数据来源：《营养学报》2010年第32卷第5期（作者：杨月欣、葛可佑）

Data sources：《Journal of nutrition》In 2010 the 32nd roll the fifth period（The author：YangYueXin、Ge can save）

　　制图：蔡华伟

drawing：CaiHuaWei

　　近日，网络上流传“喝牛奶可致癌”等说法。牛奶是否有害健康？牛奶的营养价值是不是被夸大了？本报记者就此采访了国内外有关部门和专家。

recently，Circulated on the Internet“Drink milk can cause cancer”Such statements。Milk is harmful to health？Milk is nutritional value has been exaggerated？Our newspaper reporter interviews the relevant departments and experts both at home and abroad。

　　

疑问一：牛奶中的IGF—1是致癌因子吗？ Doubt a：In the milk IGF 1 is carcinogenic factor？

　　【回应】 牛奶中含量远少于人体自身产生的量，没有权威论证认为其致癌

【response】 Milk content is far less than the amount of human's produce，No authority argument think the carcinogenic

　　网文称，“牛奶中的IGF—1可以刺激癌细胞活跃生长与繁殖，导致前列腺癌、乳腺癌”。

Article said，“In the milk IGF 1 can stimulate the cancer cells active growth and reproduction，Lead to prostate cancer、Breast cancer”。

　　IGF—1是什么物质？中国营养学会副理事长、全国乳品标准委员会副主任杨月欣教授告诉记者，IGF—1的全称是类胰岛素一号增长因子，对人体而言，其在血糖控制、生长发育等方面有重要作用，是一种蛋白质多肽。

IGF 1 is what material？Chinese nutrition learns a vice President、The national dairy standard committee, deputy director of the YangYueXin professor told reporters，IGF 1's full name is the insulin-like growth factor 1，For our bodies，The blood sugar control、Growth and development have an important role，Is a kind of protein peptide。

　　香港特区政府食物及卫生局发言人表示，IGF—1是生物自身分泌的一种激素样蛋白质，广泛存在于各种组织和液体里，包括人体的母乳。一般饮用的情况下，牛奶中的IGF—1不会对健康产生不良影响。

The Hong Kong SAR government food and health bureau spokesman said，IGF 1 is biological itself a hormone secreted protein sample，Exist widely in all kinds of organizations and the liquid，Including human breast milk。Under the condition of general drinking，In the milk IGF 1 does not pose a bad influence。

　　记者在美国食品与药品管理局官网看到，该机构的最新审查报告回应称：迄今为止，没有证据说明IGF—1是致癌因素。人体本身含有IGF—1，一名成年人每日体内的生成量为一千万纳克。据测定，人奶中的IGF—1含量为13至40纳克/毫升，市场上的牛奶样本IGF—1含量约2.45纳克/毫升。世界卫生组织和联合国粮农组织的食品添加剂联合专家委员会的结论也基本与此相同。

Reporter in the United States food and drug administration's official website to see，The agency's latest review report response says：So far，There is no evidence the IGF 1 is carcinogenic factors。The human body itself contains IGF 1，An adult daily body generation for ten million nanogram。According to the measurement，Human milk of IGF 1 content is 13 to 40 nanogram/ml，Market milk sample IGF 1 content about 2.45 nanogram/ml。The world health organization and the United Nations food and agriculture organization of the food additive combined the expert of the committee of conclusion is basically the same。

　　中国农业大学食品学院副教授范志红告诉记者，在多项研究当中，最低组的乳制品摄入量为每日240克（以牛奶计）以下，最高组的每日摄入量超过700克，从研究数据看，每日摄入相当于牛奶240克的乳制品不会显著增加或降低癌症的风险。

China agricultural university professor food FanZhiGong told reporters，In several studies，The minimum group of dairy products for daily intake of 240 grams（With milk meter）The following，The highest group of daily intake more than 700 grams，From the research data to see，Daily intake of milk is equivalent to 240 grams of dairy products will not significantly increase or reduce the risk of cancer。

　　香港理工大学应用生物及化学科学系教授余海虎介绍，每天喝牛奶的人，血清内IGF—1含量会比平常人稍多。不过，对于IGF—1是否直接致癌，余海虎说，学术界没有共识，目前也没有权威论证证明IGF—1是有害物质。

The Hong Kong university of science and technology application of biological and chemical science professor YuHaiHu is introduced，Drink milk everyday people，Serum inside IGF 1 content than ordinary people a little more。but，For IGF 1 whether direct carcinogenic，YuHaiHu said，Academic circles no consensus，There are no authority argument prove IGF 1 is harmful substances。

　　世界卫生组织对184个国家及地区的调查显示，在畜牧业发达的蒙古国，其前列腺癌、乳腺癌发病率为2.4/10万和8/10万，是发病率最低的国家之一。

The world health organization to 184 countries and regions of the survey，In the animal husbandry developed Mongolia，The prostate cancer、Breast cancer incidence of a disease of 2.4/10 and 8/10，Is one of the lowest incidence。

　　2009年，世界癌症研究基金会和美国癌症研究所总结近10年研究，发布了食物、营养与癌症预防领域最权威的信息，该报告由23个来自不同国家的权威专家，对全世界范围内的科学研究进行评议后完成。报告认为：牛奶降低结肠癌证据充分；降低膀胱癌证据不足；乳酪对促进结肠癌发生证据有限；奶油与促进肺癌增加证据不足；奶和奶制品与提高前列腺癌发生危险的证据不足。

In 2009,，The world cancer research fund and the American institute for cancer research summary nearly 10 years of research，Released food、Nutrition and cancer prevention areas the most authoritative information，The report of 23 from the different national authoritative experts，To the world within the scope of the scientific research after the comments。The report says：Milk reduce colon cancer evidence fully；Reduce the bladder cancer of insufficient evidence；Cheese to promote the colon cancer evidence is limited；Cream and promote lung cancer increase of insufficient evidence；Milk and dairy products and improve prostate cancer risk of insufficient evidence。

　　

疑问二：酪蛋白会导致乳腺癌吗？ Question 2：Casein can lead to breast cancer？

　　【回应】 酪蛋白广泛分布在天然乳类中，实验和研究表明牛奶与乳腺癌无关

【response】 Casein widely distributed in natural milk class，Experiment and research shows that milk has nothing to do with breast cancer

　　有网文称，牛奶中的酪蛋白会导致乳腺癌，加速癌细胞扩散。

Have article said，In the milk casein can lead to breast cancer，Accelerated cancer cells to spread。

　　据介绍，酪蛋白广泛分布在天然乳类中。牛奶中的蛋白质主要由酪蛋白和乳清蛋白组成，酪蛋白占80%以上，酪蛋白分子量大，是携带矿物质的载体，如酪蛋白磷酸肽就是其水解产物，能促进钙等矿物质吸收利用。100克牛奶中约含3克蛋白质，一斤牛奶约含15克，而我国每人每天从一日三餐平均摄取的蛋白质有70克，酪蛋白只占其中很少一部分。

According to introducing，Casein widely distributed in natural milk class。In the milk protein is mainly composed of casein and whey protein composition，Casein accounted for more than 80%，Casein molecular weight big，Is the carrier of carrying minerals，Such as casein phosphoric acid peptide is its hydrolysate，Can promote minerals such as calcium absorption and utilization。100 grams of milk containing about 3 g protein，1 catty milk containing about 15 grams，But our country from three meals a day per person a day average intake of protein with a solution of 70 grams，Casein accounts for only of among them a few。

　　网友所说的“酪蛋白致癌”依据是美国康奈尔大学教授柯林·坎贝尔的一项“大鼠实验”。大鼠被给予致癌物黄曲霉素的同时，分别喂食大豆蛋白或酪蛋白，结果显示酪蛋白相对更易促进黄曲霉素诱发癌症。

Net friend said“Casein carcinogenic”Basis is the Cornell university professor colin Campbell a“Rats experiment”。Rats were given carcinogens aflatoxin and at the same time，Feeding respectively soybean protein or casein，Results show that casein relatively more likely to promote the aflatoxin induced cancer。

　　国家食品安全风险评估专家委员会主任委员陈君石院士表示，一些媒体报道未完整呈现上述动物实验，完全没有提及黄曲霉素这一致癌物。陈君石指出：“假如没有致癌物，无论是酪蛋白还是大豆蛋白都不会引起大鼠发生癌症。”

National expert committee for food safety risk assessment of the chairman of the committee ChenJunShi said，Some media reported not integrity the animal experiment，No mention aflatoxin this carcinogens。ChenJunShi pointed out that：“If no carcinogens，Either casein or soy protein will not cause cancer in rats。”

　　杨月欣表示，黄曲霉素本来就是致癌物质，这一实验引申不出酪蛋白可以致癌的结论。

YangYueXin said，Aflatoxin was carcinogen，This experiment extended out casein can carcinogenic conclusion。

　　范志红认为，实验当中，酪蛋白用量非常大，日常喝牛奶远不可能达到这个数量，所以不能用这个动物实验来类推奶类的促癌效果。

FanZhiGong think，experiments，Casein dosage is very large，Daily drink milk far could not achieve this number，So you can't use the animal experiments to analogy dairy to promote cancer effect。

　　据专家介绍，即使是柯林·坎贝尔曾任顾问的美国癌症研究协会，也没有认同“牛奶致癌”的观点，在他们发布的关于食物与癌症关系的科研证据总结中，红肉、酒精饮料、含糖饮料被作为“有一些证据显示增加癌症风险”，但没有提到牛奶或奶制品。

According to expert introduction，Even colin Campbell once was appointed consultant of the American association for cancer research，Also have no identity“Milk cancer”Point of view，In their release about the relationship between food and cancer research evidence in the summary，Red meat、alcohol、Sugary drinks as“There is some evidence that increase cancer risk”，But did not mention milk or milk products。

　　据介绍，从1993年至2008年，国际上发表了12项关于牛奶及奶制品与人体癌症关系的研究，涵盖英国、美国、法国、荷兰、加拿大等多国，随访人数最高达30余万人，随访时间最长达65年（部分研究情况见附图）。杨月欣表示，“通过这些研究可以得出结论，牛奶及奶制品的摄入与乳腺癌无关。”

According to introducing，From 1993 to 2008，International published 12 about milk and dairy products and studying on the relationship between the human cancer，Covers British、The United States、France、The Dutch、Canada and so on many，The highest number of follow-up of more than 30 ten thousand people，The longest follow-up of 65 years（Part of the research sees attached figure）。YangYueXin said，“Through these studies may safely draw the conclusion，Milk and dairy intake and breast cancer have nothing to do。”

　　事实上，2006年12月，坎贝尔在美国接受人民日报社《生命时报》采访时表示，他的研究“并不是说乳制品会致癌”。即使是其中的酪蛋白，坎贝尔也不认为它就会致癌。

In fact，December 2006，Campbell in the United States for the People's Daily《Life times》Interviews that，His research“Is not to say that the dairy products will cause cancer”。Even if is one of the casein，Campbell also don't think it will cause cancer。

　　

疑问三：多喝牛奶会引发慢性病吗？ Question three：Drink more milk can cause chronic disease？

　　【回应】 饮奶量多或有高血脂和肥胖倾向者应选低脂脱脂奶；我国推荐每日饮奶300毫升，为世界平均水平，实际饮奶量只有20毫升

【response】 Drink milk supply more or have high blood fat and adiposity person should choose low-fat skimmed milk；Our country recommended daily drink milk 300 ml，For the world's average level，The actual drink milk supply only 20 ml

　　有媒体报道，多喝牛奶会造成慢性病（如多发性硬化病、高血压等）发病率上升，其中一个依据是，上世纪80年代，美国康奈尔大学、中国预防医学科学院（现为中国疾病预防与控制中心）等进行了慢性病和饮食调查，康奈尔大学的坎贝尔教授据此写成《中国健康调查报告》，提出“西方饮食结构中牛奶摄入过度有害”的观点。

Media reports，Drink more milk can cause chronic disease（Such as multiple sclerosis、hypertension）The rise in incidence rates，One is based on，The 1980 s，Cornell university、China prevent academy of medical sciences（Currently he is member of Chinese disease prevention and control center）A chronic disease and dietary survey，Cornell university professor Campbell written accordingly《China's health survey report》，Put forward“The western diet milk intake excessive harmful”Point of view。

　　据介绍，该项研究是对我国60余个县的慢性病发生、居民膳食、营养素摄入情况和血液、尿样等所做的调查。作为调查的组织者、《中国健康调查报告》首版作序者，陈君石接受采访时明确表示，调查的内容与这一科普书的关系甚少，更与“牛奶致癌”无关。项目真正的学术报告已由英国牛津大学出版社出版。

According to introducing，The study is to our country more than 60 county chronic diseases occur、'dietary、The intake of nutrients and blood、Urine sample survey, etc。As the organizers of the investigation、《China's health survey report》First edition preface is，ChenJunShi interviews made clear，Investigation of the content and the popular science books very little relationship，More and“Milk cancer”Has nothing to do。Project the real academic report already by Oxford University press。

　　“美国人膳食中约70%的蛋白质是动物性蛋白质，至少有一半来自奶和奶制品。欧美国家的一些人过多地喝牛奶或摄取大量乳制品，会引发一些健康问题。但把牛奶当水喝在中国人当中很少有。”陈君石说，对普通人来说，最关键的原则仍是平衡膳食。饮奶量多或有高血脂和超重肥胖倾向者应选择低脂、脱脂奶。

“American diets about 70% of the protein is animal protein，At least the other half from the milk and dairy products。Countries in Europe and America some people too much drink milk or high intake of dairy，Can cause some health problems。But when water to drink the milk among Chinese there are few。”ChenJunShi said，For ordinary people to，The key principle is still a balanced meal。Drink milk supply more or have high blood fat and overweight adiposity person should choose low fat、Skimmed milk。

　　“中国居民膳食指南”推荐的日饮奶量为300毫升，是世界的平均水平，远低于美国等国家。而实际上，据中国营养学会常务副理事长翟凤英介绍，中国营养学会近20年的调查显示，我国大城市人均日饮奶量只有44毫升，全国平均水平只有20毫升左右。

“China 'dietary guidelines”The recommended daily drink milk supply for 300 ml，Is the world's average level，Far below the United States and other countries。And in fact，According to the Chinese nutrition society executive vice chairman of the ZhaiFengYing is introduced，Chinese nutrition learns a nearly 20 years of survey，Per capita per day in the big cities of China milk supply only 44 ml，The national average only 20 ml。

　　2010年美国健康饮食指导意见提出，成人和9岁以上儿童每天应摄入750毫升低脂或脱脂牛奶，4到8岁儿童每天需摄入大约500毫升。美国农业部2010年调查显示，美国2到11岁儿童每天消耗牛奶大约1.5杯（1杯约等于236.6毫升），12到19岁青少年每天消耗0.75到1杯，20到49岁消耗量不到1杯，50岁以上的人消耗量继续略微下降。

In 2010 the United States health diet guiding opinions put forward，Adults and children over 9 years old every day, should absorb 750 ml low-fat or skim milk，4 to 8 years old the child daily intake should be about 500 ml。The United States department of agriculture in 2010 survey，The United States two to 11 years old the child daily consumption of milk approximately 1.5 cup（1 cup of approximately equal to 236.6 ml），12 to 19 youth daily consumption 0.75 to 1 cup，20 to 49 years old consumption less than 1 cup，People 50 years old and older consumption continue to decline slightly。

　　

疑问四：牛奶的营养价值被夸大了吗？ Doubt four：Milk nutritional value was exaggerated？

　　【回应】 牛奶不是含钙最丰富的食物，但营养成分易被吸收

【response】 Milk is not the most abundant calcium food，But nutrition easy be absorbed

　　有网帖提出，海带、虾皮的钙含量比牛奶高十几倍，许多蔬菜钙含量也高于牛奶。也有网友称，喝牛奶会导致人体偏酸性，钙元素会从骨头里溶出来，导致钙流失。

Have net post puts forward，kelp、The calcium content in dried small shrimps than milk high more than ten times，Many vegetables calcium content is also higher than milk。Also netizens said，Drink milk can cause human body partial acid，Calcium from bones will dissolve out，Lead to loss of calcium。

　　美国食品安全技术协会高级会员、普度大学食品工程博士王泽斌对记者说，牛奶的确不是含钙最丰富的食物，它的优势在于其中的钙很容易被吸收，而一些植物性食物中的钙会受到植酸、草酸等成分的影响而吸收困难。同时，人体有非常精密的酸碱调节系统，吃什么食物就改变人体酸碱性的说法并不科学。

The United States food safety technology association senior member、Purdue university food engineering doctor WangZeBin told reporters，Milk is the most abundant calcium food，Its advantage is one of the calcium is easy to be absorbed，And some plant food the calcium can be affected by phytic acid、The influence of the composition such as oxalate and absorption difficult。At the same time，The human body has a very sophisticated ph adjustment system，Eat what food is to change human body acid alkali is not science。

　　余海虎说，牛奶含有人体生长发育和新陈代谢所必需的多种营养成分，如蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素A、维生素D及钙等，但这些成分也可从其他食物中获取，牛奶最重要的价值在于其营养几乎全部可被人体消化吸收，故被称为完全营养食物。

YuHaiHu said，Milk contains human growth and metabolism necessary for lots of nutrition，Such as protein、fat、carbohydrates、Vitamin A、Vitamin D and calcium, etc，But these composition can also get from other food，Milk is the most important value lies in its nutrition almost all can be human digestion and absorption，Reason is called complete nutrition food。

　　据了解，目前，世界卫生组织把乳制品人均消费量列为衡量一个国家生活水平的主要指标之一，中国营养学会及美国农业部的膳食指南也都推荐牛奶为优质蛋白来源。

According to understand，At present，The world health organization the dairy products per capita consumption as the measure of a national standard of living is one of the main indexes，The Chinese nutrition society and the United States department of agriculture dietary guidelines are recommended for high grade protein milk source。

　　范志红说，各国营养学家均同意，奶类是钙、维生素A、维生素B族等微量营养素的重要来源。在我国儿童少年和中老年妇女当中所做的研究表明，增加奶类摄入对于身高增长和骨质密度的保持是有益的。我国的膳食结构中，钙摄入普遍不足；欧美国家钙摄入量高，蔬果豆类则相对不足。健康饮食的关键在于恰当地平衡各类食物，而不是妖魔化某一类食物，神化另一类食物。（杜放、阿润参与采写）

FanZhiGong said，Countries nutritionists are agree with，Dairy calcium is、Vitamin A、Vitamin B complex and trace nutrients important source。In our country the middle-aged and old women and children in the study，Increase the dairy intake for height growth and bone density of conservation is beneficial。China's diet structure，The insufficiency of calcium intake；The European and American countries high calcium intake，Fruits and vegetables beans is relatively insufficient。The key to a healthy diet is to properly balance all kinds of food，Rather than demonize one kind of food，Deification another kind of food。（DuFang、Participate in o embellish concludes）

　　（本报记者 王君平 左 娅 孟 辉 王梦纯 李永宁 丁小希）

（Our reporter WangJunPing left da meng hui WangMengChun LiYongNing DingXiaoXi）