《辩证看 务实办——理论热点面对面·2012》连载⑥

《Dialectical see practical do-theory hot · 2012 face to face》Serial 6

民以食为天 食以安为先 The people with food, is first

——食品安全如何保障 -how to guarantee food safety

　　“2011年，侦破食品安全类犯罪案件5200余起，抓获涉案人员7000余人，286人被判处有期徒刑、无期徒刑或死缓。”这一食品安全整治的“战绩”公布后，引起了社会的广泛关注和讨论。人们在对“整治风暴”拍手称快的同时，也表达了对食品安全问题多发频发的担忧，对保卫餐桌更加强烈的期待。

“2011 years，Food safety detection of more than 5200 criminal cases within，Captured the people involved more than 7000 people，286 people were sentenced to imprisonment、Life imprisonment or President George w。”The food safety regulation“record”After the announcement，Caused extensive attention of the whole society and discussed。People in the“The storm”Clap your hands ChenKuai at the same time，Also expressed food safety problems are frequent concerns，To defend the table more strong expectation。

　　俗话说：民以食为天。这深刻道出了食品对人类生存和发展的重要性。食品安全，关乎每个人的健康和生命。能否保障食品安全，让人吃得健康、吃得安全，对老百姓来说是“天大的事”。

As the saying goes：The people。This deep recognizes food on the importance of human survival and development。Food safety，For everyone's health and life。Can guarantee food security，Let people eat healthily、Eat security，For most folks are“big”。

　　食品安全问题为何多发 Food safety problem why multiple

　　近些年，各种食品安全违法信息不绝于耳。每到此刻，人们都会提出这样的疑问：为什么在生活水平大大提高的今天，会突然出现这么多的食品安全问题？

In recent years，All kinds of food safety information from illegal。Every now，People will ask such questions：Why in the life level greatly improved today，Suddenly appeared so many food safety problems？

　　许多国家的发展历程表明，一个国家的食品安全水平与其经济社会发展阶段密切相关。当前，我国正处于发展转型时期，也处于从保障食品供应转向保障食品安全的进程中。这个阶段，食品安全问题往往多发易发。究其原因，主要有以下几个方面。

Many countries that the development course，A country's food safety level and its economic and social development is closely related to the stage。The current，Our country is in the transition period development，Also in the protection of the food supply to ensure food safety in the process。This stage，Food safety problems often multiple prone。Investigate its reason，Mainly in the following aspects。

　　食品产业小、散、乱突出。我国是食品生产消费大国，食品生产经营者有1000多万户。但产业素质总体较低，80%以上是10人以下的作坊式小企业，还有2亿多农产品种植养殖户。如生猪养殖，美国养猪户数为7万，而我国有6700万。生产经营者规模小、数量多、分布散，不仅自身安全管理意识和能力较弱，也给监管带来很大困难。

Food industry small、scattered、A prominent。Our country is food production consumption power，Food production operator has more than 1000 users。But the industry overall quality is low，More than 80% of the 10 people mill type small businesses，There are more than 200 million agricultural products plant breeders。Such as pig-producing，American households for 70000 pigs，And our country has 67 million。Small scale of production operator、quantity、Scattered distribution，Not only its own security management consciousness and ability are relatively weak，Also to bring a lot of difficult supervision。

　　从业人员素质不高。与其他行业相比，食品行业从业人员素质相对较低。据统计，我国从事农产品生产的3.4亿人中，文盲和小学文化程度者约占40%；食品工业和餐饮行业1600万从业人员中，85%以上是受教育水平相对较低的进城务工人员。从业人员缺乏法律意识和专业技能，加大了违法违规的概率。

Employees quality is not high。Compared with other industries，Food industry business personnel quality relatively low。According to the statistics，Engaged in agricultural production in our country of 340 million people，Illiteracy and primary school culture socioeconomic status about 40%；The food industry and food industry 16 million employees，More than 85% by education level is relatively low migrant workers。Employees lack of legal consciousness and professional skills，Increased the probability of illegal。

　　违法犯罪成本过低。“法不足畏”，往往使一些人逐利而往、知法犯法。如对不法企业的经济处罚，2011年以前上限为“货值金额十倍以下”或“十万元以下”罚款。2010年查处一起案件时，违法企业总经理叫嚣：“最多判我三年就出来了。”同年另一起“窝案”中，有超过20%的涉案人员属于再犯。

Illegal crime low cost。“Lack of fear”，Often make some people to profit、Knowingly breaks the law。As for illegal enterprise financial penalties，2011 years ago is the upper limit“Ten times as much as the value”or“Under $one hundred thousand”fines。2010 years and when case，Illegal enterprise general manager saying：“Most sentenced to three years I came out。”In the same year with another“Nest case”in，More than 20% of the people involved belong to it again。

　　监管存在薄弱环节。与食品安全严峻形势相比，监管执法存在“短板”。如多头管理体制，容易产生“人人都管事、事事无人管”的监管盲区。监管人手不够，执法装备匮乏，“眼观目测”难以发现安全隐患。安全标准、检验检测、风险监测等技术体系还不完善，很难实现事前防范、科学管理。另外，有的执法人员法制观念淡薄，存在有法不依、执法不严现象。

Regulatory exists weak links。And food safety than serious situation，Regulatory enforcement exist“Short board”。If multiple management system，Easy to produce“Everyone steward、Everything is no one tube”Regulatory blind area。Regulatory shorthanded，Law enforcement equipment shortage，“Eye view visual”Hard to find safe hidden trouble。Safety standards、examination、Risk monitoring technology system is not perfect，It is difficult to realize the prevention、Scientific management。In addition，Some law enforcement personnel of legality，Exist practising lawlessness、Law enforcement is lax phenomenon。

　　百姓心声 People voice

　　●“食”字下面是“良”字，人无良心不为食，食品生产必须是个良心活。

"“food”Word here is“good”word，Man without conscience, not for food，Food production must be a conscience live。

　　●食品安全违法犯罪天良丧尽，国家应该实行严刑峻法，使其倾家荡产，真正让不法分子不敢犯法、犯不起法。

"Food safety illegal crime unbelieving deserted him，Countries should carry out their laws，Make its great，Real let outlaws dare not to offend、Can't afford to make law。

　　●食品生产经营者的社会责任感最重要。一旦责任感缺失，你生产的“毒豆芽”害了他人，他推销的“地沟油”也有可能伤到你，就会导致害人害己的“恶性循环”。

"Food production operator's social responsibility is the most important。Once the lack of responsibility，You of the production“Poison bean sprouts”Hurt others，He sell“Hogwash oil”May hurt you，Will lead to harm set“Vicious cycle”。

　　●只有严格监管好企业的“出口”，老百姓才能放心地“入口”。

"Only the strict control of the enterprise“export”，Common people can rest assured“entrance”。

　　●监管部门不仅要“主动作为”，更要“科学作为”，改进协调机制，提升技术手段，与时俱进地完善食品安全检测标准，做到“魔高一尺，道高一丈”。

"Regulators should not only“Active as”，More to“Science as”，Improving coordination mechanism，Promote technology means，To keep pace with The Times to improve food safety inspection standard，do“MoGaoYiChe，DaoGaoYiZhang”。

　　食品安全现状到底怎样 Food safety situation exactly how

　　2012年年初，有两组数据引起人们广泛关注。一组是调查数据：有80.4%的人对食品没有“安全感”；一组是检测数据：国家质检总局发布我国食品检测合格率超过90%。

In early 2012，There are two sets of data attracted wide attention。A set of survey data：80.4% of the people not to food“security”；A set of test data：Issued by the state general administration of quality supervision inspection qualified rate of more than 90% in food。

　　面对这种情况，很多人不理解，也心存疑惑：对当前食品安全形势到底怎么看？事实上，这看似矛盾的两个数据，恰恰反映了当前我国食品安全现状：总体稳定向好，问题不可忽视。

Face this kind of situation，Many people do not understand，Also to be confused：The current food security situation to what see？In fact，This seemingly contradictory two data，Just reflect the current safety situation of China's food：Overall stability is going well，Problems can not be ignored。

　　近年来，我国为促进食品安全采取了一系列重大举措。2009年专门颁布《食品安全法》，2010年成立国务院食品安全委员会，2011年建立国家食品安全风险评估中心。与此同时，有关部门和地方积极开展专项整治，大力推进农业标准化建设，实行产业整顿振兴计划，初步构建了市场准入许可、新品种安全评估、出厂强制检验、日常抽检、风险监测等制度。

In recent years，Our country to promote food safety adopted a series of important measures。Special issued in 2009《Food safety》，In 2010 the state council was established food safety committee，Established in 2011 the national food safety risk assessment center。At the same time，The relevant departments and local actively carry out special renovation，Vigorously promote agriculture standardization construction，The industry the stimulus plan，Initially constructs market access permission、New safety evaluation、Compulsory inspection factory、Daily check the、Risk monitoring system。

　　经过不懈努力，目前我国食品总体上是有安全保障的。2011年，农产品和粮食检测合格率近99%，加工类食品为95%。虽然一年查处案件的绝对量确实不小，但与目前全国13亿人日消费40亿斤食品的量相比，应该说属于局部性问题。这些统计数据，客观反映了食品安全现状的“全貌”。

Through unremitting efforts，At present our country in general is food security。2011 years，Agricultural and food detection rate of close to 99%，Manufactured food for 95%。Although a year and absolute really big case，But with the national 1.3 billion the human date 4 billion pounds of food consumption than quantity，Should say belongs to local problem。These statistics，Objectively reflect the current situation of food safety“panorama”。

　　既然这样，为什么人们对食品安全的主观感受与之差距甚远呢？这与人们对食品安全问题的强烈关注有关。食品毕竟不同于一般商品，它是人类健康生存最基本的物质条件，我们每个人每天都离不开食品。人们对食品安全的关注，自然胜过对一般商品质量的关注。因此，媒体上每曝光一个食品安全问题，都会引起轩然大波，人们都会感到不安和不满。如果一段时间连续出现几次这样的问题，就会给人们造成“没有食品信得过”的感受。

Since such，Why do people of food safety and subjective feeling of very long gap？This and people on food safety problems of strong concern about。After all, different from the general food commodities，It is the most basic human health the material conditions of existence，Every one of us every day without food。People on food security concerns，Nature is better than the quality of the product of general concern。so，Every media exposure a food safety problems，Can cause the norm，People feel uncomfortable and resentment。If a time continuous appear a couple of those problems，Will give people cause“No food trust”feel。

　　另外，正确判断我国食品安全现状，还可进行纵向、横向的比较，从而获得更加全面的认识。

In addition，China's food safety situation of a correct judgment，But also for vertical、Transverse comparison，To get a more comprehensive understanding。

　　从纵向看，安全问题是食品产业“成长中的烦恼”。改革开放前，食品种类单一、供应短缺，维护其质量安全相对容易。今天，食品种类已有28个大类、525个分类，具体品种不可胜数，消费量更是大大增加。如2011年全国肉类消费量比1980年增长了7倍，鲜奶人均消费量增长近30倍。但是相对于数量的扩张，安全保障未能及时跟上。

Look from the vertical，Safety is the food industry“Growing worry”。Before reform and opening up，Food type sole、Supply shortage，Maintain the quality safety is relatively easier。today，Food types have 28 categories、525 a classification，The specific variety be numbered，Consumption is greatly increased。Such as the 2011 national meat consumption growth than in 1980 for seven times，Milk per capita consumption growth nearly 30 times。But relative to the expansion of the number，Security failed to keep up with in time。

　　从横向看，任何国家在食品安全方面都不存在“零风险”。毋庸讳言，与发达国家相比，我国食品安全水平存在不小差距。不过，发达国家也大都经历了由乱到治的较长过程。但即便如此，今天也不可能完全杜绝此类事件。如2011年，欧美国家就曾出现了“抗生素超标猪肉”、“沙门氏菌鸡蛋”等。可见，我国的食品安全问题绝不是“个案”，类似问题在其他国家也曾出现。

From the horizontal see，Any country on food safety don't exist“Zero risk”。Needless to say，Compared with the developed countries，China's food safety level there exists considerable gap。but，The developed countries are also much experience from mess to a long process of governance。But even so，Today also can't completely put an end to such events。Such as the 2011，The European and American countries had appeared“Antibiotics overweight pork”、“Salmonella egg”etc。visible，China's food safety problems is not“case”，Similar problems in other countries also appeared。

　　总之，对食品安全现状要全面、辩证地分析。既要看到问题不少，也要看到总体稳定可控；既要对问题零容忍，也要对举措有信心。稳步提高食品安全水平，任务十分艰巨，需要标本兼治、统筹推进。

In short，Current situation of food safety to comprehensive、Dialectical analysis。Both want to see many problems，Also want to see the overall stability is controllable；Both problems of zero tolerance，Also want to have the confidence to move。Improved steadily food safety level，Very arduous task，Need specimen、Push to plan as a whole。