秋冬是各种呼吸道疾病的高发季节，这一时期昼夜温差大、多风、干燥。正常成人每天吸入10000升左右的空气，因此秋冬时节呼吸器官最易受外界病原体的侵袭而致感染。

Qiu dong is all sorts of respiratory disease incidence season,This period the temperature difference between day and night/windy/drying.The normal adult every suction 10000 liters of air,Therefore qiu dong season respiratory organs most vulnerable to external pathogen attacks and cause infection.

　　呼吸道感染可分为上呼吸道感染与下呼吸道感染。上呼吸道感染分为病毒性(70%~80%)和细菌性(20%~25%)。急性上呼吸道感染最常见，急性上呼吸道感染涵盖上呼吸道的很多疾病，有普通感冒，还有流行性感冒、急性咽喉炎和扁桃腺炎等。下呼吸道感染包括支气管炎和肺炎，有慢性气道疾病基础者还会出现急性发作或加重。

Respiratory infections can be divided into the upper respiratory tract infection and lower respiratory tract infection.Upper respiratory tract infection divided into viral(70% ~ 80%)And bacterial(20% ~ 25%).The most common acute upper respiratory tract infection,Acute upper respiratory tract infection of the upper respiratory tract covers many diseases,Have the common cold,And influenza/Acute sore throat and tonsillitis, etc.Lower respiratory infection include bronchitis and pneumonia,With chronic airway disease foundation person also can appear acute attack or aggravate.

上呼吸道感染 Upper respiratory tract infection

休息、饮水、按需服药 rest/Drinking water/According to the need to take medicine

　　普通感冒及流行性感冒都是由病毒感染引起的。普通感冒是指“鼻感冒”，对人体的影响通常只限于呼吸系统，症状包括流涕、鼻塞和喉咙痛、咳嗽、发热等。一般5天左右便可痊愈。流行性感冒是由流感病毒感染所致。流感症状可累及全身，包括全身酸痛、头痛、肌肉及骨痛、发热、乏力、食欲不振、咳嗽、鼻塞等，严重时会引起肺炎及其他并发症，甚至致命。急性咽喉炎和扁桃腺炎的症状与感冒类似，需警惕的病原体是A型溶血链球菌所致的扁桃腺炎，易导致风湿热，甚至发展至危害心脏。急性上呼吸道感染需要谨慎处理，不能单纯服用对症处理药物并带病加班或劳累，需注意休息、充足睡眠和大量饮水，并按需服用对症药物，必要时服用抗细菌或抗病毒药物，如病情仍然不能改善，建议及时就医。

The common cold and flu is caused by a virus infection.The common cold is refers to the"Nasal cold",The influence of human body is usually confined to the respiratory system,Symptoms include runny nose/A sore throat and a stuffy nose/cough/Fever, etc.General about five days can be healed.Influenza is caused by influenza virus infection.Flu symptoms can involve the whole body,Including systemic ache/headache/Muscle and bone pain/fever/Lack of power/Loss of appetite/cough/Snuffle, etc,When serious cause pneumonia and other complications,And even lethal.Acute sore throat and tonsillitis symptoms similar to catch a cold,Need to alert pathogens is type A hemolytic streptococcus caused by the tonsillitis,Easy to rheumatic fever,Even development to harm the heart.Acute upper respiratory tract infection need careful treatment,Can't simply taking symptomatic treatment drugs and take a disease to work overtime or tired,Need to pay attention to rest/Get enough sleep and drinking lots of water,And according to the need to take suit drugs,When necessary, take antibacterial and antiviral drugs,Such as illness still can't improve,Suggestion timely seek medical advice.

下呼吸道感染 Lower respiratory infection

遵医嘱应用抗生素 Follow the doctor's advice use of antibiotics

　　下呼吸道感染病原体通常以细菌为多，除细菌和病毒外，还包括非典型病原体如支原体和衣原体等，此时会有较多的咳嗽、发热，甚至胸痛、气急，部分患者还会出现痰中带血。如果出现咳嗽次数、咳痰量增加，或者痰变得浓厚，或出现发热，或气急较前加重等，此时最好不要擅自吃药，应该接受医生指导，视情况服用正确的抗生素和其他药物。中华医学会制订的《社区获得性肺炎诊治指南》，是循证医学与临床经验的结合，用于科学指导抗感染治疗。患者应咨询医生后，遵医嘱应用抗生素，不要随意使用抗生素。

Infection of lower respiratory tract pathogen usually in which bacteria,In addition to the bacteria and viruses,Also include atypical pathogens such as mycoplasma without the original body, etc,At this time there will be more cough/fever,Even chest pain/Blue in,Some patients will also appear blood in phlegm.If a number of cough/Expectoration increased,Or sputum become strong,Or appears fever,Or blue in the previous increase, etc,At this time had better not take medicine without authorization,Should accept the guidance,As the case taking correct antibiotics and other drugs.The Chinese medical association established[Community acquired pneumonia make a diagnosis and give treatment guidelines],Evidence-based medicine is the combination of experience and clinical,Used in scientific guidance anti-infection treatment.Patients should be after consult a doctor,Follow the doctor's advice use of antibiotics,Don't use of antibiotics at will.

呼吸道疾病 Respiratory diseases

预防为主及时治疗 Prevention timely treatment

　　常说的“春捂秋冻”并不适合有慢性气道疾病的患者。进入秋冬时节，要注意居室通风，人体劳逸结合，做有氧运动，少去人多的公共场所，多喝水，让气道黏膜保持湿润。要增加营养，多吃水果蔬菜，补充天然维生素。易感人群应及时进行流感和肺炎疫苗的接种，有基础疾病者需及时就医，控制好基础疾病，避免加重。对于抗生素的应用，要有针对性，避免滥用。

Often said"Spring cover autumn frozen"Is not for had chronic airway disease.Into qiu dong season,Attention should be paid to the bedroom ventilation,Human psychotic,Doing aerobic exercise,Less to many public places,Drink more water,Let the airway mucosa keep wet.To increase the nutrition,Eat more fruit and vegetables,Natural vitamin supplement.Easy feeling crowd should be timely to influenza and pneumonia vaccine inoculation,Have the basic diseases should be timely seek medical advice,Good control of basic diseases,Avoid aggravating.For the application of antibiotics,To targeted,Avoid abuse.

　　(徐金富 作者为上海市肺科医院呼吸二科副主任，副主任医师，副教授，硕士生导师)

(The author XuJinFu for Shanghai pulmonary hospital respiratory two vice director of division,Of doctor of vice director of,Associate professor,Master unripe adviser)