2013年伊始，中国一度出现了约100万平方公里的雾霾区，空气污染治理牵动着代表委员的心。昨天，全国政协委员、中国疾控中心主任王宇透露，中国疾控中心计划在全国PM2.5污染最严重的10个城市开展健康评价研究，计划3年时间投入约五六千万元。

At the beginning of 2013,China's once appeared about 100 square kilometres of the smog area,Air pollution affects the hearts of the representatives.yesterday,The CPPCC national committee/Wang yu, director of the China center for disease control said,China centers for disease control and prevention plan PM2.5 pollution in the country's most serious health evaluation research in 10 cities,Plan to spend about 3 years time WuLiuQian ten thousand yuan.

　

　□举措 - move

　　健康需向PM2.5刨根问底 Health to PM2.5 warren

　　全国政协委员、中国疾控中心主任王宇介绍，PM2.5已进入人们的视野，但PM2.5对身体健康的影响我国长期以来从来没有研究。

The CPPCC national committee/Wang yu, director of the China center for disease control is introduced,PM2.5 has entered people's field of vision,But the PM2.5 impact on health in China has never study for a long time.

　　人们被笼统地告知，PM2.5有害身体健康。但究竟不同构成的PM2.5对人的健康有什么影响，不同暴露时间、不同浓度对人体的影响有何不同从来没有科学的研究数据支撑。王宇介绍，每个国家每个地区的每个阶段PM2.5的构成是不同的。如北京的PM2.5和南方城市的PM2.5，有可能数据相同，但因构成不同其对人体健康的影响绝对不相同。中国的雾霾跟国外的雾霾构成不同，因此，尽管发达国家有相关的研究数据，但中国不能照搬。

People were told that in general,PM2.5 is harmful to health.But what the different composition of PM2.5 has what effect on people's health,Different exposure time/The difference on the health effects of the different concentration have never scientific research data to support.Wang yu is introduced,Each phase of each country each district is different composition of PM2.5.Such as the PM2.5 in Beijing and the southern city of PM2.5,May have the same data,But for a different influence on human health is definitely not the same.China's haze and fog haze constitute different abroad,so,Although the developed countries have relevant research data,But China cannot copy.

　　将基于数据建立健康预警

Will be based on data to build a health warning

　　王宇介绍，中国疾控中心计划在全国PM2.5污染最严重的10个城市开展健康评价研究，计划3年时间投入约五六千万元。工作人员将深入10个城市展开对病人的调查，同时大量收集资料，包括环保、气象的相关数据，进行一段时间的监测。经过科学研究和分析，完成基础研究。

Wang yu is introduced,China centers for disease control and prevention plan PM2.5 pollution in the country's most serious health evaluation research in 10 cities,Plan to spend about 3 years time WuLiuQian ten thousand yuan.Workers will be on the patient inquiry into 10 cities,At the same time a large collection of information,Including the environmental protection/Meteorological data,For a period of time monitoring.After scientific research and analysis,Complete basic research.

　　研究将主要包括室内PM2.5污染研究、人群PM2.5暴露水平研究，从而得出PM2.5对人体健康影响的科学数据。以此数据为基础建立的PM2.5健康预警平台，可用数据说话，详细告诉人们何种污染程度，要如何计算暴露时间，避免健康受影响。如PM2.5到了多少数值的时候，患有哪一类基础病的患者要怎样避免，这是被动的方面。

The study will mainly include indoor PM2.5 pollution research/Crowd PM2.5 exposure levels research,Calculated the PM2.5 on human health effects of scientific data.Based on this data to establish early warning platform of PM2.5 health,The available data to talk,Detailed tell people what kind of pollution,How to calculate the exposure time,Avoid health be affected.Such as how many numerical PM2.5 in time,Patients with which kind of basic disease how to avoid,This is passive.

　　从主动的方面，在判定PM2.5污染比较严重的时候，将提前预警，建议公众减少污染排放。比如建议大家把取暖的温度降低少许，减少排放，整个城市将能够避免重污染的情况。

From the aspects of actively,When determining PM2.5 pollution is more serious,The early warning,Advising the public to reduce pollution emissions.Such as recommend the heating temperature is reduced a little,To reduce emissions,The whole city will be able to avoid heavy pollution.

　　据了解，早在2011年，有关项目已展开申报，但至今项目迟迟没有动静，资金成为最大的难题。

We have learned,As early as 2011,Related projects have begun to declare,But the project has nothing happened so far,Money as the biggest problem.

　

　□举措 - move

　　正在研究欧V推行办法 Are studying euro V implementation method

　　昨天，全国政协委员、国家发改委副主任朱之鑫在大会驻地接受记者采访说，雾霾天气有三方面成因，一是中国高耗能产业和高污染产业较多，如水泥、制造业、钢铁等行业，在华北地区分布较多；二是和大规模建设有关，工地上未覆盖苫布造成扬尘；三是汽车尾气也增加了细微颗粒物排放。

yesterday,The CPPCC national committee/The national development and reform commission zhu zhixin, deputy director of the general assembly station said to reporters,Three aspects cause haze weather,A is more energy-intensive industries and high pollution industry in China,Such as cement/manufacturing/Iron and steel industry, etc,More in north China distribution;The second is related to large-scale construction,Not cause dust cover tarpaulin on the construction site;Three is also increased the ultrafine particle automobile exhaust emissions.

　　朱之鑫说，“原因是多方面的，因此治理也应该是综合治理”。

Zhu zhixin said,"There are a variety of reasons,Therefore management should also be comprehensive management".

　　过去的一个多月中，关于汽油标准落后于排放标准、质量不达标增加细颗粒物排放也引发了公众讨论。国务院2月初已要求加快油品质量升级，应对大气污染。但油品质量升级的成本应由谁买单，不少公众担心“羊毛出在羊身上”，最后仍旧由消费者买单，而不是由国家、企业、消费者一起分担。

In the past more than a month,About the gasoline standards lag behind the emission standard/Below-standard quality increase fine particulate matter emissions also sparked public debate.In early February has asked to speed up the upgrade product quality under the state council,Response to atmospheric pollution.But the cost of oil product quality upgrading by who should be paying,Many public fear"The wool is on sheep's body",Finally still pay by consumers,Rather than by the state/enterprise/Consumers to share together.

　　朱之鑫解释说，欧V推行的具体办法正在研究当中，解决问题包括几个方向，“一是看定价机制怎么样来适应市场需求；二是石油企业提供出更洁净的油品；三是公众也应有环保意识，如减少开车、多乘坐公交工具等”。

Zhu zhixin said,Euro V by the specific measures are studied,To solve the problem including several directions,"One is to look at the pricing mechanism how to adapt to the market demand;2 it is oil companies provide cleaner oil products;Third, the public also should have environmental protection consciousness,Such as driving less/Many bus tools etc".

　　环境已经成为中国发展过程中遇到的重大挑战。过去，各地非常愿意上马重大工业项目，但近年来，环保问题备受公众关注。2012年，有些地区还发生了因环境忧虑引发的群体性事件。今年1月的31天中，北京只有5天没有灰霾天气，不少公众感到不适，并创出一个新词“北京咳”。

Environment has become the major challenges encountered in the process of development in China.In the past,Very willing to get on major industrial projects,But in recent years,Environmental protection is a major public concern.In 2012,,Some areas have occurred because of mass incidents caused by environmental concerns.January 31 days,Beijing is only five days without the ash haze weather,A lot of discomfort to the public,And makes a new word"Beijing cough".

　　“30年来，中国人的发展理念提高了，而且以人为本的思想树立起来了，在中国实行最严格环境保护标准是应该的”，朱之鑫说。

"In 30 years.,The development of the Chinese concept,And set up the human-oriented thought,In China the strictest standards for environmental protection should be",Zhu zhixin said.

　　□声音陈凯歌：鼓励坐公车 - sound Chen kaige:Encouraged by bus

　　昨天，全国政协委员、著名导演陈凯歌在人民大会堂被记者围住，一堵环形的人墙缓缓移向人民大会堂。当有记者问及陈凯歌怎么看待北京近日的天气时，陈凯歌停下脚步，对记者说：“北京的天气我特别关注，雾霾这事我觉得真是该提一提。”

yesterday,The CPPCC national committee/The famous director Chen kaige surrounded by reporters in the great hall of the people,A wall of annular wall moving slowly toward the great hall of the people.When a reporter asked Chen kaige how recently the weather in Beijing,Chen kaige to stop,Told reporters.:"I pay special attention to the weather in Beijing,The fog haze this thing I feel is the mention."

　　“我从小在北京长大，知道北京那时候什么样。那时候北京的空气特别好，蓝天特别多，现在这种情况，作为一个对北京有感情的人来说是十分痛心的。”

"I grew up in Beijing,Know what time to Beijing.At that time, Beijing's air is very good,The blue sky much more special,Now this kind of situation,As a have feelings of the people in Beijing is very distressed."

　　如何改善空气质量减少雾霾天？陈凯歌说，“应该做一点调查研究，究竟什么原因造成了那么严重的雾霾。”他认为，在治理雾霾天的角度上说应该一律平等，不光是首都应该改善，中国的土地上、天空里，哪有雾霾都应该去了解如何改善空气质量。

How to improve the air quality reduce haze days?Chen kaige said,"Should do a little research,What reason caused the serious fog haze."He thinks that,On the perspective of haze days in governance should be equal,Not just the capital should be improved,China's land/In the sky,Which the fog haze should go to learn how to improve air quality.

　　“这件事跟每个人都有关。”陈凯歌说，“我觉得在城市里，首先能做的，就是鼓励大家坐公车(公共交通)，减少排放，这是具体实际的做法。”

"It has to do with everyone."Chen kaige said,"I think in the city,First of all can do,Is to encourage people by bus(The public transport),To reduce emissions,This is the actual practice."

　

　冯骥才:雾霾问题跟政绩观有很大关系 Feng jincai: fog haze problem has a lot to do with the concept

　　全国政协委员、著名作家冯骥才在3月1日晚6点到达文化艺术界别驻地报到。在谈及近期雾霾污染问题时，冯骥才表示，如今出现的雾霾污染等问题，跟政府官员的政绩观有很大关系。要解决雾霾污染问题，政府部门的责任重大。

The CPPCC national committee/Famous writer feng jincai arrive at 6 PM on March 1, arts and culture sectors headquarters to report.Referring to recent fog haze pollution problems,Feng jincai said,Now the fog haze pollution problem,Has a lot to do with the government officials of the concept.Haze pollution problem to solve,Government responsibility is significant.

　　冯骥才表示，不把雾霾问题解决了谈什么美丽，不能光虚幻地谈，还得有一个办法，还得实现它有一些具体的实际的办法，政府的责任重大。

Feng jincai said,Don't solve the problem of haze about what is beautiful,Can't talk about optical illusion,Also there is a way,Have to implement it has some specific practical methods,The government's responsibility is significant.

　　对于多城市出现的雾霾问题，冯骥才指出，恐怕跟政府现在官员的政绩观有很大的关系。凡是能跟他政绩挂上钩的他关心，跟他政绩联系起来十分关心，跟政绩无关的事情往往他不关心，或者放在一边，这可能是很大的问题。

For many urban smog problem,Feng jincai pointed out,I'm afraid with the government officials of the concept now has a lot to do.Who can talk to his achievements in his care,Achievements together with him are very concerned about,Often he doesn't care about has nothing to do with performance,Or put it aside,It could be a big problem.

　　我们吸进的 We breathe in

　　PM2.5 PM2.5

　　最后去了哪儿 Where is the last

　　不同大小的颗粒物在呼吸道沉积的部位各不相同。大于5微米的颗粒物通常沉积在上呼吸道，也就是鼻咽区、气管和支气管区；小于5微米的颗粒物一般沉积在细支气管和肺泡；而小于2.5微米的，也就是众所周知的PM2.5，75%都沉积在肺泡内。不过，当颗粒特别小的时候，比如小于0.4微米，虽然也会进入肺泡，但不会沉积，可以比较自由地随着呼吸排出体外。

Different sizes of particles in the part of the respiratory tract deposition each are not identical.Greater than 5 micron particles are deposited in the upper respiratory tract,Is nose pharynx area/Tracheal and bronchial area;Less than 5 micron particles deposition in the bronchi and alveoli in general;And less than 2.5 micrometers,Also known as PM2.5,75% is deposited in the alveoli.but,When a very small particles,Such as less than 0.4 micrometers,Although also can into the alveoli,But I can't deposit,You can compare with breathing freely.

　　但需要注意的是，有些颗粒物的大小在进入呼吸道的过程中会发生改变，比如吸水性的物质，在深部呼吸道中遇到温暖、湿润的空气时就会因吸收水分而变大。

But it is important to note,Some of the size of the particles in the process of into the respiratory tract can change,Such as absorbent material,Meet the warmth deep in the respiratory tract/In the humid air will absorb the moisture and become bigger.

　　当然，呼吸道也不是任由颗粒物入侵的，它有一套自己的防御系统，而且不同部位的呼吸道，清除机制也不太一样。

Of course,,Respiratory tract is not allow particles of invasion,It has its own defense system,And different parts of the respiratory tract,Removal mechanism is different also.

　　首先，鼻毛作为防御一线，可以阻挡95%的10微米以上颗粒物(所以很多人开玩笑说靠鼻毛阻挡PM2.5，其实是做不到的)。其次，对于已经进入人体的颗粒物，可以通过咳嗽、打喷嚏或者擤鼻涕排出体外。

First of all,Nose hair as a defensive line,Can block 95% of more than 10 microns particles(So a lot of people joked on nose hair stop PM2.5,It is made).The second,Particulate matter has already entered the body,Can cough/Sneeze or blow your nose.

　　当然，也可以利用气管内的黏液-纤毛系统，通过纤毛运动，把颗粒物推送到咽部，然后或者吞到胃里，或者咳痰咳出去。黏液-纤毛系统清除颗粒物十分迅速，正常情况下，沉积在下呼吸道的颗粒物一两天内就能被清除掉了。

Of course,,Also can use endotracheal mucus cilia system,Through the cilia movement,The particles pushed to the pharynx,Then or swallowed into the stomach,Or go out cough phlegm cough.Mucus cilia system remove particulate matter very quickly,Under normal circumstances,Deposit in respiratory tract of particulate matter can be cleared off within a day or two.

　　如果颗粒物已经进入肺泡，那么清除工作就要由肺部的巨噬细胞来承担了。巨噬细胞会先吞下颗粒物，然后经过黏液-纤毛系统排出去，另外它也可能进入淋巴系统，或肺部的血液系统，然后在身体里重新分布。

If the particles have been into the alveoli,Then remove the work would be borne by the lung macrophages,.Macrophages would swallow particulate matter first,Then after mucous cilia system out,In addition it may also enter the lymphatic system,Or the lung blood system,And then to distribution in the body.

　　(答者：阚海东复旦大学公共卫生学院教授）

(A person:Professor KanHaiDong fudan university school of public health)