生物农药高效低毒，亟待推广 Biological pesticide high-efficiency，To promote

　　中国农药发展与应用协会会长刘坚表示，要解决农产品农药残留超标问题，根本路径在于推广高效、低毒、低残留的农药，特别是生物农药。

Chinese pesticide development and application association President liu jian said，To solve the agricultural condition of pesticide residues，Fundamental path is to promote efficient、low、Low residual pesticide，Especially biological pesticide。

　　刘坚介绍说，生物农药是指利用生物或其代谢产物来控制病虫害的方法。与化学农药相比，生物农药具有三方面优点：一是对人畜安全；二是对生态环境影响小；三是可循环利用。

Liu jian introduced said，Biological pesticide is refers to the use of biological or its metabolites to control the method of plant diseases and insect pests。Compared with the chemical pesticides，Biological pesticide has three aspects advantages：One is safe for human；2 it is small effects on the ecological environment；Three is recycled。

　　事实上，我国已经有不少生物农药企业。位于江西省吉安市的江西天人集团自2002年以来就与中国科学院、中国农业大学等多所院校合作，以麸皮、玉米等作为培养基，通过生物技术开发农药新产品，建成了全球最大真菌杀虫剂原药生产基地。

In fact，Our country has many biological pesticide enterprise。It is located in jiangxi province and the jiangxi group since 2002 and the Chinese academy of sciences、China agricultural university of colleges and universities cooperation，With bran、Corn as the medium，Through the biological technology development pesticide new products，Built the largest production base of synthesizing fungi pesticides。

　　天人集团董事长梁小文说，目前集团已研制了20多种高效生物农药，广泛用于20多个省份的农业、林业、牧业和城市绿化领域。近3年来，累计生产生物农药1万余吨，防治面积近2亿亩，减少化学农药使用量近5000吨，有效减少了面源污染和农药残留。

President of group of man and nature LiangXiaoWen said，At present group has developed more than 20 an effective biological pesticide，Widely used in more than 20 provinces of agriculture、forestry、Animal husbandry and city green fields。Nearly 3 years，Total production of pesticide more than 10000 tons，Control area of nearly 200 million square meters，Reduce chemical pesticides nearly 5000 tons，Effectively reduce the non-point source pollution and pesticide residue。

　　不过专家表示，当前生物农药推广是个短板，一方面制剂研究相对滞后，可选择使用的生物农药种类偏少，覆盖的靶标病虫害范围偏小；另一方面推广工作跟不上，农民对生物农药的认知度比较低，习惯于使用化学农药。

But experts say，The current biological pesticide promotion is a short board，On the one hand preparation research relatively slowly，Can choose to use biological pesticide kinds inadequate，Coverage of the target range for the small plant diseases and insect pests；On the other hand promotion work to keep up，Farmers to biological pesticide awareness is quite low，Used to use chemical pesticides。

　　江西省植保局局长舒畅说，当前市场上依然是传统化学农药走俏，生物农药“叫好不叫座”，原因一是价格偏高，生物农药的价格往往比化学农药高出一两倍，造成单次用药偏贵；二是见效较慢，化学农药用后当天就见效，生物农药往往要五六天，农民在田间劳作偏爱见效快的化学农药。舒畅说：“在国内上千亿元的农药市场中，生物农药占比不足一成。”

The secretary of the plant in jiangxi province and said，On the market at present is still the traditional chemical pesticide is popular，Biological pesticide“Don't hit their”，One reason is price is on the high side，The price of the biological pesticide than chemical pesticide than an two times，Cause a single drug use partial expensive；2 it is effective slower，After use of chemical pesticides that effective，Biological pesticide tend to \ for five or six days，Farmers in the fields of preference rapid chemical pesticide。Refreshed said：“In China the billions in pesticide market，Biological pesticide about less than ten percent。”

　　舒畅等专家建议，国家应在加强宣传、提高生物农药在政府农药采购中比重的同时，采取切实措施支持生物农药的研发，并在蔬菜、果树、茶叶等作物及城市园林方面优先推广使用生物农药，逐步减少使用直至取代化学农药。

Happy and expert advice，Countries should strengthen the propaganda in、Improve the biological pesticide in government procurement proportion and pesticides，Taking effective measures to support biological pesticide research and development，In vegetables and、The fruit trees、Tea and other crops and the city botanical garden is preferred to promote the use of biological pesticide，Gradually reduce the use and for the chemical pesticides。

　　广西农科院研究员李文信认为，生物农药使用较少，也有高毒、高残留农药生产源头没有遏制住的原因。甚至一些国家明令禁止生产的药物，一些不法厂家还在偷偷制售。只有花大力气整顿规范农药市场，高效低毒农药才能在竞争中脱颖而出。

Guangxi academy LiWenXin researchers think，Biological pesticide use less，Also have high toxic、High residual pesticide production source not curb live reasons。Even some countries banned drug production，Some illegal manufacturer had secretly in manufacturing and sale。Only great effort of pesticides and standardize the market，High-efficiency, pesticides can in the competition。

统防统治大势所趋，亟待扶持 TongFang rule the trend of The Times，To support

　　在推广安全农业药剂的同时，我国还应进一步加大病虫害的“统防统治”力度。在我国，千家万户小片种植，不统一施药，会导致农田害虫在小区域躲避性来回迁徙，不仅成效差，更导致一些地方不断加大用药次数和用药量。

In promoting agricultural pharmaceutical safety at the same time，China is still should further increase of plant diseases and insect pests“TongFang rule”strength。In our country，Thousands of small pieces of planting，The spraying of unity，Can lead to farmland in a small area of pests from migrating back and forth，Poor results not only，In some places more increasing number of milliseconds and medication。

　　广西南宁市蔬菜科学研究所副所长文国荣说，农村地块较为分散，农民发现自己田里出现虫害后，就会喷施农药，结果虫子就会迁移到邻近的地块里，造成病虫害的蔓延。

Guangxi nanning vegetables science, deputy director of institute WenGuoRong said，Rural land more scattered，Farmers found himself in after the pests，Will spraying pesticides，Results bugs will migrate to the adjacent plots，Cause the spread of diseases and pests。

　　“我们在河南、湖南等地看到，许多地方缺乏大功效的农药和防虫抗病机具，农民就自己搞个汽油桶，后面弄根铁棍，打上几个眼，替代小喷壶。”中国植物保护学会植保产品推广工作委员会秘书长袁会珠说，这种方法不仅效率低，效果也较差。

“We in henan、Hunan to see，Many places of pesticide and lack of big effect insect resistance machine，Farmers will get a QiYouTong，Get behind the iron bar，Play on a few eye，Alternative little watering can。”China plant protection society eppo product promotion working committee secretary-general will yuan bead said，This method is not only the low efficiency，Effect is poorer also。

　　袁会珠说，专业化的统防统治是各国发展现代农业的普遍趋势，我国近年来也迅速发展起了1万多个专业化防治组织，但由于研发支持力度弱，与科学化、标准化、规模化的统防统治还有很大差距。

Yuan bead said will，Professional TongFang rule is the world of modern agriculture development trend，In recent years the rapid development in China and the more than 10000 professional prevention organization，But because the r&d support weak，And scientific process、standardization、The scale of the rule TongFang also has the very big disparity。

　　欧高财认为，在当前种植规模小、劳动力短缺、农民科技知识水平有限的情况下，应通过“政府部门+防治组织+农户”的形式，把千家万户农民防治病虫害的责任以契约形式转移给专业防治组织，政府再对这些组织进行指导和管理。

The high wealth think，In the small scale of planting、Labor shortages、Farmers science and technology limited knowledge level，Should through the“The government department + prevention organization + farm households”form，Thousands of pest diseases of the prevention and control of farmers responsibility to contract to transfer form professional prevention organization，The government again to these organizations provide guidance and management。

　　湖南长沙双红农业科技有限公司总经理易红伟介绍，目前湖南省已组建包括股份公司、合作社、基层组织等各种类型的专业化统防统治服务组织827个、整编机防队7248个，从业人员达到7.5万人，日服务能力280万亩。

Hunan changsha double agricultural science and technology, general manager of red YiGongWei introduced，At present has constituted including stock company in hunan province、cooperatives、Grassroots organizations, and other types of specialized service organization TongFang rule in 827、Surging reorganize the 7248 team，Employees up to 75000 people，Th service capacity of 2.8 million mu。

　　“这一数量还远远不够。”易红伟说，整个长沙市就有水田300多万亩，目前全市同类组织中上规模的只有他所在的公司和宁乡的一家公司，总覆盖面积不到九分之一。同时，从事统防统治也存在“没有规模不挣钱，有了规模风险大”的怪圈。

“This number is far from enough。”YiGongWei said，The changsha city have paddy fields of more than 300 mu，At present the same organization of the upper middle scale only his company and ningxiang company，Less than one 9 of the total area of coverage。At the same time，Engaged in TongFang rule also exist“No scale does not earn money，Have the scale great risk”Of the vicious circle of。

　　易红伟建议，国家应本着“谁为农民做事，谁得补助”的原则扶持病虫害防治组织。可以支持专业化防治组织延伸业务范围、扩大服务领域，并针对病虫害损失界定难的问题，出台防治理赔办法，落实行政调解、鉴定处理机制，以促进为农服务的业务健康发展。(半月谈记者 郭远明 周勉 吴小康 娄辰)

YiGongWei Suggestions，Countries should be in line with“Who do things for farmers，Who have to subsidies”Support the principles of pest and disease control organization。Can support professional prevention organization extensions business scope、Expand the area of services，And in the light of plant diseases and insect pests loss difficult problem definition，Prevention and control measures on claims，Implement administrative mediation、Appraisal processing mechanism，In order to promote the health service for the agriculture business development。(半月谈 reporter GuoYuanMing ZhouMian WuXiaoKang LouChen)

审视防治工作短板——中国农科院专家谈病虫害防治 Look at short board--the prevention and control of Chinese academy of experts talk about pest control

　　面对越来越严峻的病虫害形势，以及农药残留超标事件，人们在责问监管缺位的同时，也想知道，一定要用这么多化学药剂吗？农业科研部门能不能研制出低毒、高效、廉价、方便的农药，一喷就灵？带着这些问题，本刊记者采访了我国最权威的蔬菜植保专家、中国农科院蔬菜花卉研究所张友军研究员和李宝聚研究员。

Facing more and more severe diseases and insect pests situation，And pesticide residue overweight events，People in the heat of the absence of regulation at the same time，Also want to know，Must use so many chemicals？Agricultural scientific research departments can develop low toxicity、efficient、cheap、Convenient pesticide，A spray is spirit？With these problems，This reporter interviewed our country's most authoritative vegetables eppo experts、Chinese academy of vegetables, researchers and LiBao flowers ZhangYouJun gather researcher。

病虫害为何越来越多 Why more and more plant diseases and insect pests

　　“农作物有害生物包括病害、虫害、草害、鼠害等方面，其中蔬菜主要是病害和虫害，合称病虫害。”张友军说，每一种病害或虫害又有很多变种，比如我们常吃的100多种蔬菜中，虫害就有600多种，病害的种类也同样惊人。

“Crop pest including diseases、pest、Grass against、Rat, etc，Among them main vegetable is diseases and pests，Called the plant diseases and insect pests。”ZhangYouJun said，Every kind of disease and insect pest or have many varieties，For example we often eat in 100 many kinds of vegetables，It has more than 600 kinds of pests，The type of disease also amazing。

　　张友军说，这两年闹得十分厉害的一种病叫做番茄黄化曲叶病，主要危害西红柿，得了这种病，西红柿很小的时候叶子弯曲，再长一点就枯萎，完全没有收成。2009年这种病大暴发，我国西红柿种植业因此损失了上百亿元。

ZhangYouJun said，The two years make very much of a disease called tomatoes music show leaves disease，The main harm tomatoes，In this disease，Tomatoes small leaves bending，A little wither as long again，No harvest。In 2009 the disease big outbreak，Our country planting tomatoes so lost tens of billions of dollars。

　　“这数百种病害或虫害，其中的任何一种，如果不加防治，对蔬菜来说都是毁灭性的。”张友军说，这些年来病虫害越来越严重，防治形势十分严峻。他向记者介绍了当前几个突出的表现。

“The hundreds of disease or pests，Any of those，If do not add control，It is destructive to the vegetables。”ZhangYouJun said，Over the years, plant diseases and insect pests more and more serious，Control the situation was very serious。He introduces to the reporter the current several outstanding performance。

　　一是病虫害发生期提前。比如一种很常见的害虫，叫小菜蛾，以前在北京发生高峰期一般在4月底5月初，现在3月底这个虫子就开始为害了。

One is the diseases and insect pests occurrence period in advance。Such as one of the most common pests，Diamondback moth that，In Beijing peak happen before the end of April general early may，By the end of march the worm will now start to harm the......。

　　二是病虫害发生量增加。很多虫害以前暴发的时候就是一两个数量高峰，现在经常有好几个高峰，而且高峰与高峰之间相互叠加。

2 it is plant diseases and insect pests occurrence volume increased。Many insect outbreak is a time before two number peak，Now often have several peak，And with the peak peak between stack with each other。

　　三是新的病虫害大量出现。在大棚里，蔬菜种植的病害种类大大增加；虫害方面，现在最主要的是烟粉虱、西花蓟马、斑潜蝇等，以前国内是没有的。

Three new plant diseases and insect pests is a large presence。Inside the tent，The disease of vegetable planting types increase greatly；Pest aspects，Now the most is of b. tabaci、The flower thrips horse、Liriomyza etc，There is no domestic before。

　　四是病虫害防治越来越困难。以前种一茬蔬菜打两三次药就可以了，现在打两三次药根本就不行；有的药以前管用，现在就不好使了。

Four is pest control more and more difficult。A vegetable crop before play two or three times medicine，Now play two or three times medicine did not；Some medicine before work，Now is bad。

　　“许多人问我，说你们做病虫害研究的，搞了这么多年，怎么病虫害不见好转，反而越来越严重了？”张友军说，其实人们不明白，不是我们搞科研的不用心，实在是这些年来病菌、害虫生长繁殖的条件和环境与以前大不相同了。

“Many people ask me，Say you do study of plant diseases and insect pests，So make for several years，How to plant diseases and insect pests did not get better，But more and more serious？”ZhangYouJun said，People actually don't understand，Not we make scientific research of the heart，It is these years bacteria、Pests grow before the conditions and environment and different。

　　首先是作物栽培制度的改变。以前种菜都是种在地里，现在不一样了，各种设施农业大发展，北方有温室大棚，南方有遮阳网，菜是可以种了，病菌、害虫同样也可以活。以前一些害虫过不了冬、过不了夏，现在却总也死不尽，一遇条件合适，就呈几何级数般繁殖增长，危害自然比以前大得多了。

First of all is the change of crop planting system。Vegetables are planted in the ground before，Now is not the same，All kinds of facilities agriculture big development，The north has greenhouse canopy，South have ZheYangWang，Food can be kind of......，germs、Pests also can live。Before the winter some insect pests、Before summer，Now but could die not，In a conditions are right，Just like the growth of geometric reproduction，Harm nature more than before。

　　另一方面，我们现在对外交往频繁，外来生物入侵也在加剧。现在我国很多的花卉苗木，都是从欧洲进口来的。一些害虫的虫卵附着在这些植物上，检验检疫不容易发现，带到国内长成成虫就是虫害了。比如前面说到的烟粉虱、西花蓟马、斑潜蝇等害虫，就是从国外传进来的。

On the other hand，We now foreign exchanges，Alien biological invasion has intensified。Now, in many of the flower seedlings，Imported from Europe。Some of the pest worm eggs in these plants attached，The inspection and quarantine not easy to find，To grow is the adult domestic pests。Such as the front of b. tabaci、The flower thrips horse、Liriomyza pests, etc，Is the came in from abroad。

病虫害防治短板在哪里 Pest control short board in where

　　面对严峻的病虫害形势，张友军说，我国科研人员做了大量的工作，有些成果在世界范围内都是领先的。“这几年政府开始重视这项工作，投入也有所增加，但确实新的问题不断出现，有时候计划赶不上变化”。他说。

Faced with the severe diseases and insect pests situation，ZhangYouJun said，China's scientific research personnel do a lot of work，Some achievements in the world scope is leading。“Over the past few years the government began to pay attention to the work，Investment has also increased，But really new problems appear constantly，Sometimes plan to catch up with change”。He said。

　　不过在李宝聚看来，我国还未从真正意义上重视蔬菜病虫害的诊断与控制工作。“这从病虫害的研究立项上就看得出来。”李宝聚说，科研部门在应用基础研究、生物农药研究、化学农药降解方面的研究较多，但在病虫害诊断、实用防治技术等方面研究少，获得的资金支持也少。

But in LiBao seems to get together，Our country is not from real valued vegetables of pest diseases of diagnosis and control work。“This research project from diseases and insect pests on could see。”LiBao gather said，Scientific research departments in the application of basic research、Biological pesticide research、The chemical pesticide degradation research more，But in pest diagnosis、Practical control technology and less research，The fund support for less and less。

　　据统计，“十一五”期间，我国在蔬菜病虫害应用技术研究方面的投入，远远低于建设各类蔬菜产品检测中心的投入。较少的研究投入，造成了严重缺少适合我国国情的蔬菜病虫害防治的关键技术，这包括病虫害早期诊断、预测技术，安全、实用的物理防治技术，以及高效的生物农药应用技术等。

According to the statistics，“11”during，Our country in the vegetables in the study of plant diseases and insect pests application technology input，Far less than all kinds of vegetables product testing center construction of investment。Less research，Cause the serious lack of suitable for China's national conditions of vegetables the key technology of pest and disease control，This includes plant diseases and insect pests early diagnosis、Prediction technology，security、Practical physical prevention and control technology，And efficient biological pesticide application technology, etc。

　　“尤其在基层，严重缺乏懂得病虫害诊断与防治的人员，以至于目前对于病虫害防治，农药经销商倒成了指导用药的主体。”李宝聚说，抓蔬菜的安全检测无疑是重要的，但从源头抓蔬菜的生产才是关键，关口要前移。

“Especially at the basic level，A serious lack of plant diseases and insect pests of diagnosis and treatment to people，That at present for pest control，Pesticide dealer turned out the main body of the drug guidance。”LiBao gather said，Catch the vegetables is undoubtedly important safety testing，But from the source of the production is key to grasp the vegetables，Pass to the forward。

　　李宝聚指出，对于农业管理与技术推广部门来说，往往只侧重于查处违禁农药的工作，长期忽视生产过程控制，尤其忽略了告诉菜农什么病、什么虫应该用什么药来防治的技术指导工作。

LiBao gather points out that，For agricultural management and technology for promotion department，Often only focus on the work and prohibited pesticide，Long ignored the production process control，Especially ignore told farmers are what disease、What should use what medicine to worm of the prevention and control of technical guidance。

　　张友军认为，当前在农业科研人员与农民之间出现了脱节，“农技推广服务力量太弱，我们这些搞研究的虽然与一些大的蔬菜基地有合作，但毕竟分身乏术，面对千家万户的农民，还是需要一个健全的农技推广服务体系。”

ZhangYouJun think，The current in agricultural scientific research personnel and farmers appeared between disjointed，“Agro-technique extension service power is too weak，We these research and although some of the large vegetable base have cooperation，But after all member in two places at once，Thousands face of farmers，Still need a sound agro-technique extension service system。”

　　李宝聚建议，我国应建立适合不同区域、不同品种蔬菜的“病虫害安全用药工作表”。他说，虽然各地已经制定有很多病虫害控制规程，但是因为投入少，这些规程大都是人为订出来的，不是研究出来的，实用性和可操作性都较差。

LiBao gather Suggestions，China should establish the suitable for different area、Different varieties of vegetables“Plant diseases and insect pests drug safety work table”。He said，Although all have many diseases and pests control has formulated procedures，But for less input，These rules are mostly people out of order，Not out of research，Practicality and operationality relatively poor。

没有一劳永逸的农药 There is no one fix-all pesticides

　　那么，病虫害防治就一定要这么麻烦吗？就不能研制出低毒、高效、廉价、方便的农药，让农民一看就懂，一用就灵？对于这个问题，张友军说，这样的农药是有的，但不可能一劳永逸。

so，Pest control must go to so much trouble？Can't develop low toxicity、efficient、cheap、Convenient pesticide，To let farmers a look you'll understand，With just a spirit？For the problem，ZhangYouJun said，This is some of the pesticide，But may not once and for all。

　　张友军说，有一种新型农药，叫做氯虫苯甲酰胺，这种药是根据昆虫的特点研制的，专杀害虫，对人体的毒性比食盐还低，既高效又低毒，所以这两年农民普遍使用。可是用了两年之后，这种药的效果就不太好了，这是因为害虫产生了抗药性。

ZhangYouJun said，There is a kind of new pesticides，Called chlorine insect benjia amides，This medicine is according to the characteristics of the insect research，ZhuanSha pests，To the human body toxic than salt is low still，Both high and low toxicity，So the two years farmers commonly used。But after two years of use，This medicine is effect is not so good，This is because pests developed resistance。

　　“按照生物进化理论，长期使用一种药生物就会产生抗体，这很正常。”张友军说，比如以前菊酯类的药是很有效的，农民买一份来稀释1万倍，打下去害虫99%以上都要死，现在就算只稀释1000倍，害虫也才死百分之六七十，过不了多久又要暴发。

“According to the biological evolution theory，The long-term use of a kind of medicine biological can produce antibodies，This is very normal。”ZhangYouJun said，Such as before the medicine is very effective pyrethroid，Farmers buy a to dilute 10000 times，The fight over 99% die pests，Now if only 1000 times diluted，Just of the death pests，It is not long and outbreak。

　　由此可见，病虫害的防治研究是动态的，需要实时追踪跟进。李宝聚认为，对于蔬菜主要病虫害的防治，现有农药品种大部分是能够满足的，目前需要重点研究的，是高效低毒以及环保的药剂。

This shows，Plant diseases and insect pests prevention and treatment is dynamic，Need for real-time tracking follow up。LiBao together think，For the prevention and control of the main vegetable plant diseases and insect pests，Existing pesticide varieties most can satisfy，Now needs to focus on the research，The environmental protection is high-efficiency and the potion。

　　张友军说，高效低毒农药正是当前世界农药研发的普遍趋势。他向记者出示的一份研究报告显示，2000年的时候，全球尚有可用农药近1000种，到了2011年这一数字只剩下了300余种。“也就是说，三分之二的农药因为不符合环保等要求已被禁止使用。”他说，这也促使我国必须花更大的力气来研究开发新型农药。

ZhangYouJun said，High-efficiency, it is the current world pesticide r&d pesticide trend。He told reporters the present a report，In 2000，There are nearly 1000 global available pesticides，By 2011 that number have only to more than 300 types。“That is，Two thirds of the pesticide because do not accord with environmental protection requirement has been banned。”He said，That has encouraged China to spend more effort to research and development of new pesticide。

　　对于农药的使用，两位专家一致认为，没有必要把它看作“洪水猛兽”，合理用药，科学用药，把农药残留控制在不对人体造成危害的范围以内，是完全可行的，也是十分必要的。

For the use of pesticides，The two experts agree，There is no need to make it as“The flood beast”，Rational drug use，Scientific and medical treatment，The pesticide residues in the wrong cause harm human body to control the scope，Is completely feasible，Also is very necessary。

　　李宝聚说，根据我国蔬菜生长复杂的自然环境以及目前我国的科技水平，防治蔬菜病虫害最有效的方法仍然是合理使用化学农药。至于希望“吃不打药的蔬菜”，无论从我国的实际情况看，还是从发达国家的发展现状看，都是不现实的。(半月谈记者 高远至)

LiBao gather said，According to our country vegetables grow complex natural environment and at present our country science and technology，Plant diseases and insect pests prevention vegetables is the most effective way is still reasonable use of chemical pesticides。As for the hope“Eat not to DaYao vegetables”，No matter from the actual conditions of our country look，Or from the current situation of the development of the developed countries see，All is not realistic。(半月谈 high to reporters)

新西兰：农业科技推广的启示 New Zealand：The popularization of agricultural science and technology enlightenment

　　曾因工作关系，我多次访问新西兰。每次去新西兰，皆有不同感受。而印象至深的是这个国家一片片充满生机的牧场和一群群悠闲自得的牛羊。新西兰牧场的绿色，有别于英国乡村油画般的深沉，显得清新而又充满活力。

Once because of work，I visit New Zealand many times。Every time I go to New Zealand，All have different feelings。And to the deep impression of the country is full of vitality of the pasture and flocks of leisurely cattle and sheep。New Zealand ranch green，Different from the British countryside of deep oil painting，Appears pure and fresh and full of vigor。

　　徜徉在怀卡托河边的牧场，沉醉于眼前诗画般的美景，我曾不止一次思考：新西兰人为什么会把这个地处南半球大洋中的岛国农业经营得如此发达？

Wandering in the waikato river ranch，Lost in sight the beauty of poetry，I have more than once thought：New Zealand what the human is located in the southern hemisphere of the oceans island nation agricultural management so developed？

　　强而有力的农业协会和合作组织

The powerful agricultural association and cooperation organization

　　新西兰的农业之所以发达，得益于其强而有力的行业协会或者合作社团。中国人最熟悉的应该是恒天然，这是新西兰奶农的“超级合作社”，公司跟新西兰80%以上的奶农有签约。恒天然负责收取签约奶农生产的原奶，再加工成各种奶制品，统一品牌进行全球销售。虽然新西兰每个独立奶农的规模并不大，但握指成拳，就形成了在全球规模领先的乳品企业集团，并且可以对市场、海运、税收、贸易政策施加有利于己的影响。

New Zealand agricultural are developed，Thanks to its powerful industry association or cooperation community。The most familiar should be constant natural，This is New Zealand milk farming“Super cooperatives”，The company with more than 80% of New Zealand farmers milk have signed。Constant natural responsible for signing for the production of milk farming the milk，Then processed into all kinds of dairy products，Unified brand global sales。Although New Zealand each independent milk farming scale is not large，But shook made a fist means，Formed in the global scale leading dairy enterprise group，And can be on the market、sea、tax、Trade policy to the influence of the applied himself。

　　而在奶农的中上游，有另外两个极有影响力的合作组织——新西兰奶业协会和新西兰家畜改良公司。新西兰奶业协会主要负责农业技术研发、奶农的一对一或集中培训、奶牛养殖技术支持与服务、牧草及土壤技术咨询与服务、技术成果的转化与转让。新西兰家畜改良公司是养殖户间的合作组织，负责家畜基因改良技术的研发与转化工作。

And in the milk of agriculture reaches，Have two other very influential cooperation organization-New Zealand dairy association and New Zealand livestock improvement company。New Zealand dairy association is mainly responsible for the agricultural technology research and development、Milk farming one-on-one or focus on training、Dairy technical support and services、Grasses and soil technology consultant and service、Technical transformation of achievements and transfer。New Zealand livestock improvement company is the cooperation between the farmers organization，Responsible for livestock improvement technology research and development with the gene transformation。

　　有新西兰奶业协会负责上游的技术培训和运行指导，有新西兰家畜改良公司负责畜群的遗传、基因改良和品种优化，再加上恒天然负责下游的产品生产与销售，奶农和养殖户只需专注于自己的农场即可，而不需操心农场以外的事情。

A New Zealand dairy association is in charge of the upper reaches of the technical training and operation instruction，A New Zealand livestock improvement company responsible for the genetics of the herd、Genetically modified and varieties optimization，Plus constant natural responsible for downstream products production and marketing，Milk agriculture and farmers just focus on their farm can，But don't need to worry about the farm outside of the things。

　　新西兰的这些农业协会和合作组织，既是松散的、自愿的，又是缴纳会费、享受分红的利益捆绑体。大部分合作组织同时也是上市企业，比如恒天然、家畜改良公司、奇异果联合会等。它们把零散的农户组织起来，通过规模效应来实现会员利益的最大化。同时，利用集群的资金与信息优势，组织研发，并通过内部的沟通平台，最快、最有效地把最新科技成果转化给会员，实现效益与增收。

New Zealand agricultural association and the cooperation organization，Is loose、voluntary，Pay membership fees and、Enjoy the interests of share out bonus bound body。Most of the cooperation organization is also listed enterprises，Such as constant natural、Livestock improvement company、Kiwi federation, etc。They are the scattered farmers to organize，Through the scale effect to realize the maximization of the interests of the members。At the same time，Use of the capital and information advantage cluster，Organization research and development，And through the internal communication platform，fastest、The most effectively to the latest member of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements，Realize the benefit and income。

行之有效的奖惩体系 Effective system of rewards and punishments

　　新西兰的农业产业经历多年的洗礼和变迁，形成了一套独特而有效的奖惩体系，而这套体系跟上面介绍的协会和合作组织密不可分。

New Zealand agricultural industry through years of baptism and change，Formed a set of unique and effective system of rewards and punishments，And this system is introduced with the above the association and cooperation organization are inseparable。

　　有一次，我去朋友艾伦家的奶牛场做客。他家奶牛场不大，150头牛左右。恰逢恒天然的奶罐车过来泵奶，我就在一旁观看。奶泵完后，奶罐车司机立即跟艾伦核对了取奶量，并检查了车身侧面的一个小柜子，里面一屉格子里插满了小玻璃管。

once，I go to friend Alan home a dairy farm。His family dairy farm is not big，About 150 head of cattle。At the milk of constant natural tanker come pump with milk，I was watching。Milk after pump，Milk tanker driver with Alan checked immediately take milk supply，And check the body from the side of a small cabinet，Inside a drawer grid put full small glass tube。

　　我有点好奇，问艾伦：司机怎么知道从你这取了多少奶？艾伦听后，带我去了他的办公室。在电脑上，我看见一个正运行的程序，显示着密集的数据。据艾伦介绍，他这台电脑跟恒天然的数据库是连通的，每一次从他这取走的奶量都会在第一时间上传到恒天然的数据库里。而恒天然每个月会根据他这边的总产量以及原奶的品质计算出他应得的收入，再行付款。而这一切计算与操作都是由电脑自动完成的。

I'm a little curious，Ask Alan：How do you know from the driver take how much milk？Allen after listen to，Take me to his office。In the computer，I saw a are operation of the procedure，That showed dense data。According to Alan introduced，He this computer with constant natural database is connected，Every time he take away from the milk of the amount in the first time will be uploaded to the constant natural data bank。And constant natural every month according to the total output of his side, as well as the quality of milk calculated the income he deserves，Any payment。And all of this calculation and the operation is completed by the computer automatically。

　　我有些不解：每天的取奶量好理解，但原奶的品质如何得知并记录的？艾伦继续介绍说，奶罐车取奶的时候，会自动收集奶样，取几家的奶就有几支奶样。然后这些奶样会被司机随身带去恒天然奶粉厂的测试办公室，在那里进行测试，测试结果会上传到恒天然的数据库里。艾伦在自家电脑上也可以读到。如此一来，他家每个月的奶产量和每批次的品质和等级都一清二楚。

I don't understand some：Take milk supply of every day understand well，But the original milk quality how know and record？Alan continue to introduce said，Take the milk milk tanker，Will automatically collect milk samples，Take a few milk have several teams with milk samples。And then the milk samples will be driver took along the natural NaiFenChang constant testing office，There to test，Test results to the constant natural data at Treasury。Allen in their computer can also read。so，His home every month of the milk yield and quality and level of each batch are understood。

　　我又问他：如果查出来奶有质量问题，比如农药、化肥等残留物超标，会有什么后果？

I asked him again：If found out milk quality problems，Such as pesticides、Fertilizer, residue to exceed bid，What are the consequences？

　　艾伦说：若因某家奶的质量问题，导致整车奶的报废，那这一家要负担这车奶中其他家的赔偿，并会被恒天然扣分。如果评分低过规定分数，这一家还会被恒天然取消会员资格。

Allen said：If because of a home milk quality problem，Cause the abandonment of the milk，That this a burden to the car with other people's compensation，And will be constant natural possessed。If the score low scores provisions，This will be a constant natural cancel membership。

　　如果想再成为会员呢？我接着问。

If want to become a member？I then asked。

　　艾伦回答：那就麻烦大了！要先整改，再申请恒天然来检查，检查通过后还要试运行，过一阵再申请复检，通过后还要等待审批。总之流程复杂、时间很久。更糟糕的是，这段时间产的牛奶不会有人来收、你也没处去卖，损失会很惨重！

Alan answer：That'll be in trouble！Must first corrective，To apply for permanent natural to check，Check through even after trial operation，To apply for a review，After examination and approval by have to wait。In short process complex、Time for a long time。worse，This period of time to produce milk will not someone to collect、You also have no place to go to sell，Losses could be very heavy！

　　艾伦介绍，这么大的风险下，没有哪个农户铤而走险，在自家的牧场上乱用农药、激素、抗生素或者化肥。

Alan introduced，So much risk，No farmers bold，In his own pasture disorderly use pesticides、hormone、Antibiotics or chemical fertilizer。

农业科技推广形成网络 Agricultural science and technology promotion form a network

　　在汉密尔顿的怀卡托科技创业产业园里，新西兰农业专家伯未克?塞托曾接受过我的访问。我们谈到了新西兰农业科技创新及推广问题。他介绍说，新西兰的农场主或相关从业人员，可以从四个渠道获取所需的农业技术信息和最新的科技成果。

In the Hamilton waikato technology incubation industry campus，New Zealand agricultural experts "not g?Torre had stopped my visit。We talked about the New Zealand agriculture science and technology innovation and promotion。He said that，New Zealand farmers or related employees，Can get what they need from four channels of agricultural information technology and the latest achievements in science and technology。

　　第一个渠道是私人农业顾问。大多数农场主都会签有一个或者两个私人顾问。这些农业顾问是各自领域里的专家，有很好的实践经验和成功的履历。他们会按照双方的约定定期来农场提供各种服务，比如土壤测试、牧草病虫害防治、牧草的育种及更替、牛羊防疫、新技术推广等。他们也会应雇主的要求随叫随到。这个渠道提供的是贴身订做的信息服务，效果好但相对会贵一点。

The first channel is private agriculture consultant。Most farmers are sign one or two a private consultant。These agricultural advisers is in their own fields of experts，Have a good practical experience and the experience of the successful。In accordance with the agreement of the parties will they regularly to farm providing various kinds of service，Such as soil testing、Grasses pest control、The grass breeding and replace、Cattle and sheep epidemic prevention、New technology promotion, etc。They also will be the employer's requirements on call。The channels provided is personal information service to order，But relatively good effect will be expensive。

　　第二个渠道是农用生产资料的生产商和零售商。这些生产商和零售商，不管是生产化肥、农药的，还是生产兽药、杀虫剂、除草剂的，都会想尽一切办法把信息传达到农民手里。很多企业会派出销售代表或者技术顾问，挨家挨户访问每个农场，讲解产品和技术，推广正在研发的新产品、新技术等。一些大的上市企业，如兽药生产商、牧草草种生产商会定期举行区域性的技术推广会。此外还有企业直邮的期刊，向重点客户推广企业的新技术成果。农户通过这个渠道获取的科技信息不需要花钱。

The second channel is the agro-science producers and retailers。These producers and retailers，Whether manufactured fertilizers、pesticide，Or veterinary drug production、pesticides、herbicide，Will do anything to pass this information on to farmers' hands。Many enterprise would send a sales representative or technical adviser，From house to house visit each farm，Interpretation of the products and technology，Promotion is developing new products、New technology。Some of the large listed enterprises，Veterinary drug manufacturers such as、Forage grass seed production chamber of commerce of promoting regularly held regional technology。In addition to the enterprise direct mail journals，To key customers new technology promotion enterprise results。Farmers get through this channel of science and technology information need not spend money。

　　第三个渠道是农业协会。协会的资金多、人脉广、跟政府和大学的关系紧密，科研能力强，所接触的新科技、新成果也更多。说起来，协会发布新技术的面最广，速度也最快。而农场方面只需交纳会费成为会员，即可享受这些增值的信息服务，算是半免费吧。

The third channel is agricultural association。Association of money、Extensive contacts、With the government and university are closely，Scientific research ability，Contact with new technology、The new results are greater。it，Association issued new technology face most widely，And fastest speed。And only pays membership dues in farm to become a member，Can enjoy the added value of information service，It is half free。

　　第四个渠道就是各种农业展览会。其中最有代表性的是每年6月第二周举办的农业博览会，这可是南半球最大最好的国际性农业博览会。大部分的新西兰农业企业和协会都会参展，发布新产品、推广新技术。这个博览会也是新西兰农民的盛会，面对来自全球最新的技术、海量的信息，没人会错过这一机会。

The fourth channel is all kinds of agriculture exhibition。One of the most representative is held in the second week of June each year of agricultural expo，This is the best of the biggest southern hemisphere international agricultural expo。Most of the New Zealand agricultural enterprise and society will be the exhibition，Issued new products、Promote new technology。The fair is New Zealand farmers event，Face comes from the global newest technology、Vast amount of information，No one will miss the chance。

　　以上四大渠道为经，农民自主横向选择为纬，最终形成农业科技成果推广到户的网络。

The four for the channel，Farmers independent horizontal choice for weft，Eventually form the agricultural science and technology achievements promotion to the household of the network。

政府的作用在哪里 The role of government in where

　　新西兰自20世纪80年代中期起，开始推行农业的市场化改革，这其中最主要的措施就是大幅减少农业领域的各项补贴。这一步看似险棋，尤其对于一个以畜牧为主业的国家。但随后的形势发展却证明了新西兰的农业不仅没有因失去大量政府补贴而变弱变小，反而愈战愈勇，愈战愈强，涌现了一批蜚声国际市场的农业品牌和企业。

New Zealand since the middle of 1980's up，Start pushing the agricultural marketization reform，This one of the main measure is to sharply reduce the agriculture subsidies。This step is seemingly risks，Particularly for a country of animal husbandry as its main business。But then the situation development, has proved the New Zealand agricultural not only the loss of government subsidies for small and weak，But the brave the war，The more, the better the war，Emerging a group of agricultural brand achieved international market and enterprises。

　　尝到甜头的新西兰政府进一步削减农业补贴。到2006年，新西兰对农业的补贴总额只占当年GDP的0.3%，是经合组织国家中对农业补贴率最低的国家。

The New Zealand government taste blood to cut the subsidies。By 2006，New Zealand to the agricultural subsidies that accounts for only of the total amount of 0.3% of GDP，Is the oecd countries of agricultural subsidies in the lowest rate of countries。

　　新西兰政府在削减农业补贴的同时，将具体的管理和经营责任交给了各种农业协会和合作组织，政府的工作重心则转为制订规则、扶持农业协会、扶持大学建设和基础研究、营造良好国家形象等。

The New Zealand government in cutting agricultural subsidies at the same time，The specific management and management responsibility to the various agricultural association and cooperation organization，The job of the government is to formulate rules focus、Support agricultural association、Support the construction and basic research university、Create a good image of the state, etc。

　　新西兰农业部前任部长吉姆?萨顿在一次接受媒体采访时说：“任何国家的政府都很难避免官僚主义，这是因为政府部门本身没有经济和利益的诉求。所以要把商业的事情交给商人去做，把农业的事情交给农民去做。政府要做的事情就是制订好游戏规则，并且扮演好公正法官的角色。”我想，他的这番话很好地概括了新西兰政府在推动农业发展与变革过程中的作用。(周炜)

New Zealand ministry of agriculture former minister Jim?Sutton in a accept media in an interview：“Any country is hard to avoid the government bureaucracy，This is because the government itself is not the economy and interest demands。So the business it over to businessman to do，The agricultural it over to farmers to do。The government should do is make good rules of the game，And play the role of the fair judge。”I want to，He spoke very well summarize the New Zealand the government in promoting agricultural development and reform process in the role。(ZhouHui)