人体器官捐献工作年内展开 盘点各国如何破解其中困局 Human organ donation work years to count how many countries have cracked the dilemma

　　据中国之声《全球华语广播网》报道，我国人体器官捐献资源匮乏，来源混乱，这几年一直是舆论关注的话题。在进行了3年的试点工作之后，昨天，卫生部和中国红十字总会联合召开会议表示，人体器官捐献工作将在2013年全面推开。

According to the voice of China[Global Chinese radio network]reports,The human body organ donation resources in our country,Source of confusion,Over the years has been the public opinion.In the pilot work for three years,yesterday,The ministry of health held a meeting with the China Red Cross association said,Human organ donation work will be fully implemented in 2013.

　　中国器官捐献委员会委员王海波介绍，现在我国已经初步建立起了器官分配和共享系统，希望能公平公正公开地解决器官分配问题。

China's organ donation committee Wang Haibo is introduced,Now our country has preliminarily established organ allocation and sharing system,Hope to be able to fair and open to solve organ allocation problem.

　　王海波：工作流程还有技术的流程国家层面都准备好了，现在就是要通知医院也准备好，公平的分配就是器官要去到最需要和最合适的患者身上，没有其他任何的社会经济学的考虑，从数量来讲研发了清华大学的计算机系统，很有效果的，非常公开透明和公平。

Wang Haibo:Work processes and technology process at the national level are all ready,Now is to notify the hospital is ready,Fairness in the allocation of organs is going to need the most and the most appropriate patients,No other social economic consideration,From the quantity in terms of research and development of tsinghua university computer systems,Have the effect very much,,Very transparent and fair.

　　在欧洲，不同的器官捐献制出现迥然不同的结果。西班牙采取"事先假定"制度--除非患者和家人明确提出不捐献，否则每个人都是捐献者；而英国实行的是"告知制度"。《全球华语广播网》英国观察员潘采夫：

In Europe,Different organ donation system appear very different results.Spain to take"Assume that in advance"System - unless specifically otherwise patients and family members,Otherwise, everyone is a donor;Britain is a"Inform system".[Global Chinese radio network]British observers pan mining:

　　潘采夫：英国是告知同意制度，通过各种手段咨询你，比如寄信件给你，办驾照、办税的时候会咨询你，是不是愿意成为器官捐献的志愿者，如果你同意的话，他会给采取这样的措施，但是如果去世的时候你的家属明确反对，他们也将放弃。

Pan mining,:Britain is told that agreed to system,Through various means to consult you,Such as send letters to you,Get a driver's license/Tax will be consulting you,Is willing to be the organ donation volunteers,If you agree,He will to take such measures,But if your families clearly against death,They will give up.

　　英国信息公开是优点，但作为全世界器官捐献率最低的国家，英国政府也颇为头疼：

The information disclosure is an advantage,But as the organ donation of the lowest rates around the world,The British government is quite a headache:

　　潘采夫：他们也想了各种办法，比如也想学习西班牙，假定患者同意，甚至愿意出钱免费给志愿者办葬礼，有人提议要改一条法令：家属反对，如果当事人同意了，家属反对无效，种种办法来提高英国的公民器官的捐献率。

Pan mining,:They also want to a variety of methods,Such as also want to learn Spanish,Assume that patients agreed to,It's even willing to pay for free to volunteer for funeral,A proposal to change a law:Family members of the opposition,If the parties agreed,Family members against invalid,Citizens of all sorts of ways to improve the organ donation rates.

　　过去日本人需要经历为亲人守灵到安放骨灰一系列仪式后，才能接受亲人离世的事实，但近2、30年来日本人的生死观念发生了不小的变化，同意捐赠遗体器官的人数已经达到了几十万，快速增长的人数以至于使一些接收部门难以应对，不得不控制志愿者人数。《全球华语广播网》日本观察员黄学清：

Past the Japanese need to experience the family shrine to put ashes after a series of rituals,To accept the fact that their loved ones died,But nearly 2/30 years a lot of changes have taken place in the Japanese concept of life and death,With the number of body parts has reached hundreds of thousands of,The rapid growth of some receiving department Numbers that make it difficult to cope with,Have to control the number of volunteers.[Global Chinese radio network]Japanese observers Huang Xueqing:

　　黄学清：除了社会观念的变化，民间团体和财团的作用不容忽视，日本有一个财团法人脏器移植中心，为方便人们进行遗体捐赠登记，这个机构在许多公共场合安放了器官捐献医院卡，人们在医院、政府机关甚至商店都能轻易拿到，在法律方面，政府对遗体捐赠者没有物质奖励，法律还限制儿童注册捐献遗体，规定15周岁以上公民才容许登记捐献，在获得器官移植方面也是严格按照先后次序来决定优先权的，值得一提的是医生在面对捐赠者的遗体进行医学活动之前都会为捐赠者举行慰灵仪式表达对捐赠者的尊敬和感谢。

Huang Xueqing:In addition to the change of the idea in society,Civil society and the role of the consortium should not be ignored,Japan has a consortium corporation organ transplantation center,For the convenience of people to register as a body donor,It planted in many public hospital of organ donation card,People in the hospital/Government offices and even stores can easily get,In the aspect of law,The government is not material rewards for donors,Law also registered to donate limit children's body,Rules allow registered more than 15 years of age citizens donations,In organ transplantation is in strict accordance with the order to determine priorities,Worth mentioning is a doctor in the face of the donator's body before medical activities for comfort spirit ceremony to express respect for donors and thanks.

　　昨天的会议上，前卫生部副部长黄洁夫介绍，我国现在的器官移植等待比例是30比1，而在美国是4：1。美国需要接受移植手术的病人必须在一个全国系统内登记，一旦捐赠人出现，电脑系统会寻找最佳匹配并根据治疗需要的迫切性决定移植候选人。《全球华语广播网》美国观察员余浩：

The meeting yesterday,Former deputy health minister huang jiefu,The proportion of organ transplant waiting for now is 30 to 1,In the United States is 4:1.America needs to accept transplant patients must register in a national system,Once a donor,Computer system will search for the best match is determined according to the treatment of the urgency of the need to transplant candidates.[Global Chinese radio network]American observers Yu Hao:

　　余浩：由医生评估会诊，确认适于器官移植的患者就可以加入一个全国性的数据库也叫做等待名单，但是在这个名单上并无先后顺序，何时能够等到合适的器官？最主要的因素是捐献器官者与患者之间的匹配度，如血型、身材大小等，还要考虑患者病情危急程度，捐献器官者所在医院与患者所在医院的距离，举个例子，心脏和肺在人体外只能存活4到6个小时，因此这种器官只能在就近的医院进行移植，由于人体器官供不应求，美国平均每天有19个患者在等待肾移植中死亡，他们一般都等了7到9年还没等到合适的肾因此现在美国有一些民间组织在提倡人们进行活体自愿捐献。

Yu Hao:Assessment by a doctor consultation,Confirm suitable for transplant patients to be able to join a national database is also called a waiting list,But no order on this list,Can you wait for suitable organs?The main factor is the degree of match between donor organs and patients,Such as blood type/Body size, etc.,Also consider patients in critical condition,Donor organs on the hospital and the patients in the hospital,Take, for example,The heart and lungs can only survive outside the body for 4 to 6 hours,So the organ transplant only at the nearest hospital,Due to the shortage of organs,Us every day on average 19 patients waiting for death in renal transplantation,They often had waited seven to nine years haven't wait until the right kidney so now in the United States, there are some folk organization in promoting people in live voluntary donations.

　　美国尽管是等待捐献是4：1的比例但是仍然这么缺乏。捐赠制度较完善的国家，器官捐赠很少出现家属事后反悔的情况。但是生命伦理学专家翟晓梅提出，这种情况在中国却并不少见：

Although America is waiting for donation is 4:The proportion of 1 but I still so lacking.Donation system more perfect,Organ donation families rarely regret afterwards.But bioethics experts zhai xiaomei is put forward,This kind of situation is not rare in China:

　　翟晓梅：一旦死了以后，家属同意不同意，这就成了一个特别关键的问题，在我国很多的情况下，他本人有很好的捐赠意愿能够得到确认的捐赠意愿，家属不同意。所以如何提高捐赠率变成了一个如何提高家属的同意率，这里当然有文化的原因有社会的原因，有伦理学的原因，也有法律的原因。

Zhai xiaomei:Once after the death,Family members agree to disagree,This is a special key,In many cases in our country,He has good intentions can get confirmation 'willingness,Family don't agree with.So how to improve donation rates became a how to improve the family agreed rate,Here of course there are cultural reasons for social reasons,For ethical reasons,There are legal reasons.

　　即便如此，翟女士还是提出--捐赠虽然高尚，但绝不能强迫。

Even so,Although Ms. Zhai, donations or noble,But must not be forced.

　　翟晓梅：第一从伦理学的论证上毕竟器官是亲人自己的财产，即使是高尚的利他的行为也应该看作是理想的道德行为，不能强迫。这一点是在整个宣传过程中在整个让全社会的了解这个过程中必须要强调的。

Zhai xiaomei:The first argument on organ is, after all loved ones from ethics own property,Even the noble altruistic behavior should also be regarded as the ideal moral behavior,Can't force.This is in the entire process of propaganda in the whole society must emphasize the understanding of this process.