典型症状

典型症状

　　变应性鼻炎，即我们平常所说的过敏性鼻炎。据保守估计，我国变应性鼻炎的患者已超过1亿，且发病率有逐年增加趋势。除了已知的花粉、尘螨等过敏原外，灰霾、汽车尾气等都可能是变应性鼻炎的发病原因。

变应性鼻炎,That is我们平常所说的过敏性鼻炎.According to a conservative estimate,Patients with allergic rhinitis in China has exceeded 100 million,And the incidence has increased year by year.In addition to the known pollen/The dust mites and other allergens,The ash haze/Automobile exhaust, etc can all be the etiology of allergic rhinitis.

　

　七成变应性鼻炎被当作感冒治疗 Seventy percent of allergic rhinitis is treated as a cold treatment

　　中国医师协会耳鼻咽喉科学分会委员、中山大学附属第三医院耳鼻喉科头颈外科主任张革化说，空气中的污染成分增加了变应性鼻炎的发病率。

中国医师协会耳鼻咽喉科学分会委员/Third affiliated hospital of sun yat-sen university, director of otolaryngology head and neck surgery of ebt said,The pollution in the air component has increased the incidence of allergic rhinitis.

　　临床上，医生在诊断变应性鼻炎时，会根据病人是否有频繁发作的喷嚏，过量的鼻分泌物、显著鼻塞和鼻部瘙痒等典型的过敏症状病史，以及相关诊断试验来诊断。“变应性鼻炎患者的鼻腔往往是苍白的、而且水汪汪的感觉。进行过敏原诊断试验如皮肤试验、血清特异性IgE检测和激发试验等。”张革化说。但很多人去错医院或科室，七成变应性鼻炎被认为是感冒。

临床上,When the doctor in the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis,If there is a frequent attacks of sneezing can according to the patient,An overdose of nasal secretions/Significant history of typical allergy symptoms, including nasal congestion and itchy nose,As well as the relevant diagnostic test to diagnosis."Allergic rhinitis in patients with nasal cavity is often pale/And watery feeling.The allergen diagnosis test such as skin test/Serum specific IgE testing and proocation tests, etc."Ebt, said.But many people go to the hospital or department by mistake,Seventy percent of allergic rhinitis is considered to be cold.

　

　分为间歇性和持续性 Divided into intermittent and continuous

　　根据症状时间和严重程度，变应性鼻炎分为常年性变应性鼻炎或季节性鼻炎，季节性鼻炎往往是在有花粉的季节才会发生。“最新的分类方式是将变应性鼻炎分为间歇性鼻炎和持续性鼻炎，根据发病天数和持续时间，如果每个星期打喷嚏、流鼻涕症状大于四天，并且病程持续超过四周，则定义为持续性变应性鼻炎，否则为间歇性鼻炎。”

根据症状时间和严重程度,Allergic rhinitis is divided into perennial allergic rhinitis or seasonal rhinitis,Seasonal rhinitis is often occurs in a pollen season."The latest way of classification is to divided into intermittent rhinitis and persistent rhinitis, allergic rhinitis,According to the number and duration,If sneezing every week/Symptoms of runny nose is more than four days,And the course lasts for more than four weeks,Is defined as a persistent allergic rhinitis,Otherwise for intermittent sinus problems."

　　张革化说，接触过敏原是导致过敏性鼻炎的根本原因。任何含有大分子蛋白质的物质，都能引发过敏。过敏能够发生，是自身遗传易感基因因素和外界环境因素里应外合、共同作用的结果。“如果鼻黏膜接触过敏原，会激活人体内的炎症细胞，产生炎症反应，最终出现临床症状。”张革化说，接触过敏原是导致变应性鼻炎的根本原因。

Ebt, said,Exposure to allergens is the primary cause of allergic rhinitis.Any substance containing proteins,Can cause allergies.Allergies can occur,Is their own genetic susceptibility genes and the environment factors inside/The result of joint action."If the nasal mucous membrane exposure to allergens,Activated inflammatory cells in the body,Produce inflammation,The final clinical symptoms."Ebt, said,Exposure to allergens is the primary cause of allergic rhinitis.

　

　■ 典型症状 S typical symptoms

　　鼻痒：首发症状

鼻痒:Starting symptoms

　　喷嚏：阵发性发作，每次多于3个或10个

喷嚏:Paroxysmal attack,Every time more than three or ten

　　流涕：大量清水样鼻涕

流涕:A large number of clear watery nose

　　眼痒：或者其他眼部症状

眼痒:Or other eye symptoms

　　■ 治疗与预防 ■ 治疗与预防

　　变应性鼻炎不能根治 变应性鼻炎不能根治

　　“实际上变应性鼻炎是不能被根治的。如果暴露在特定的过敏原环境中，它就会复发。”张革化说，但是，适当治疗可以减轻过敏症状或将对生活质量的影响降低到最小。

"Allergic rhinitis is actually cannot be cured.If exposed to specific allergens in the environment,It will relapse."Ebt, said,but,Proper treatment can relieve allergy symptoms or minimizing the effect on the quality of life.

　　

治疗原则1 避免接触过敏原 Avoid contact with allergen treatment 1

　　如果对动物毛发上的蛋白原过敏，就需要远离猫狗等宠物。同时减少室内污染，如住新居室，应先测试环境中的污染指数，避免涂料、油漆等刺激性气味。

如果对动物毛发上的蛋白原过敏,Will need to be away from pets like cats and dogs.At the same time, reduce indoor pollution,Such as living new bedroom,Should be in the test environment pollution index,Avoid coating/The paint etc excitant odour.

　　避免室外“城市型污染”，保护环境，若已知自己是过敏体质，外出时戴上口罩，不要在户外晾晒床单和被褥，因为花粉和微尘会沾到上面。

避免室外"Type of pollution in cities",To protect the environment,If known oneself is allergic constitution,Wear masks while going out,Don't in the outdoor air to bask in the sheets and bedding,Because of the pollen and dust will stick to it.

　

　治疗原则2 规范药物治疗 Treatment principle 2 standard medication

　　正规治疗提到三个最主要的药物，一是口服抗组胺药，一是局部抗组胺药，一是鼻内糖皮质激素。鼻内糖皮质激素的使用是直接对鼻腔的应用，是最直接的，而且是最有效的，从选择上来说，需要根据其症状来调整，如果只是局部的过敏性鼻炎，使用鼻内糖皮质激素喷雾即可，但全身过敏症状的，需要口服抗组胺药来治疗，改善以后减少用量或调整其他治疗方式。

正规治疗提到三个最主要的药物,Oral antihistamines,One is the local antihistamines,Intranasal corticosteroids.Nasal glucocorticoid use is a direct application of the nasal cavity,Is the most direct,And it is the most effective,In terms of choice,Need to adjust according to their symptoms,If only partial of allergic rhinitis,使用鼻内糖皮质激素喷雾That is可,But the whole body allergic symptoms,Oral antihistamines are needed to treat,Improved after other treatments to reduce or adjust the dosage.

　　

治疗原则3 特异性脱敏 Three specific desensitization treatment principle

　　如果抗炎症治疗效果不理想，就可以考虑脱敏治疗。这一治疗方法是用皮肤试验或体外检测查到阳性的相应变应原浸液，以适宜低浓度开始少量皮下注射，逐渐增加浓度和剂量，经数月治疗后改为维持剂量。

如果抗炎症治疗效果不理想,Desensitization treatment can be considered.This treatment method is to use positive skin test or in vitro test to check the corresponding allergen of immersion,In appropriate low concentrations began a small amount of subcutaneous injection,Gradually increase concentration and dose,After months of treatment to a maintenance dose.

　　本版采写/新京报记者 潘波

本版采写/新京报记者 潘波

　　新京报制图/师春雷

新京报制figure/师春雷