourists and the improper construction intensified.

　　在江西庐山、南京紫金山、北京香山等风景名胜区，都曾出现违规建设的大量豪宅。这些风景名胜区的原住民被要求下山，但别墅等豪宅却在此之后上山。

In jiangxi/Nanjing purple mountain/Beijing xiangshan scenic area, etc,There have been a lot of illegal construction curtilage.The scenic spot of indigenous were asked to down the mountain,But the villa and after that went up to the mountain but curtilage.

　　1983年~1984年，中央和国务院办公厅连续发文，要求制止风景名胜区的乱建设问题。

In 1983 ~ 1984,The central committee and the state council general office continuous outgoing mail,To request a scenic spot construction problems.

　　2006年，谢凝高呼吁，风景名胜区内已普遍超载，投资越大破坏越大，很多风景名胜区已经“屋满为患”，应整治对风景名胜区的破坏性开发。

In 2006,,XieNingGao calls for,Within the scenic spot has common overload,The greater the investment the greater the damage,A lot of scenic spots have"House overcrowded",Regulation of famous scenic sites shall be destructive development.

　　谢凝高举出不少例子，比如泰山岱顶月观峰索道站破坏地形与植被，误导自古登泰山的传统，泰山几十处采石场，破坏地形和生态的原真性，城市化的岱顶，改变了遗产的真实性和完整性；黄山北海景区城市化破坏了核心景区的原生环境，黄山索道和五里桥水库51米的高坝破坏了原生地形、生态和景观环境；武陵源、张家界观光电梯和锣鼓塔的城市化破坏了核心区原生景观……

XieNingGao cited many examples,Such as mount tai DaiDing month view peak SuoDaoZhan damage terrain and vegetation,Since the traditional analyzed by mount tai,Mount tai several dozens quarry,Destruction of the original ecological topography and true,Urbanization DaiDing,Changed the heritage authenticity and integrity;Huangshan north sea scenic area urbanization destroy the core scenic area of the original environment,Huangshan mountain cableway and WuLiQiao reservoir 51 meters of the high dam destroy the native terrain/Ecological and landscape environment;wulingyuan/Zhangjiajie scenic elevator and LuoGuDa urbanization destroyed the original landscape……

　　用于维护景区的资金少得可怜

Used for the maintenance of a little money

　　其实，也正是赚取外汇的需要，引发了风景名胜区的门票涨价。

In fact,It is also the need to earn foreign exchange,Triggered a scenic spot ticket prices.

　　王秉洛告诉记者，当年旅游部门希望利用风景名胜区吸引外国游客来旅游，但对国内游客，却是不鼓励、不提倡的态度。

WangBingLuo told reporters,The tourism department hopes to use scenic spot to attract foreign tourists to travel,But for domestic tourists,Is not encourage/Don't advocate attitude.

　　上世纪80年代初，全国大多数风景名胜区的门票价格只有两毛钱左右，但对国外游客，却酝酿提价。

In the early 1980 s,The most scenic spot ticket price only two cents or so,But for foreign tourists,Price is brewing.

　　“当时旅游部门有一个设想，对一些服务条件稍好的风景名胜区采取两种票价，对外国游客提供导游、资料、好的卫生服务，收取高票价，对国内游客则是低票价、低服务。”王秉洛说。

"When tourism departments have a proposal,For some service condition slightly good scenic spot to take two fare,To provide foreign visitors guide/material/Good health service,Charge high ticket prices,On domestic tourists is low fares/Low service."WangBingLuo said.

　　有4个风景名胜区获批，票价从两毛钱一下提到20元。

There are four scenic area approved,A ticket from two cents to twenty yuan.

　　“这么做原本是为了赚外汇，但别的景区受到了刺激，纷纷开始提价，而地方政府也都支持这种做法。”王秉洛说，对风景名胜区，国家资金投入非常少，这些风景名胜区很难生存。

"To do so was to earn foreign exchange,But other scenic spot was stimulated,Have started to raise prices,And the local government also support this kind of practice."WangBingLuo said,In scenic,National capital investment is very little,The scenic spot is hard to survive.

　　2006年，我国共有国家级风景名胜区177处，谢凝高提供的统计数据显示，国家每年对这些风景名胜区的投入只有1000万元。如今，我国已经设立了225处国家级风景名胜区，国家的投入也有增加，但也仅为每年2300万元左右。

In 2006,,In China in national scenic area in 177,XieNingGao provide statistical data display,Countries each year to the scenic spot in only 10 million yuan.now,Our country has set up 225 state-level scenic place,National investment have increased,But it is only 23 million yuan a year or so.

　　而在管理上，尽管风景名胜区归住房和城乡建设部，但管理却归地方政府，地方政府需要借助风景名胜区的知名度和影响力获取经济利益。

And in the management of,Although scenic spot to the ministry of construction of housing and urban and rural areas,But management but to local government,The local government needs to refer to the scenic spot's popularity and influence for economic interests.

　　资金的缺少、地方政府的需要使得风景名胜区不得不在门票上动脑筋。

Funds lack/The local government needs to make scenic spots have to think in the ticket.

　　于是，随着经济发展、国内旅游业的兴起，风景名胜区的门票价格从几毛钱上涨到几元、几十元，甚至数百元。

so,With the development of economy/The rise of domestic tourism,Scenic spot ticket price from a few cents up to a few dollars/Dozens of yuan,Even hundreds of yuan.

　　“30年过去，我国风景名胜区制度已经成型，但还不成熟。现有的风景名胜区并没有保护好，也没有服务好。风景名胜区都在为地方政府打工。”国务院发展研究中心社会发展研究部第三研究室主任苏杨说，很多地方的公务员都要靠风景名胜区养着。

"In the past thirty years,Chinese famous scenic sites system has been forming,But still not mature.The existing scenic spot and without good protection,Also does not have the good service.Scenic spot for local government jobs."The state council development research center of the social development research the third research director su Yang said,A lot of local civil servants all must depend on the scenic spot keeps.

　　一位规划研究院工程师告诉记者，有的风景名胜区，每天下午5时下班后，当天的门票收入就都被地方政府拿走了。而这些钱，最终能用到风景名胜区的并不多。

A planning institute engineers told reporters,Some scenic spots,Every afternoon 5 work nowadays,The ticket income were the local government took.And the money,Finally use the scenic spot is not much.

　　还有一些风景名胜区上市了，门票收入中相当一部分被用作上市公司的费用。再刨去被地方政府提走的那部分资金，真正用于维护景区的资金少得可怜。

There are some scenic spots on the market,Tickets, a considerable portion of the income is used as the cost of the listed company.Then plane to carry away by local governments that part of the funds,Really used to maintain the little money.

　　“长期以来，对风景名胜区与旅游业的关系都存在着模糊认识，导致部分风景名胜区的管理被弱化，出现错位开发，也使得风景名胜区的功能很难得到全面发挥。”中国风景名胜区协会副秘书长厉色说。

"For a long time,Scenic spots and tourism to the relationship between the knowledge there are fuzzy,In some scenic spot management weakened,Appear dislocation development,Has the function of the scenic spot is difficult to be fully play."Chinese scenic spot association deputy secretary-general LiSe said.

　　在厉色看来，风景名胜区的性质决定了其是政府主导、行政管理，其管理本应优先突出环境和社会效益，而不是经济效益。但旅游产业的基本属性就是经济性。现在很多地方用旅游规划代替风景名胜区规划。

In LiSe seems,Scenic spot to the nature of it is led by the government/Administrative management,The management should be preferred outstanding environmental and social benefits,Rather than economic benefits.But the basic attributes of tourism industry is economy.Now a lot of places in tourism planning instead of famous scenic sites planning.

　　这样一来，原本处在风景名胜区功能最末端的旅游功能被无限放大，而科研、科普、环境保护等核心功能却没有得到有效发挥。

so,Originally in the scenic spot last function the tourism functions are magnified indefinitely,And the research/science/Environmental protection core function has not been effectively play.

　　2012年12月初，住房和城乡建设部城市建设司副司长李如生表示，长远来看，风景名胜区应该免费，但他也承认，在现阶段，要实现免费还很困难。

In early December, 2012,Ministry of construction of housing and urban and rural city JianSheSi deputy director general LiRuSheng said,The long run,Scenic area should be free,But he also admitted that,At the present stage,To realize the free is still very difficult.

　　风景名胜区该何去何从

Scenic spot where to go

　　从1982年首次设立国家风景名胜区至今，我国已经批准设立国家级风景名胜区225处，省级风景名胜区737处。在我国的自然和文化遗产保护体系中，风景名胜区与自然保护区、文物保护单位、历史文化名城并列，是国家三大法定遗产保护地之一。

For the first time since 1982 establish a national scenic area so far,China has approved by national scenic area in 225,The provincial scenic spot in 737.In China's natural and cultural heritage protection system,Scenic areas and nature reserves/Units of cultural relics protection/Historical and cultural city coordinate,Is the national three legal heritage of protected.

　　如今，这些风景名胜区都面临着多种尴尬：严重不足的资金、越来越超负荷的游客客流、越来越高的门票价格。

now,These scenic spots are faced with a variety of embarrassment:Serious shortage of funds/More and more tourists overload passenger flow/More and more high ticket prices.

　　在不久前召开的风景和遗产论坛上，多位专家建议，应建立一个国家公园体系，加大政府投入，还风景名胜区以本来的面目。

In the recently held a scenery and heritage in the BBS,Experts suggest,Shall establish a national park system,Increase government input,Also scenic spot to original look.

　　在谢凝高看来，必须保护风景名胜区的生态，修复环境，整治风景名胜区人工化、商业化、城市化的问题。而要做到这些，就需要足够的、稳定的资金投入。

In XieNingGao seems,Must protect the ecological scenic spot,Repair environment,Improvement of artificialization scenic spot/commercial/Urbanization problems.And to do this,Will need enough/Stable funds.

　　在韩国，全国只有20个国立公园，但政府每年投入相当于6亿元人民币。在美国，300多个国家公园，每年政府的投入有20多亿美元。由此带来的是，在欧美发达国家，不论是国家公园还是著名景点，票价都不高。

In South Korea,The only twenty national park,But the government in each year is equivalent to 600 million yuan RMB.In the United States,More than 300 national parks,Every year the government's investment has more than twenty dollars.Thus bring is,Developed countries in Europe and the United States,Whether national park or famous scenic spot,Ticket price is not high.

　　比如，法国卢浮宫门票只有8.5欧元，意大利最贵的景点门票价格也不到当地人均月收入的1%。美国的科多拉多大峡谷门票为25美元/车，买一张票就可以在7天内自由进出。美国的国家公园还出售定价为80美元的年票，可以用它游遍300多个国家公园和纪念公园。

Such as,Louvre, France ticket only 8.5 euros,Italy the most expensive attractions tickets price of less than 1% of the local per capita monthly income.The United States department of grand canyon ranch tickets for $25 / car,Buy a ticket in 7 days ope.The United States national park also sell pricing for $80 membership,Can use it to travel more than 300 national parks and memorial park.

　　目前，美国、英国、德国、加拿大、法国等国家都把重要的国家风景名胜资源交由国家统一实施管理，除了由政府提供资金外，还吸收社会捐赠，此外，还有众多的志愿者加入服务队伍中。

At present,The United States/British/Germany/Canada/France and other countries are the important state of scenic resources management to national unity,In addition to the funds provided by the government,Also absorb social donation,In addition,There are numerous volunteers to join in the service team.

　　一位规划设计院工程师告诉记者，我国的风景名胜区对应的其实就是国外的国家公园。如果能够像国外那样管理，我国的风景名胜区就需要限制客流，而不能像现在这样不加限制地搞旅游。

A planning and design institute engineers told reporters,China's scenic spot corresponding is actually foreign national park.If can be like foreign that management,China's scenic spots will need to limit passenger flow,Not like this do not add to make tourism.

　　谢凝高以泰山为例，自古以来泰山都是“山上游山下住”，古代皇帝在祭祀完毕后都是返回山下住的，而我们现在却要“山上游山上住”。

XieNingGao to mount tai as an example,Since the ancient times is mount tai"The upper mountain mountain live",The ancient emperors in after the sacrifice is to return to live down,And now we will"The upper mountain mountain live".

　　众多专家建议，应改革风景名胜区管理体制，建立类似美国国家公园管理局的机构对风景名胜区进行管理，不以营利为目的，满足人们对大自然精神文化和科学教育活动的需求。本报记者 李松涛

Many expert advice,Should reform the scenic area management system,To establish similar to the United States national park service organization management of famous scenic sites,Don't carry on a business for profit,Meet the people to the nature spirit culture and science education activity needs.Our reporter LiSongTao