(声明：刊用《中国新闻周刊》稿件务经书面授权) (statement:reproduced[China news weekly]For the manuscript written authorization)

　原标题：人体的“社交网络” Original title:human"Social network"

　　人类对肠道菌群的研究早在100多年前就有了。但新的研究手段令这个古老的课题又焕发出生命之光。它是时下最热门的科学前沿，对它的探索，已使国际科学界联合起来，着手进行“人类第二基因组计划”

Human intestinal flora research as early as 100 years ago had.But the new study means make the old issues and coruscate gives light of life.It is nowadays the most popular science frontier,To explore,Has made the international scientific community together,Embarking on"The human genome project"

　　诺贝尔医学奖获得者乔舒亚·莱德伯格曾说，“人是与其共生的微生物构成的超级生物。”人体内寄生着各种微生物，光是在肠道里，就有几千种、总重达1.5公斤的细菌。一直以来，科学家们只是隐约知道肠道菌群影响人体健康，但对于究竟有什么影响、如何发挥作用却不甚了了。

Nobel Prize winner Joshua ryder's said,"Man is and its symbiotic microbes constitute a super biological."The human body the parasitic microorganisms,Just in the intestines,There is thousands of/The total weight of 1.5 kg of bacteria.Has been,The scientists just slightly know intestinal flora affect human body health,But to what effect/How to play a role is unclear.

　　最早研究肠道菌群的是1908年诺贝尔医学奖得主、细胞免疫学说的建立者梅契尼科夫。这位流亡到法国的俄国动物学家晚年开始琢磨衰老与长寿。他发现保加利亚有很多长寿老人，而他们的共同点是爱喝酸奶。通过进一步研究他认为，拥有健康的肠道菌群有助于长寿。梅氏就此写了一本名为《延长生命》的书，可算作是肠道菌群领域最早的论述，但这是本未经同行审议的学术著作。

The earliest research intestinal flora is the winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize in medicine/Cellular immune theory founder mei qi nico husband.The exile to France in the Russian zoologist on the idea of aging and longevity.He found that there are a lot of Bulgaria longevity,And they all have in common is that they love to drink yogurt.Through the further research he thinks,Have a healthy intestinal flora to longevity.In learning to write a book called[To lengthen life]book,Can be classified as intestinal flora of the field is discussed,But it is this without peer review of academic works.

　　尽管如此，人们在治疗中已零星地运用肠道菌群的概念。做完手术的病人，由于术后大量使用抗生素，破坏了肠道菌群，易出现腹泻不止的情况。而这种腹泻又很难再用药物来止住。有的医生灵机一动，将健康人的粪便装进胶囊，让病人服下去，结果发现效果不错。于是，这种思路得到推广，并加以规范。后来，医生们就开始采用经过处理的粪便悬浮液来为病人灌肠。这方法听起来有些“重口味”，因此它有一个含蓄的名称：细菌疗法。这种治疗腹泻和肠道炎症的做法，最早在1970年代就有报道，并延续至今，尽管也发了不少学术文章，不过并非主流的治疗方法。在临床上，肠道菌群也不是常规的诊断项目。

Even so,People in the treatment has been sporadically use the concept of intestinal flora.Finish operation patients,Because of the use of antibiotics,Destroy the intestinal flora,Easy occurrence diarrhoea more than situation.And this kind of diarrhea and difficult to use the drugs to stop.Some doctors brainstorm,Will be healthy feces sacking capsule,Let patients take down,The results showed that the result is right.so,This kind of thinking to get promotion,And to standardize the.later,The doctors began to use after processing waste suspension for patient enema.This method sounds"Heavy taste",So it has a reservation name:Bacteria therapy.The treatment of diarrhea and intestinal inflammation in the practice,The first reported in the 1970 s,And continues today,Although also sent a lot of academic articles,But not the mainstream treatment.In the clinical,The intestinal flora is not conventional diagnosis project.

　　很长一段时间内，肠道菌群理论一直没有成为学术界认真对待的课题，造成这种状况的一个重要原因是研究手段所限。在过去，要想认识一个细菌，先要将它分离培养，再用显微镜去鉴定。但肠道菌群有几千个，且都是厌氧菌，一遇到有氧环境就迅速死掉，人们很难把它们逐一分离出来并识别。有些细菌是共生关系，也无法单独培养。即使是现在，在技术上也不能完全做到这一点。此外，肠道菌群本身的复杂也增加了人们认识它真面目的难度——就跟指纹与眼睛虹膜一样，这世上没有哪两个人的肠道菌群一模一样。

For a long time,The intestinal flora theory has not become serious academic subject,This situation caused by one of the most important reason is the limit of the research method.In the past,If you want to know a bacteria,First it will separate training,Garnish with a microscope to identification.But the intestinal flora has thousands of,And are anaerobic bacteria,Encounter a aerobic environment quickly die,It is difficult to separate them by and recognition.Some bacteria are symbiotic relationship,Can't separate training.Even now,In the technology can not be completely do this.In addition,The intestinal flora itself complicated also increased the difficulty of people know it true colours - like fingerprint with eyes like the iris,This world no two personal intestinal flora as like as two peas.

　　肠道菌群研究领域随着生物医学进入基因时代而变得活跃起来。尤其是自2005年左右第二代基因测序技术出现以后，快速、一次性、大规模地解码DNA成为现实。科学家们从此可以扔下显微镜，转而从基因的层面了解肠道细菌。

The intestinal flora research field as biomedical into gene era and become alive.Especially since the 2005 years the second generation of gene sequencing technology appear later,fast/one-time/Large-scale decoding DNA to become a reality.Scientists can now cast microscope,Turn from gene level understand intestinal bacteria.

　　生物学家曾经以为，人体是一座自给自足的生物孤岛，然而在过去10年里，研究人员证明，人体是一个复杂的生态系统，或者说是一个“社会网络”，其中有数以万亿的细菌和其他微生物寄居在我们的皮肤、阴部、口腔，尤其是肠道里。事实上，人体当中细菌的细胞数量是人体自身细胞的十倍之多。而且，这些微生物细胞及其基因(被称为“元基因组”)形成一个混合的小社会，不仅不会危害人类健康，还会在消化、生长和自我防御等方面成为我们基本生理机能的助手。

Biologists have thought,The human body is a self-sufficient biological island,However, in the past ten years,The researchers proved,The human body is a complex ecological system,Or is it a"Social network",Among them there are trillions of bacteria and other microorganisms living in our skin/privates/oral,Especially in the intestinal.In fact,The human body is the number of bacterial cells cell of human body oneself ten times more.and,The microbial cell and gene(called"Yuan genome")To form a hybrid small society,Not only will not harm human health,Will in the digestive/Growth and self defense, etc as our basic physiological function assistant.

　　这方面最好的例子是丁酸盐。人体肠道的上皮细胞每3天脱落更新一次，这一代谢过程需要一种名叫丁酸盐的物质。但食物中很少直接含有丁酸盐，人体自身也不能合成，它的主要来源是肠道菌群的代谢废弃物。更有趣的是，肠道细菌要靠“吃”膳食纤维才能产生丁酸盐，而膳食纤维又恰恰是人体不能自身消化的。因此，人对膳食纤维的需要，不仅是为自己，而且也是为了这些细菌，否则肠道上皮细胞长不好，就容易长出息肉乃至患结肠癌。

The best example is butyrate.Human intestinal epithelial cells every three days off update once,The metabolic process needs to be a named butyrate material.But few food directly contain butyrate,The human body itself can't synthesis,It is the main source of intestinal flora metabolic waste.More interesting is,Intestinal bacteria to depend on"eat"Dietary fiber can produce butyrate,And dietary fiber and the body can't on its own is light.so,For the need of dietary fiber,Is not only for yourself,But also for these bacteria,Otherwise the intestinal epithelial cells does not grow well,It is easy to grow polyp and colon cancer.

　　鉴于人与寄生于其体内的微生物的关系如此密切，2005年，美、德、日、中等13国在法国召开人类微生物组圆桌会议，会议发表的《巴黎宣言》宣布启动人类第二基因组计划——“人类元基因组计划”。在上世纪90年代，历时13年、耗费30亿美元的人类基因组计划曾测定了人类自身的25000多个基因。而人类第二基因组计划的测序工作量，预计至少相当于人类基因组计划的10倍。

In view of man and parasitic in the body of the microbial relationship so close,In 2005,,beauty/DE/day/Medium 13 countries held in France human microbial group round table,The conference[The Paris declaration]Announced the start of human genome project --"The human genome project yuan".In the 1990 s,Lasted 13 years/Cost $3 billion of the human genome project has determined the human beings' own more than 25000 genes.And the human genome sequencing work plan,The human genome project is expected to at least equal to ten times.

　　上海交通大学教授赵立平代表中国参加了上述会议。根据这个会议，各国自2007年始陆续开展了行动。其中比较大的项目有，美国斥资1亿美元的“人体微生物群系项目”，欧盟总经费达1200万欧元的“人类元基因组第七框架项目”。2008年，根据中法签署的《中法肠道元基因组研究联合声明》，上海交大联合中科院几家单位，与法国农科院联合启动了“中法肠道元基因组合作项目”，着眼于肠道菌群与肥胖及糖尿病的研究，由赵立平任项目负责人。目前，该项目的第一阶段工作已经完成。

Shanghai jiaotong university professor ZhaoLiPing represent China to participate in the meeting.According to the meeting,Countries since 2007 in the beginning in action.The larger projects have,The United States $100 million"The human microbiome project",The European Union funds for a total of 12 million euro"The human genome project $7 framework".In 2008,,According to the method of the signed[Method in intestinal yuan genome research joint statement],Shanghai jiaotong university combined several units of the Chinese academy of sciences,And the French academy launched a joint"Method in intestinal yuan genome project cooperation",Focusing on the intestinal flora and obesity and diabetes research,By ZhaoLiPing as project leader.At present,The purpose of the first phase of the work has already been done.

　　在过去10年，进入到这个领域的学者，几乎都没有医学背景，大多数都是像赵立平一样的微生物学家。医学家习惯于从某一种病原菌出发，去寻找特定的微生物对人体健康的影响。而面对肠道菌群这样一团杂乱无章的细菌混合体时，只有熟悉微生物生态学的科学家们才能游刃有余。“这实际上是两种思维模式：自下而上与自上而下，”赵立平说。在最开始，大家需要把肠道菌群本身的情况摸清楚，共有多少种菌都有什么基因。而现在已经进入第二阶段，要研究与疾病相关的都有哪些关键菌群，它们都是怎么发挥作用的。

In the past ten years,To enter the field of scholars,Almost all have no medical background,Most are like ZhaoLiPing same microbiologist.Medical used to from a kind of pathogenic bacteria start,To find a specific microbial effects on human health.And in the face of the intestinal flora such a group of bacteria in a clutter,Only familiar with the microbial ecology of the scientists can do a job with skill and ease."This is actually two modes of thinking:Bottom-up and top-down,"ZhaoLiPing said.In the beginning,You need to put the intestinal flora itself situation touch clear,How many kinds of bacteria have what genes.And now has entered the second stage,To research and disease related what are the key flora,They are how to play a role.

　　2012年11月，国家自然科学基金委在上海召开了一次会议，探讨未来中国的肠道菌群研究该怎么走。与会专家，除了赵立平等两三位微生物学者，绝大部分都是临床各科的医生。对此，赵立平坦承，“随着肠道菌群的基本情况越来越清楚，肠道菌群的致病机理将会是研究的重点。医学家在这个天地大有作为，未来他们将占据主流。”(记者/ 钱炜)

In November 2012,The national natural science foundation in Shanghai held a meeting,Discuss the future China's intestinal flora research how to go.The experts,In addition to ZhaoLi equality LiangSanWei microbiologists,The majority is for each family of clinical doctors.this,ZhaoLiPing admits,"With the basic situation of intestinal flora is more and more clear,Intestinal pathogenic mechanism will be the focus of research.Medical scientist in the heaven and earth as a,In the future they will occupy the mainstream."(Reporter/QianHui)