赵晓征，养老设施及老年人居住环境专家、北京赛阳国际工程项目管理有限公司总建筑师

ZhaoXiaoZheng,Endowment facilities and the elderly living environment experts/Beijing Yang international engineering project management limited company chief architect

　　上世纪70年代，日本开始步入老龄化社会，是最先进入老龄化社会的亚洲国家。40多年来，日本针对老龄问题不断尝试和探索，建立了独立的介护体系（介护是指以照顾日常生活起居为基础、为独立生活有困难者提供帮助——编者注）。

In the 1970 s,Japan began to step into aging society,Were the first to enter the aging society in Asian countries.More than 40 years,Japan constantly attempt and exploration for aging problem,Establish the system of independent medium armor(Interface for refers to based on taking care of our daily life/For independent life have difficulty help - editor's note).

　　“日本的介护保险制度和人性化的养老设施值得我们借鉴。”近日，留日养老设施及老年人居住环境专家、北京赛阳国际工程项目管理有限公司总建筑师赵晓征，接受了中国青年报记者采访。

"Japan's interface for insurance system and the humanization of endowment facilities is worth our using for reference."recently,Leave day endowment facilities and the elderly living environment experts/Beijing Yang international engineering project management limited company chief architect ZhaoXiaoZheng,Accept the China youth daily reporter.

中国青年报： China youth daily:日本青年为养老问题发愁吗？

Japanese youth for endowment problem worried?

赵晓征： ZhaoXiaoZheng:据我了解，日本青年并不为父母养老问题发愁，这得益于比较完善的养老体系。在制度方面，医疗保险、介护保险等相关保障逐步完善。养老金在日本被称为国民年金，20岁以上60岁以下、在日本拥有居住权的居民都必须加入。40岁以上的人根据收入比例缴纳介护保险费，达到需要介护状态时就可以申请接受服务。在服务方面，生活援助和介护服务细致周到，非常人性化；在居住方面，针对自理、半自理和不能自理老人的老年住宅和养老机构，种类完善、配套齐全；在社会方面，建设全社会无障碍设施，比如地铁上有老人专座和专门车厢，上下楼都有自动扶梯。

As far as I know,Japanese youth are not to worry about parents endowment problem,Thanks to more perfect pension system.In the system,Medical insurance/Interface for insurance related to gradually perfect.Pensions in Japan is called the national pension,Twenty years of age and not more than 60 years old/Have residency of residents in Japan have to join.People over the age of 40 according to proportion pay income protection insurance premium,To interface to protect state, can apply for to accept.In terms of service,Life assistance and interface is a meticulous and thoughtful service,Very human;In terms of living,To provide for oneself/Half self-care and cannot provide for oneself, the old man's old residence and endowment institutions,Kinds of perfect/complete;In the social aspects,Construction of barrier-free facilities in the whole society,Such as the subway has man with and special car,Up and down the floor have escalator.

　　不过，日本“高龄化”的同时伴随着“少子化”，领取养老金和介护保险的人越来越多，支付者却相应减少了。所以，也有极少年轻人担心年老后领不到足够养老金和基本生活保障，就选择少交或不交养老金。这无疑加剧了政府财政负担，为今后的养老问题埋下了隐患。

but,Japan"besides"At the same time with"The country",Pension and interface more and more people protect the insurance,Payer is reduced accordingly.so,There are very few young people worry about the old age after took less than enough pension and basic life safeguard,The choice of less pay or not pay pensions.This undoubtedly exacerbated the government financial burden,The hidden trouble for the future pension problems.

中国青年报： China youth daily:对于老人护理难题，日本是怎么解决的？

For the old man care problems,Japan is how to solve?

赵晓征： ZhaoXiaoZheng:1959年，日本颁布《国民年金法》，采取国家、行业、个人共同分担的办法，之后陆续出台相关法案。在2000年开始实施介护保险制度。介护服务从大的方面，可以分为居家介护服务和设施介护服务（“设施”类似于养老院——编者注）两种形式，从申请程序、认定标准到监管机制都有一整套体系。

In 1959,,Japan promulgated[The national pension law],Take the country/industry/Individual share,Comes on stage in succession after the relevant legislation.In 2000 began to implement interface for insurance system.From the aspect of the interface for service,Can be divided into the interface that occupy the home care services and facilities for service("facilities"Similar to a nursing home - editor's note)Two kinds of forms,From the application process/Standards to supervision mechanism is a set of system.

　　居家介护服务包括上门访问（比如帮老人洗澡、看护、做康复训练），居家疗养管理指导，福利用具的租借等。

Interface that occupy the home care services including the door access(Such as help bathe the elderly/care/Doing rehabilitation training),Recuperate at home management guidance,Welfare of loan, etc.

　　设施介护服务有十来种，其中特别养护老年公寓、老人保健设施、介护疗养型老人设施这三种可以用介护保险。这些设施里，老人只需负担10%的介护服务费用。根据不同的设施类型，个人还需负担每月几万到十几万日元（13.5日元约合1元人民币——编者注）不等的饭费和房费。

There are ten to kinds of facilities interface for service,Especially curing senile apartment/The old man care facility/Medium armor type recuperate the old facilities the three interfaces can be used to protect the insurance.These facilities in the,The old man need to burden interface is a service charge of 10%.According to the different types of facilities,People still need to pay tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands a month yen(13.5 yen about 1 RMB - editor's note)Ranging from the dinner and the room rate.

　　日本介乎保险制度还规定，“每5年为一个阶段，届时对此进行全面研讨，在研讨结果的基础上，采取必要纠正措施。”比如，2005年根据之前5年发现的问题，重新构筑了介护预防服务体系，对于在设施里居住时需要的住宿费和伙食费等，实行个人负担等。

Japan also between insurance system,"Every five years to a stage,When carries on the comprehensive discussion about it,On the basis of the discussion results,Take the necessary corrective actions."Such as,In 2005, according to the problems found five years before,To build the interface for prevention service system,In facilities need when living in the accommodation, meals and so on,Personal burden, and so on.

中国青年报： China youth daily:日本的养老院有“一床难求”的情况吗？

Japan's nursing home"A bed is hard to find"The situation??

赵晓征： ZhaoXiaoZheng:的确是，特别是带有护理服务的、口碑好的养老设施，都是一开业就爆满。所以日本人常说，在经济不景气的环境下，只有养老产业“一枝独秀”。

It is,Especially with the nursing service/Public praise good endowment facilities,Is a full opening.Japanese people often say so,Under the environment of economic recession,Only the aged industry"A special".

　　近年来，小规模多功能的养老院增多，地点也更加地域化，让老人离家不离街，方便家人看望和沟通。政府鼓励民间资本和社会力量参与为老服务，很多企业也愿意投资养老产业回馈社会，比如，利用企业闲置的旧楼改建或翻建老年公寓，让周边老人来居住。

In recent years,Small multi-function nursing home,Location and more regional,Let the old man left home from the street,Convenient family visit and communication.The government encourage the folk capital and social forces to participate in service to the old,Many enterprises are willing to invest endowment industrial society,Such as,Use of enterprise idle buildings rebuilding or turn old apartment,Let around the old man to live.

中国青年报： China youth daily:现在我国也有不少企业“进军”养老地产，日本的情况有什么值得借鉴之处？

Now there are many enterprises in our country"march"Endowment of real estate,What is worth using for reference in Japan?

赵晓征： ZhaoXiaoZheng:在日本没有所谓“养老地产”概念。单纯将硬件冠以“养老地产”之名其实是我国的一个误区。在日本做养老项目，硬件和软件缺一不可。立项建设一个养老设施，和建设一所学校或一个酒店一样，从前期投资、设计到后期的管理、服务，所有环节都要考虑。这与我国普通房地产的滚动开发、构建销售模式是有本质区别的。日本养老项目更注重产品和服务，重点是持续性经营和细致周到的服务。比如，在建设选材上，多用木质、防滑材料，还会根据老人体型确定扶手位置等，后期介护服务配套更是全面，老人入住后的满意度是追求目标。

There is no in Japan"Endowment of real estate"The concept of.Simple hardware will be called"Endowment of real estate"An error that is actually the name of our country.Do endowment project in Japan,Hardware and software can be dispensed with.Construct a endowment facilities,And the construction of a school or a hotel,From the initial investment/Design to the management/service,All links should be considered.This and ordinary rolling development of real estate in our country/To build sales model is essential difference between.Japan's endowment project pay more attention to products and services,Focus is on sustainable operation and meticulous and thoughtful service.Such as,In the construction materials,Multi-purpose wood/Antiskid material,Will be determined according to the old size armrest position, etc,Late interface is a supporting service is more comprehensive,The old man after the arrival of the satisfaction is the pursuit of the goal.