慢性肾衰竭是各种慢性肾脏病进行性发展，引起肾脏结构损害和纤维化，肾功能进行性下降而引起一系列临床症状的综合征。在慢性肾衰竭发生早期，病人临床症状不明显，因此也不容易被发现。当肾脏损害到一定程度，便会引起轻重不等的一系列症状。如乏力、食欲不振，恶心呕吐、面色苍白、抽筋、体力下降、上楼后气短、浮肿、夜尿增多或尿量减少。严重者还会出现精神症状，病人烦躁、睡眠差、胡言乱语、思睡、甚至昏迷。个别患者甚至可能心脏骤停。

Chronic renal failure is a variety of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progressive development,Cause damage to the kidney structure and fibrosis,Progressive decline in kidney function and cause a series of clinical symptoms of the syndrome.In the early chronic renal failure occurs,Patients' clinical symptom is not obvious,So is not easy to be found.When the kidney damage to a certain degree,A series of symptoms will cause weight range.Such as the lack of power/Loss of appetite,Nausea and vomiting/pale/A cramp/Physical decline/After upstairs and shortness of breath/edema/Nocturia increased or reduced the volume of urine.Serious still can appear mental symptoms,The patient be agitated/Poor sleep/nonsense/drowsiness/Even in a coma.Individual patients may even sudden cardiac arrest.

　　可以导致慢性肾衰竭的病因非常复杂，几乎所有慢性肾脏疾患如不及时治疗都可能发展到慢性肾衰竭，肾毒性物质如汞铅砷等重金属、肾毒性药物如某些抗生素、造影剂、长期滥用止痛剂，一些中草药也可引起慢性肾衰竭。在国外引起慢性肾衰竭的病因按照发病率高低排序依次为糖尿病肾病、高血压肾病、慢性肾小球肾炎、多囊肾等，而我国慢性肾衰竭的病因以慢性肾小球肾炎为主，其他包括糖尿病肾病、高血压肾病、多囊肾、梗阻性肾病等。但近十余年国内糖尿病肾病、高血压肾病等发生率急剧增加，应该引起重视。

The etiology of chronic kidney failure can lead to very complex,Almost all chronic kidney disease if not treated in time may develop into chronic renal failure,Renal toxic substances such as lead, arsenic, mercury and other heavy metals/Certain antibiotics such as renal toxicity of drugs/Contrast agents/Long-term abuse painkillers,Some Chinese herbal medicine also can lead to chronic renal failure.Abroad a cause of chronic renal failure rank in order according to the incidence of diabetic nephropathy/High blood pressure kidney disease/Chronic glomerulonephritis/Polycystic kidney, etc.,And the etiology of chronic renal failure in China is given priority to with chronic glomerulonephritis,Other including diabetic nephropathy/High blood pressure kidney disease/Polycystic kidney/Obstructive nephropathy, etc..But nearly more than 10 years of domestic diabetic nephropathy/Sharply higher rates of high blood pressure, kidney disease, etc,Should be caused take seriously.

　　慢性肾衰竭病情进展一般比较缓慢，需要历时数年甚至数十年才发展到尿毒症。但是临床上常常碰到一些病人肾功能在数天、数周或数月内进展迅速，甚至发展到尿毒症。这种情况下大多数存在明显诱因，及时发现和去除这些诱因，还可以挽救肾功能。

Chronic kidney disease progresses slowly in general,Will take several years or even decades to develop into uremia.But often encounter some patients renal function in clinical for several days/Weeks or months progress quickly,Even development to uremia.The circumstances most obvious cause,Timely find and remove these incentives,Can also save the renal function.

　　这些诱因包括：①累及肾脏的原发病活动或病情控制不理想，如各种肾炎活动、高血压、糖尿病控制不好；②血容量不足，如呕吐腹泻或大量利尿等引起脱水、大出血、低血压等，上述病例肾功能短期内恶化的原因可能与病人呕吐腹泻引起脱水有关；③严重高血压未能控制，特别是血压持续180/120mmHg以上时；④心衰或严重的心律失常；⑤使用肾毒性药物，如某些抗生素、止痛剂、造影剂、一些含有马兜铃酸的中草药等；⑥泌尿道梗阻，如尿路结石、前列腺肥大；⑦各种感染，包括呼吸道、消化道、泌尿道或皮肤感染等；⑧高蛋白饮食；⑨电解质紊乱，如高血钙或高血磷；⑩急性应激状态，如创伤、大手术等。当有这些急性因素存在时，肾功能可能出现急剧恶化，甚至威胁患者生命。 于丹丹 整理

These incentives include:(1) involvement of the primary disease activity or kidney disease control is not ideal,Such as nephritis activities/High blood pressure/Poor diabetes control;(2) insufficient blood volume,Such as vomiting, diarrhea or dehydration by lots of diuresis, etc/bleeding/Low blood pressure, etc.,The above cases deteriorating renal function in the short term may be associated with patient vomiting diarrhea due to dehydration;(3) failing to control severe high blood pressure,Especially when more than continuous blood pressure 180/120 MMHG;(4) heart failure or severe arrhythmia;(5) using the renal toxicity of drugs,Certain antibiotics such as/painkillers/Contrast agents/Some contain aristolochic acid in Chinese herbal medicine, etc;6. Urinary tract obstruction,Such as urinary stones/An enlarged prostate;7) all kinds of infections,Including the respiratory tract/The digestive tract/Urinary tract or skin infection, etc;A high-protein diet today;Pet-name ruby electrolyte disorder,Such as high blood calcium or high blood phosphorus;Attending acute stress state,As the trauma/Major surgery, etc..When the presence of these acute factors,May appear a sharp deterioration in renal function,Even endanger patient life. Yu Dandan finishing