日前，国务院印发了《关于深入推进义务教育均衡发展的意见》（以下简称《意见》），对在新形势下推进义务教育均衡发展提出了明确要求。为此，记者采访了教育部有关负责人。

a,The state council issued the the[About advancing the compulsory education balanced development opinions](Hereinafter referred to as[opinion]),In the new situation to promote the balanced development of compulsory education put forward clear requirements.therefore,The reporter interviewed the ministry of education related person in charge.

　　问：在全面实现“两基”的基础上，提出深入推进义务教育均衡发展，有何时代背景和历史意义？

ask:In the full realization"Two base"Based on,Put forward further compulsory education balanced development,What is the age background and historical significance?

　　答：2011年，随着西藏、四川、青海、甘肃等四省区通过“两基”国检，我国所有县级单位均普及了义务教育。从1986年《义务教育法》颁布算起，我国用25年全面普及了城乡免费义务教育，从根本上解决了适龄儿童少年“有学上”问题。义务教育全面普及后，区域之间、城乡之间、学校之间办学水平和教育质量差距问题凸显出来，成为择校、学生学业负担过重、乱收费等热点难点问题的深层次原因。推进义务教育均衡发展，保障所有适龄儿童少年接受公平而有质量的义务教育成为新时期义务教育战略性任务。

a:In 2011,,As Tibet/sichuan/qinghai/Gansu province through four"Two base"Countries inspection,All units at the county level in our country are universal compulsory education.From 1986[Compulsory education]Promulgated counting,With 25 years in the urban and rural comprehensive popularization free compulsory education,Fundamentally solve the school-age children"A study on"problems.Compulsory education after the comprehensive popularization,Between regional/Between urban and rural areas/Between school running level and education quality gap issues come into play,Will become/Students' academic burden/To collect fees in disorder, etc hot difficult problem is the deep reason.Promote balanced development of compulsory education,Ensure all school-age children or adolescents receive the fair and quality education in the new period the obligation of become compulsory education a strategic task.

　　多年来，各地积极创新实践，切实推进工作，探索了不少推进义务教育均衡发展的好做法。有的开展标准化学校建设，改造薄弱学校；有的着力缩小城乡之间、学校之间图书、设备差距；有的均衡配置教师资源，创新教师补充和流动机制；有的推行集团化办学、学区化管理，共享优质教育资源。2011年和2012年，教育部与各省（区、市）和新疆生产建设兵团签署了义务教育均衡发展备忘录，各省还与各地（市）或县（市、区）签署义务教育均衡发展责任书，形成了一级抓一级、层层抓落实的义务教育均衡发展协同推进机制。

For many years,All positive innovation practice,Promote work,Explore the many propulsion compulsory education balanced development of good practice.Some carry out standardized school construction,Reform weak school;Some focus on the narrow between urban and rural areas/Between school books/Equipment gap;Some equilibrium configuration teacher resources,Innovative teachers supplement and flow mechanism;Some implementation of group education/District change management,High quality education resources sharing.In 2011 and 2012,The ministry of education and the provinces(area/city)And xinjiang production and construction corps signed the obligation education balanced development memo,The provinces all over with(city)Or county(city/area)Signed the obligation education balanced development responsibility,Formed a level 1 catch level/Layer upon layer grasps carries out the obligation education balanced development collaborative promoting mechanism.

　　2006年新修订的《义务教育法》要求，“国务院和县级以上地方人民政府应当合理配置教育资源，促进义务教育均衡发展”。《教育规划纲要》明确提出，到2020年，基本实现区域内义务教育均衡发展，切实缩小校际差距，加快缩小城乡差距，努力缩小区域差距。为全面实现《教育规划纲要》提出的均衡发展目标，各级政府和有关部门必须进一步加大力度，加快进度，为此，有必要在教育部2005年、2010年出台的推进义务教育均衡发展的意见基础上，由国务院出台相关政策措施，进一步明确地方各级政府责任，统筹教育资源，确保完成预定目标。

In 2006 the new revised[Compulsory education]requirements,"The state council and the local people's government at or above the county level shall be the reasonable allocation of education resources,Promote balanced development of compulsory education".[Education plan for]Clearly put forward,By 2020,Realize the basic area compulsory education balanced development,Schools to narrow gap,To speed up the gap,Efforts to narrow the disparity in different regions.To achieve[Education plan for]The balanced development of target is put forward,Governments at all levels and relevant departments must be intensified,To speed up the progress,therefore,It is necessary in the ministry of education in 2005/In 2010 on the introduction of the propulsion obligation education balanced development based on the opinions of the,Issued by the state council relevant policies and measures,Local governments at various levels shall be further clear responsibility,Overall education resources,Be sure to complete the intended target.

　　《意见》的出台和实施，体现了党中央、国务院对教育事业的高度重视和关心，对于深入推进义务教育均衡发展，着力提升农村学校和薄弱学校办学水平，全面提高义务教育质量，努力实现所有适龄儿童少年“上好学”，对于坚持以人为本、促进人的全面发展，解决义务教育深层次矛盾、推动教育事业科学发展，促进教育公平、构建社会主义和谐社会，对于进一步提升国民素质、建设人力资源强国，都具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。

[opinion]Come on stage and implementation,Embodies the party central committee/State council on education career attach great importance and concern,To further promote the balanced development of compulsory education,To improve rural schools and weak school level,Improve the quality of compulsory education,Efforts to achieve all school-age children"Learn on",To adhere to the people-oriented/Promote the all-round development of human beings,Solve the compulsory education deep contradictions/Promote scientific development education career,Promote education fair/To construct a socialist harmonious society,To further enhance the national quality/Constructing the country with great manpower resources,Has great realistic meaning and profound historic significance.

　　问：深入推进义务教育均衡发展的总体目标是什么？

ask:Advancing balanced development of compulsory education is the overall objective of???????

　　答：深入推进义务教育均衡发展的总体目标就是办好每一所学校，促进每一个学生健康成长。具体地说，就是要让每一所学校符合国家办学标准，办学经费得到保障。教育资源满足学校教育教学需要，开齐国家规定课程。要使学校班额符合国家规定标准，消除大班额现象。教师资源得到合理配置，使教师的整体素质得到提高，使每个学生都能享受有质量的义务教育。率先在县域内实现义务教育基本均衡发展，县域内学校之间差距明显缩小。

a:Advancing balanced development of compulsory education the overall goal is to do well every school,To promote the healthy growth of every student.specifically,Is to let every school conforms to the national standard of education,Funds to obtain the safeguard.Education resource to meet the school education teaching needs,Open the provisions of the state's course.To make the school class frontal conform to the standards prescribed by the state,Eliminate the phenomenon of large amount.Teacher resources get reasonable configuration,Make teachers' overall quality improved,Make every student can enjoy a quality obligation education.Took the lead in the county will be realized in education basic obligation balanced development,In the county school disparity between the decrease.

　　由于我国各地经济和社会发展存在较大的差异，因此推进义务教育均衡发展要总体规划，统筹城乡，因地制宜，分类指导，分步实施。根据教育部与各省签署的义务教育均衡发展备忘录，到2015年，全国义务教育巩固率达到93%，实现基本均衡的县（市、区）比例达到65%；到2020年，全国义务教育巩固率达到95%，实现基本均衡的县（市、区）比例达到95%。

Due to our country economy and social development there is a big difference,Therefore propulsion compulsory education balanced development to overall planning,Balance urban and rural,Adjust measures to local conditions,Classification guidance,Implement step by step.According to the ministry of education and the provinces signed memorandum of balanced development of compulsory education,By 2015,The national compulsory education 巩固率 reached 93%,To realize basic balance of county(city/area)Ratio reached 65%;By 2020,The national compulsory education 巩固率 reached 95%,To realize basic balance of county(city/area)Ratio reached 95%.

　　问：如何保障义务教育均衡发展的总体目标如期实现？

ask:How to guarantee the balanced development of compulsory education to realize the overall goal as scheduled?

　　为确保目标的实现，主要从以下五方面来推动工作：一是加强学校标准化建设，大力改造薄弱学校，逐县（市、区）明确改造薄弱学校的重点、进程，并根据当地实际明确改造方案和方法。二是推动优质教育资源共享。鼓励各地实行“集团化办学”和“学区化管理”，“集团”和“学区”内，都要有当地群众认可的优质学校，并发挥辐射带动作用。推动学校宽带网络建设和农村学校班级多媒体教学设备配置，开发优质数字化教学资源。提高社会教育资源利用水平，探索学校教育与校外活动有机衔接的有效方式。三是均衡配置办学资源。进一步深化义务教育经费保障机制改革，义务教育阶段中小学公用经费实行全国统一的定额基准。按标准为农村中小学配齐图书、教学实验仪器设备、音体美等器材，着力改善农村中小学办学条件。四是合理配置教师资源。实行城乡统一的中小学编制标准，并对村小和教学点予以倾斜，采取各种有效措施，吸引优秀高校毕业生到农村学校或薄弱学校任教。实行教师资格证有效期制度，加强教师培训，提升教师师德修养和业务能力。实行县域内公办学校校长、教师交流制度，不断优化教师配置。五是加强和改进学校管理，特别是规范招生办法。把区域内学生就近入学比率和招收择校生的比率纳入考核教育部门和学校的指标体系。要规范办学行为，完善学生学籍管理办法。

In order to ensure the realization of the goal,Mainly from the following five aspects to promote the work:A school is to strengthen the construction of the standardization,To reform the weak school,By county(city/area)Clear the focus of the weak school reform/process,And according to local actual clear reconstruction scheme and method.The second is to promote quality education resources sharing.Encourage all the"Collectivization running"and"District change management","group"and"School district"inside,There has to be approved by the local people quality school,Play a leading role and radiation.To promote school broadband network construction and rural school class multimedia teaching equipment configuration,Develop high quality digital teaching resources.Improve the social education the utilization level of resources,To explore the school education and activities outside the organic integration of effective way.The third is balanced allocation of education resources.Further deepen the obligation education funds safeguard mechanism reform,Primary and middle school compulsory education stage public funds implement the national unified norm reference.According to the standard for the rural primary and secondary school trued books/The teaching experiment instrument and equipment/Sound body beauty equipment,Focus on the improvement of rural primary and secondary school running conditions.The fourth is the reasonable configuration teacher resources.Urban and rural primary and secondary schools to the unity of the establishment standard,And the school and teaching school to tilt,Take various effective measures,To attract excellent college graduates to rural school or weak schools.The validity of teacher certificate system,Strengthen the teacher training,Promotion of the teacher's ethics and professional ability.In the county public school principal/The teacher exchange system,Constantly optimize the teaching configuration.Five is to strengthen and improve school management,Especially the standard procedures of enrollment.The area students came near to the entrance ratio and recruit ZeJiaoSheng ratio into the examination education departments and schools of the index system.To regulate the behavior,Improving students' school register management measures.

　　问：如何通过合理配置教师资源使义务教育均衡发展制度化？

ask:How to through the rational allocation of compulsory education teacher resources make balanced development institutionalization?

　　答：教师是立教之本。教师资源是教育的第一资源，有高水平的教师，才能有高水平的教育。各地各学校办学之间的差距也主要体现的教师的差距上，因此要使义务教育均衡发展制度化，就必须合理配置教师资源，通过教师资源的相对均衡来促进义务教育均衡发展。

a:The teacher is made of the teaching.Teacher education resource is the first resource,A high level of teachers,To have a high level of education.All localities and the gap between the school and the teachers mainly embodies on the gap,So to make the compulsory education balanced development institutionalization,It should make a rational allocation of teacher resources,Through the teacher resources relative equilibrium to promote the balanced development of compulsory education.

　　一是要改善教师资源的初次配置。各地在新任教师的配置中，要优先满足农村学校或薄弱学校的需要。国家已经出台了相关政策，对长期在农村基层和艰苦边远地区工作的教师，在工资、职称等方面实行倾斜政策，在核准岗位结构比例时高级教师岗位向农村学校和薄弱学校倾斜，同时完善医疗、养老等社会保障制度建设，切实维护农村教师社会保障权益。今后的主要工作是认真研究落实这些政策的具体措施，研究制定出可以操作的方案和办法，使国家对农村学校或薄弱学校教师的优惠政策能一一兑现，真正把优秀的教师吸引到农村学校或薄弱学校任教。

One is to improve the teacher resources first configuration.Everywhere in the new teacher's configuration,To give priority to rural school or the needs of the weak school.Countries have introduced policies,For a long time in rural grassroots and hard work of teachers in rural areas,In salary/The policy of the title, etc,The approved and post structure when the proportion of senior teacher post to rural schools and weak school tilt,At the same time improve medical/Endowment and the construction of social security system,The maintenance of teachers in rural social security rights.The main work is seriously study implement these policy measures,Research for the operation of the scheme and measures,Make the country to the countryside school or weak school teacher's preferential policies to cash them,Truly outstanding teachers drawn to the rural school or weak schools.

　　二是实行县域内公办学校校长、教师交流制度。当前，不少地方已经按照国家要求和本地实际，初步建立了县域内公办学校校长、教师交流制度，明确规定城镇学校教师评聘高级职称原则上要有一年以上在农村学校任教经历。要继续加强县域内校长、教师管理的统筹，促进县域内校长、教师轮岗交流长效化、制度化。要制定和完善相关政策措施，逐步实行县级教育部门统一聘任校长，原则上校长不在属于某一特定学校，可以在县域内各学校任职。大力推行校长聘期制，各地可以根据实际确定校长交流的任职年限，发挥优秀校长的示范和辐射作用。

The second is a county in public school principal/The teacher exchange system.The current,Many places have according to the national requirement and local actual,Preliminary established within the county public school principal/The teacher exchange system,Specific provision town school teacher assessment senior professional title in principle to have more than one year experience in rural schools.To continue to strengthen county inside the headmaster/Teacher management as a whole,The county to promote in the principal/Teachers work shift exchange long-term change/institutionalization.To enact and perfect relevant policies and measures,Education departments at or above the county level to gradually implement unified employment the headmaster,In principle, the principal is not belong to a particular school,Can be in county within the school office.Vigorously carry out the principal end system,All may, according to actual determine the principal exchange office term,Play excellent the headmaster's demonstration and radiation effects.

　　问：如何按照《意见》要求全面提高义务教育质量？

ask:How to[opinion]For improving the quality of compulsory education?

　　答：推进义务教育均衡发展，就是要全面提高每一所学校的办学水平，促进每一个学生的健康成长，是实现有质量的均衡。因此在推进义务教育均衡发展过程中要始终把全面提高义务教育质量放在重要位置。

a:Promote balanced development of compulsory education,Is to improve every school running level,Promote each student's healthy growth,Is to realize the balance of quality.Therefore in promoting balanced development of compulsory education in the process we should always put the improve obligation education quality in an important position.

　　一是要合理设置课程，切实解决课程和作业偏多、偏深、偏难问题。各阶段教育都要遵循学生身心发展规律，合理设置课程和课程标准，特别是小学阶段，要让学生有更多时间锻炼身体、参加社会活动、发展个人兴趣爱好，减轻学生课业负担和学习压力。

One is to setting up reasonable curriculum,Solve classes and homework more than offset/Slants deep/Partial difficult problem.Each stage education will follow the students' physical and psychological law of development,Setting up reasonable curriculum and curriculum standard,Especially in primary school,To make students have more time to exercise the body/To participate in social activities/The development of personal interest,To reduce the schoolwork burden and study pressure.

　　二是要建立教育教学质量和学生学业质量评价体系，科学评价学校教育教学质量和办学水平。当前，在一些地方考试分数和升学率几乎成了评价学生、教师和学校的唯一标准，要下大力气改变这种状况。通过建立科学的、多元化的教育评价体系，把学生、教师和学校从应试教育中解脱出来，引导学校按照教育规律和人才成长规律实施教育，引导社会按照正确的教育观念评价教育和学校。

The second is to build education teaching quality and students' academic quality evaluation system,Scientific evaluation school education teaching quality and teaching level.The current,In some places the examination score and evaluation of students' graduation rates almost became/The teacher and the school only standard,With the goal to change this situation.Through the establishment of scientific/Diversified education evaluation system,The students/Teachers and the school from exam-oriented education freed,Guide the school education in accordance with the law and talent growth rule implementation education,Guide society according to the correct education ideas evaluation education and school.

　　三是要深入推进教育改革，倡导改变教学方式。要采用启发式、探究式、讨论式、参与式的教学方式，引导学生掌握学习方法、自主学习、独立思考和判断，鼓励创新思维、激励个人兴趣，培养学生的社会责任感、创新精神和实践能力。每一所学校都要开展教育教学改革实验，努力办出特色、办出水平，为每位学生提供适合的教育，促进学生德智体美全面发展和生动活泼主动发展。

The third is to further education reform,Advocate the change of teaching mode.To make use of the heuristic/inquiry/teaching.to/Participatory teaching method,Guide the student to grasp the learning method/Autonomous learning/Independent thinking and judgment,Encourage innovation thinking/Incentive personal interest,Training students' sense of social responsibility/The innovation spirit and practice ability.Each school is to carry out education teaching reform experiment,Efforts to develop distinctive/Do out level,For each student to provide suitable education,To promote the comprehensive development of students' virtue, wisdom, body, beauty and lively active development.

　　问：针对“择校”问题，下一步将采取哪些措施有效解决？

ask:According to"school"problems,The next step will effectively solve what measures?

　　答：目前，在一些大中城市择校问题仍然是一个突出的热点难点问题。破解这个难题，核心是推进义务教育均衡发展，均衡配置教育资源，缩小区域内校际间办学差距，整体提高学校办学水平。凡是择校问题突出的区域都应当有适合当地实际的优质教育资源共享的具体形式。同时要按照《意见》要求，针对当前问题较为突出的环节，采取有效措施，逐步解决择校问题。一是严格执行《义务教育法》就近免试入学的规定。县级教育部门要按照区域内适龄儿童少年数量和学校分布情况，合理划定每所公办学校的招生范围。二是因地制宜地制定和实施有效政策。鼓励各地探索建立区域内小学和初中对口招生制度，让更多的小学毕业生直接升入对口初中。支持初中与高中分设办学，推进九年一贯制学校建设。提高优质高中招生名额合理分配到区域内各初中的比例。三是加强监管，规范入学行为。招生工作要做到公开透明，要把区域内学生就近入学比率和招收择校生的比率纳入考核教育部门和学校的指标体系。坚决查处择校乱收费等违法违规行为，禁止将捐资助学与择校挂钩；禁止公办学校举办各种形式的变相招生考试；禁止以奥数或各种竞赛成绩作为入学依据。

a:At present,In some large and medium cities will be problem is still a prominent hot difficult problem.Crack the problem,Core is to promote the balanced development of compulsory education,Balanced allocation of education resources,Narrow area between schools the gap,The overall improve school running level.Every school problems areas shall be suitable for the actual local high quality education resources sharing concrete form.At the same time, according to the[opinion]requirements,In view of the current problems are more prominent, and the link,Take effective measures,Gradually solve problems school.One is to strictly carry out[Compulsory education]The provisions of the applicable came near to the entrance.Education departments at or above the county level according to the area school-age children young quantity and the distribution of schools,Reasonable defined each public school recruit students limits.The second is adjust measures to local conditions to formulate and implement effective policy.Encourage all over the establishment of regional exploration in elementary school and junior high school of enrollment system,Let more directly to primary school graduates of junior middle school.Support junior high school and high school set up school,Propulsion nine construct school construction.Improve the quality of high school student enrollment to reasonable distribution within the region the proportion of junior high school.Three is to strengthen supervision,Standard entrance behavior.Recruitment of students work to do public transparent,The students came near to the entrance area ratio and recruit ZeJiaoSheng ratio into the examination education departments and schools of the index system.We will tenaciously investigate illegal activities such as school collects fees in disorder,It is forbidden to donate and school hook;Prohibit public school held various forms of disguised the recruitment of students test;Ban on Olympic math or various competition scores as entrance basis.

　　问：《意见》中突出强调了“保障特殊教育群体平等接受义务教育”，有哪些新的相关支持政策？

ask:[opinion]To highlight the in"Security special education group equality to receive compulsory education",What new relevant support policy?

　　答：保障进城务工人员随迁子女平等接受义务教育的权利。2011年，全国义务教育阶段有1260.7万农民工随迁子女，占义务教育阶段学生总数的8.4%，在输入地进入公办学校就读的有80%。随着我国城镇化、工业化深入发展，随迁子女基本按照每年近100万人的速度增加，保障随迁子女平等享受义务教育的任务依然十分艰巨。为此，将指导各地重点做好以下两项工作：一是在坚持以流入地为主、以公办学校为主的“两为主”政策同时，努力做到“全覆盖”。不断提高全日制公办学校接受能力，在公办学校不能满足需要的情况下，可采取政府购买服务等方式保障随迁子女在依法举办的民办学校免费接受义务教育，尽快实现全体随迁子女在输入地免费接受义务教育。二是将常住人口纳入区域教育发展规划，推行按照随迁子女在校人数拨付教育经费。

a:Security of rural migrant workers in SuiQian children receive compulsory education equality of rights.In 2011,,The national compulsory education stage 12.607 million migrant workers SuiQian children,Duty of 8.4% of the total number of students education stage,In the input fields into the public schools of 80%.Along with our country urbanization/Further development of industrialization,SuiQian children basic according to almost 1 million people a year speed increase,Security SuiQian children enjoy equal education obligations of the task is still very difficult.therefore,Will guide all focusing on the following two work:One is defined in adhere to give priority to/In public school primarily"Two is given priority to"Policy at the same time,Trying to do"Full cover".Constantly improve the ability to accept full-time public school,In the public schools can't meet the need of the situation,Can take the government purchase services in accordance with the SuiQian way to safeguard their children in a private school free of charge to receive compulsory education,As quickly as possible all the SuiQian children receive compulsory education in input fields free.The second is the permanent population into the regional education development planning,In accordance with the implementation of the SuiQian children in school education funds allocated number.

　　此外，教育部等部门研究制定的《关于做好进城务工人员随迁子女接受义务教育后在当地参加升学考试工作的意见》，已经国务院批准印发。各省级人民政府要在年底前制定随迁子女升学考试具体政策。

In addition,The ministry of education and other departments formulate the[The preparation for migrant workers SuiQian children receive compulsory education after the local attend school entrance examination opinions],And has been approved by the state council.The people's government at the provincial level before the end of the year to make SuiQian children eleven-plus specific policy.

　　建立健全农村留守义务教育学生关爱服务体系。2011年，农村义务教育阶段适龄留守儿童有2200.3万人，占义务教育阶段学生总数的14.7%。留守儿童虽不是问题儿童，但由于长期远离父母，其身心发展也会受到一定影响。针对留守儿童的特点，提出两项具体措施：一是把关爱留守学生工作纳入社会管理创新体系之中，构建学校、家庭和社会各界广泛参与的关爱网络，创新关爱模式。二是实行留守学生的普查登记制度和与社会结对帮扶制度。

Establish and perfect the rural left-behind compulsory education students care service system.In 2011,,Rural compulsory education stage school-age left-behind children have 22.003 million people,Duty of 14.7% of the total number of students education stage.Left-behind children is not a problem child,But as a result of long-term away from their parents,The body and mind development will have a certain influence.According to the characteristics of left-behind children,Puts forward two specific measures:One is the love left-behind student work into the social management of innovation system,Build school/Family and the social from all walks of life widely participate in care network,Innovation care mode.The second is the left-behind student's census register system and the custom and social supporting system.

　　重视发展义务教育阶段特殊教育。要求各级政府要根据学生残疾情况，制定学生人均公用经费标准，加大对特殊教育的投入力度，落实特殊教育教师待遇，既办好每一所特殊教育学校，又在普通学校开办特殊教育班或提供随班就读条件。

Pay attention to the development of compulsory education stage special education.For governments at all levels should according to the student disability situation,Make students per capita public funds standard,Strengthen the special education of investment,Carry out special education teachers treatment,Not only do good every special education school,And in ordinary school in special education classes or provide normal class condition.

　　此外，《意见》进一步强调关心帮助贫困家庭学生、孤儿、流浪儿童等特别需要关注的群体，切实保障他们的受教育权利。

In addition,[opinion]Further emphasize care to help poor families to students/orphan/Street children need special attention, such as group,To safeguard their rights by education.