语文教材用图画展示兵器 Language teaching material picture display weapon语文教材封面 Language teaching material cover

　　昨天，重庆市民任先生打进热线，称自己收藏了不少家传下来的古籍，其中既有民国语文教材，还有全套36本《康熙字典》。

yesterday，Chongqing citizen as sir scored hotline，Said they collect a lot of family down of ancient books，Both the republic of language teaching material，And the full set of 36《Kangxi dictionary》。

　　“这些古书中，有的写法就是最近热门的甄嬛体，内容很有意思。”任先生说，他此次与市民分享这批古籍，还有一个小小的请求：“它们究竟有多大价值，你们能不能找专家帮我鉴定一下？”

“These ancient books in，Some writing is the latest popular zhen 嬛 body，Content is very interesting。”Said Mr. Let，He the and citizens to share this batch of ancient books，There is a small request：“What they have much value，Can you help me find experts to authenticate them？”

　　

50来本古书 50 to ancient book

　　

还有全套康熙字典 And full set of kangxi dictionary

　　昨天下午，任先生背着一个装得满满的行李袋，来到接待室。袋子里，装了50来本古书。

Yesterday afternoon，Mr. As with a close-packed duffel bag，Came to the reception room。bag，With 50 to this ancient books。

　　记者看到，这些古书全部是线装书，纸张均已泛黄。大部分古书保存完整，有几本有一些残缺，还有被虫蛀过的痕迹。

The reporter sees，These books are all thread bound Chinese book，The paper have been yellowing。Most of the ancient books to maintain complete，There are a few this some incomplete，There is trace of moth。

　　记者一一翻看，任先生带来古书中，有3卷宋朝吕祖谦选编的《东莱博议》（完整共4卷）、英国传教士李提摩太编著的《时事新论》全集；尤为难得的，是还有全套36本、刻印于道光七年春的《康熙字典》。

Reporters through one，Mr. Responsible to bring in the ancient books，There are three volumes of song dynasty LvZuQian selection《East LaiBo discussion》（Complete 4 roll）、British missionary timothy of lee,《Current theory》Complete works；Particularly rare，Is there are complete and this、Inscription in light seven years of spring《Kangxi dictionary》。

　　

祖父是教师 Grandfather is a teacher

　　

古书缝进枕头保存 Ancient books sewn into the pillow save

　　“这些书都是我家祖传下来的。”任先生说，他名叫任发，今年53岁，家住沙坪坝区，目前在潼南县一所小学担任语文老师。

“These books are my ancestral down。”Said Mr. Let，His name was let hair，53 years old this year，Shapingba district in，At present in tongnan a primary school as a language teacher。

　　任发说，他祖父名叫任均沛，民国时期在沙坪坝附近一所小学教书。“祖父非常爱书，当老师的时候买来很多书。”任发说，文革时期，一家人为了不让这些书被毁，想尽了办法。“最后，还是把这些书缝在枕头里，才得以保存下来。”

Let hair said，His grandfather is named for improvement，During the period of the republic of ShaPingBa nearby in a primary school teaching。“Grandfather very love books，When the teacher's time bought a lot of books。”Let hair said，Cultural revolution，The family in order not to let these books have been destroyed，Left no stone unturned to。“finally，Or take these books seam in the pillow，To be preserved。”

　　

语文教材像百科全书 Language teaching material like encyclopedia

　　昨天，任先生特别抽出一本32开的线装书、民国时期的语文教材，“这本书出版于民国初年，内容很有意思。”记者看到，教材共70面，为保护书籍每个页面边缘均用桐油浸泡过，封面封底已经残缺。不过，仍能看出几个毛笔字：国文第八册王世顺书。

yesterday，Mr. Any special spare a 32 open thread bound Chinese book、During the period of the republic of language teaching material，“This book published in early republic，Content is very interesting。”The reporter sees，A total of 70 surface materials，For the protection of books each page edge are in tung oil，Cover has been incomplete。but，Can still see a few brush calligraphy：Chinese eighth book WangShiShun book。

　　“王世顺应该是爷爷的学生。”任发说，民国小学分初小和高小，初小为一到四年级，高小为五到六年级。“这本书，应该是初小四年级教材。”

“The king to this is grandpa's students。”Let hair said，The republic of lower primary school and high school points，Lower primary school for one to grade four，The high for five to six grade。“This book，At the beginning of the teaching material should be four grade。”

　　记者看到，扉页上，繁体竖行印着“共和国教科书新国文初等小学校用”字样。正文也全部由繁体竖行印刷，每面刻9行，每行17字。此外，全书共50篇课文，课文之间编排紧密，没有留白。不过，每篇课文不长，短的百余字，长的也不过二三百字。

The reporter sees，On the title page，Traditional vertical line printed with“Republic of new Chinese elementary textbooks in elementary school”"。The text also entirely by the traditional vertical line printing，Every surface cutting line 9，Each line and word。In addition，A total of 50 text book，The text arranged between closely，No stay white。but，Each lesson is not long，Short over words，Long also but two or words。

　　最特别的是，这本教材收录的课文，涉及范围包含天文地理、法律、礼仪、经济、军事甚至种植园艺，更像一本百科全书。

The most special is，This teaching material collection of the text，Range includes astronomy geography、law、etiquette、economic、Military even planting gardening，More like an encyclopedia。

　　一起来看看，民国孩子究竟学些啥。

A look at，Children learn the republic of what what。

　　

第32课《兵器》 Lesson 32《weapons》

　　

图说军舰大炮 Tew said warship artillery

　　在第7课《邮政》中，就专门有一页附录展示当时的邮政价目表。分门别类地标明信件类、明信片、新闻纸、快信等各类邮寄物不同的邮寄价格。第32课《兵器》的配图，更画有冒着长烟的军舰，排列枪、炮、子弹等武器。

In lesson 7《postal》in，It has a special page appendix show the postal price list。Classify land marked letters class、postcard、newsprint、Express mail and other kinds of mail things different mailing price。Lesson 32《weapons》Distribution diagram of，The more the picture has risked long smoke warships，Arrangement gun、gun、The bullet and other weapons。

　　重庆师范大学文学院教授王于飞：民国是传统中国和现代化碰撞的时候，知识分子急于把这些知识传递给民众，这种时代特征非常鲜明地体现在了民国教材中。因此，书中有丰富的现代西式事物的介绍。

Chongqing normal university professor of literature WangYuFei：The republic of China is the traditional and modern collisions，Intellectuals are anxious to take these knowledge transfer to the public，The features of The Times very brightly manifested in the republic of teaching materials。therefore，The book is rich in modern western things introduction。

　　

第4课《干支》 Lesson 4《power》

　　

质疑传统天命 Question traditional kismet

　　第四课《干支》只有170余字。文章说，古人发明天干地支来记时，同时认为一个人出生的时间预示着这个人一生的命运，随后，批判了这种“富贵在天”的观点。

The fourth lesson《power》Only more than 170 words。The article said，The ancients invention Chinese era to time，At the same time that a person was born time indicates the person's life destiny，then，Criticizes the this kind of“Riches and honour in the day”Point of view。

　　文章说，相信命中富有的，那么虽然贫困却不去劳作，虽然生病了也不请医生。全国同一时刻有许多人出生，那么他们的八字都是一样的，但是他们的命运其实各不相同，虽然是笨人也知道其中的道理。

The article said，Believe that hit the rich，So although poverty but not to go to work，Although ill also don't please the doctor。The national the same time there are many people who was born，So their eight words are the same，But their fate in fact each are not identical，Although it is stupid people also know the truth。

　　重庆师范大学文学院教授王于飞：民国思想开明，也具有反叛精神。早在百年前，语文教材中就已经教导学生天命不可信。

Chongqing normal university professor of literature WangYuFei：Open-minded republic，Also has the spirit of rebellion。As early as in hundred years ago，Chinese textbook will have to teach students destiny not believable。

　　

第29课《赌博之害》 Lesson 29《Gambling and》

　　

小心倾家荡产 Be careful to ruin

　　文章对赌博进行了批判：“利，人所欲也。然必勤劳而得之，节俭而用之。若赌博之事，欲以少数之母财，攫多数之赢利，不足恃也。”

In this paper, the gambling criticism：“the，People desire also。But will the industrious and the，Thrift and the。If the gambling，The mother of a few tries to wealth，The majority of the clutch profit，Deficiency also depend on。”

　　文章说，赌博不可能只赢不输，输的人往往倾家荡产，或者沦为乞丐盗贼。就算是有幸获胜，也不甚爱惜，任意挥霍。而且赌博常常是让人增长贪欲，让心术变坏，实在是大祸害。

The article said，Gambling may not only win not lose，Lose tend to break the bank，Or a beggar thieves。It is lucky enough to win，Also not very care，Any waste。And gambling is often let a person growth lust，Let bad intention，It is big disaster。

　　重庆师范大学文学院教授王于飞：1912年教育部颁布的《小学校令》提出，“小学教育以留意儿童之身心发育，培养国民道德之基础，并授予生活必须之知识技能为宗旨”，未提供细化教材编写标准。这本教材出版于1912年，因此《少年》《赌博之害》对一些恶习提早作出劝谕。

Chongqing normal university professor of literature WangYuFei：Promulgated by the ministry of education in 1912《Elementary school to》Put forward，“Primary school education to pay attention to children's physical and mental development，Cultivate the national moral basis，And grant life necessary knowledge skills for the purpose”，Fails to provide refining textbook standard。The teaching materials published in 1912，therefore《young》《Gambling and》For some bad habits make QuanYu early。

　　

第22课《旅馆》 Lesson 22《hotel》

　　

为啥旅馆物品易坏 Why hotel article is bad

　　文中说，在大城市旅游入住旅馆，发现旅馆中的被褥、器物等“污溽繁杂”。对此现象，文章加以批判称，除了旅馆经营不善之外，还因为旅客不守公德所致。自己家中每一件器物都会加以爱护，而住在旅馆时，想到并非久居之地，因此“往往任意污毁”，不为后来者打算。

This paper said，In a big city tourism hotel check-in，Found in the hotel bedding、Implements, etc“Unclean Ru multifarious”。This phenomenon，This article to critical says，In addition to the hotel outside of bad management，But also because passengers do not keep caused by social morality。His home each artifacts will be love，And live in the hotel，Think of a place is not，therefore“Often arbitrary and destroyed”，Not for others going to。

　　此后，文章还以古人举例，教导学生应该向古人学习，爱护旅馆的设施，注重公德。

Since then，The paper also to the ancients, for example，Teach students should learn to the ancients，Take good care of the hotel facilities，Pay attention to morality。

　　市古籍保护专家委员会主任王志昆：民国教材的显著特点是内容浅显，具很强的亲和力，这篇文章就是用浅显的事例培养国民的公民意识。

City ancient books protection expert committee director WangZhiKun：Teaching material of the republic of the salient features are content plain，With a strong affinity，This article is in plain example culture national citizenship。

　　

第26课《积财》 Lesson 26《Accumulate wealth》

　　

理财从娃娃抓起 Financial grab from baby

　　文中说，农民种植庄稼不可能只有丰年，还会有歉年；做生意不可能一直盈利，也有可能亏本，意外的用费其实很多，如果平日里毫无积蓄，那就只有步入穷途末路。

This paper said，Farmers grow crops could not only good year，Will have similarly；Business may not have been profitable，May also be at a loss，Unexpected costs actually many，If there is no daily savings，That is only into the end of the line。

　　文中还说，把钱藏在身边难免遭遇水火、或者盗贼等。最好的办法是存到银行去，不仅可以备不时之需，还能得到利息。

The article also said，The money hidden in the side unavoidably encounter fire and water、And rogues, etc。The best way is to go to a bank deposit，Can not only for a rainy day，Can get interest。

　　重庆师范大学文学院教授王于飞：这个篇目是传授学生具体的生活技能。

Chongqing normal university professor of literature WangYuFei：The table of contents is teaching students specific life skills。

　　

看看这本语文教材的目录 Look at this language teaching material directory

　　第一课 国史大概

The first lesson about national history

　　第二课 续

The second class renewal

　　第三课 续

The third class renewal

　　第四课 干支

The fourth class power

　　第五课 舟车（一）

Lesson five vessel and vehicle（a）

　　第六课 舟车（二）

The sixth class vessel and vehicle（two）

　　第七课 邮政

Lesson 7 postal

　　第八课 电报

Lesson 8 cable

　　第九课 电话

Lesson nine telephone

　　第十课 种树

Lesson ten plant trees

　　第十一课 艺菊

Lesson 11 art chrysanthemum

　　第十二课 水汽循环之理

Lesson 12 water vapor cycle theory

　　第十三课 爱国

Lesson 13 patriotic

　　第十四课 国庆日及纪念日

Lesson 14 National Day and day

　　第十五课 选举权

Lesson 15 the right to vote

　　第十六课 租税（一）

Lesson 16 tax（a）

　　第十七课 租税（二）

Lesson 17 rental（two）

　　第十八课 赵奢

Lesson 18 ZhaoSha

　　第十九课 分业之利益

Lesson 19 of the dividing of the interests

　　第二十课 戒轻率（一）

Lesson 20 ring indiscretion（a）

　　第二十一课 戒轻率（二）

Lesson 21 ring indiscretion（two）

　　第二十二课 旅馆

Class 22 hotel

　　第二十三课 盐

Lesson 23 salt

　　第二十四课 金属

Class 24 metal

　　第二十五课 纸币

Lesson 25 notes

　　第二十六课 积财

Lesson 26 accumulate wealth

　　第二十七课 钱业

Class 27 QianYe

　　第二十八课 通商

Lesson twenty-eight treaty

　　第二十九课 赌博之害

Lesson 29 gambling of harm

　　第三十课 少年

Lesson 30 young

　　第三十一课 军人

Lesson 31 soldiers

　　第三十二课 兵器

Class 32 weapon

　　第三十三课 狮虎豹

Lesson 33 leopard, lion

　　第三十四课 大山

Lesson 34 mountains

　　第三十五课 大湖

Class 35 lake

　　第三十六课 慈善事业

Lesson 36 charity

　　第三十七课 慈幼

Class 37 young kindness

　　第三十八课 人体

Lesson 38 human body

　　第三十九课 侍疾

Class 39 shi disease

　　第四十课 鼠疫

Lesson 40 plague

　　第四十一课 鼠疫预防法

Class 41 plague prevention method

　　第四十二课 虫

Lesson 42 worm

　　第四十三课 牛马

Lesson 43 horses

　　第四十四课 行政

Lesson 44 administrative

　　第四十五课 法律

Class 45 law

　　第四十六课 司法

Lesson 46 judicial

　　第四十七课 世界强国

Lesson 47 world power

　　第四十八课 待外国人之道

Lesson 48 to the way of foreigners

　　第四十九课 游历之乐

The joy of a class 49

　　第五十课 毕业

Fiftieth class graduation

　　

民国小学校长毕业致辞 The republic of primary school principals graduation speeches

　　今天是初等小学毕业的日子，诸生功课狠（通“很”，下同）好，我心里实在欢喜。但是我还有几句话要告诉诸生，想来诸生是极愿意听的。

Today is elementary school graduation day，ZhuSheng homework malicious（pass“very”，Similarly hereinafter）good，My heart was glad。But I have a few words to tell ZhuSheng，Want to ZhuSheng is extremely willing to hear。

　　诸生从今以后有的去就职有的再求学问，这是各人的志愿。各人的境遇自然不能一律的，不过我们生在世间，不论做什么事，有应该晓得的道理就是勤俭两个字。勤是照着自己应该做的事赶紧做去，一点没有躲懒的思想。俭是用钱的时候先要打算用的得当不得当，要是不得当就应该省下来预备别样。

ZhuSheng from now on some to inauguration some study asked again，This is every man's volunteer。Every man's situation is not natural，But we are living in the world，No matter what，Have should know the truth is hardworking and thrifty two words。Often as what you should do to go to，Have not shirk thoughts。Waste money is the first time to plan to use proper shall not when，If not when you should prepare other provinces down。

　　初等小学校所学的不过浅浅的智识，学问从小学而中学而大学，路还离得很远，所以诸生千万不可有骄傲的举动，要晓得礼数，待人务必和和气气，遇着不如我的人就想个法子教导他，穷苦的人想个法子帮助他，这是人类应尽的责任。

Elementary school studies but shallow intellectual，Learning from the primary school and middle school and university，The road is still far away，So ZhuSheng never have proud behavior，Want to know courtesy，Man must be kind，In as my people will think of a way to teach him，Poor people think of a way to help him，This is the human responsibility。

　　还有一个最要紧的道理就是尽国民的本分，当兵纳税是不应该躲避的礼仪法律，是不应该违背的。诸生读了几年书想来都已懂得，果然照了平日所学的一一做去，不但是诸生的光彩，教导诸生的学校也狠有名誉，不是极可喜的事么？

One of the most important reason is the duty of all national，To pay taxes is a soldier should not avoid etiquette law，Should not be。ZhuSheng read a few years book want to have know，According to the daily and learned to do one，Not but ZhuSheng brilliance，Teach ZhuSheng school also malicious have reputation，Not very good things yao？

　　

一张数学试卷 A math test

　　

90分钟做对四道题就满分 90 minutes to do four problem is full marks

　　昨天，任发还带来两张民国时期的数学试卷，单张面积比A4纸稍大。

yesterday，As reimbursement bring two ZhangMinGuo period of the math exam，Single area ratio A4 paper larger。

　　算术题看起来生活气息颇浓。有趣的是，考试时间很宽松，记者看到，试卷标明：4道题在一个半小时内交卷即可。另一张试卷上，则列有五道题。末尾特意注明，考生从其中选择三道题做即可。

Arithmetic looks quite thick life breath。Interesting is，Examination time is very loose，The reporter sees，Papers marked：4 problem in one and a half hours can be papers。The other one on the paper，The list of five problem。Specially marked the end of，Candidates from one choose three problem can do。

　　{1} 现在铜元兑换率为二十三吊八百文，合国币一元。兹有铜元一万八千一百八十九枚，其中每枚二百文者九千六百五十七枚，其余则尽系一百文者，问合国币若干。

{1} Now TongYuan exchange rate for twenty-three lifting eight hundred wen，Close national currency a yuan。This is to have TongYuan eighteen thousand one hundred and eighty-nine pieces，Each pieces of two hundred text is nine thousand six hundred and fifty-seven pieces，The rest is the best one hundred wen，Ask close several national currency。

　　{2} 某店原有资本三千八百元，到年底获利七百二十八元。第二年初决定扩充营业范围，照原资本数目增加百分之四十六（46%），问第二年初该店共有资本若干。

{2} A shop the original capital of three thousand eight hundred yuan，By the end of the year profit is seven hundred and twenty-eight yuan。Early the following year decided to expand business scope，According to the number of original capital increased by forty-six percent（46%），Ask the shop early the following year there are several capital。

　　{3} 盐贩一人挑盐一担，内有花盐五十三斤，巴盐四十一斤十二两。盐包二个，一重二斤七两，一重三斤，又绳索一付重一斤五两，扁挑一根重三斤半，问此盐贩两肩挑之重要共计若干。

{3} Salt vendor carry salt a bear，There were flowers salt 53 jins，And salt forty-one jin twelve two。Salt package two，A heavy 2 jins seven two，A heavy three catties，And rope a pair of heavy a catty of five two，Flat pick a heavy three catties half，Ask the salt may sell two of a total of some important。

　　{4} 某盐贩买上等盐次等盐各一担，共付国币十四元四角，上等盐比次等盐每担贵一元二角，问次等盐上等盐每担卖价各若干。

{4} A salt vendor buy fine salt inferior salt each one arm，A total of 14 yuan pay national currency corners，Fine salt than inferior salt each bear your one yuan two Angle，Ask inferior salt fine salt each bear the price each several。

　　

这本书很有研究价值 The book is of great research value

　　任发的这些传家宝是不是真正的民国教材，它们价值几何？昨天，记者采访了重庆市古籍保护专家委员会主任、重庆图书馆研究馆员王志昆。

Let hair of these heirloom isn't real republic of teaching materials，They value geometry？yesterday，The reporter interviewed chongqing ancient books protection expert committee director、Chongqing library research WangZhiKun librarians。

　　“一看这本书的年代就非常早。”王志昆介绍，这本语文教材书应该是民国初年使用的教材，最早出版于1912年，出版者为商务印书馆。“我看过很多民国时期的教材，但还没有看到过这个版本，目前重庆图书馆也没有保存这一版本，这本书对于研究当时的教育很有价值。”

“A look at the book's very early。”WangZhiKun introduced，The Chinese textbooks should be materials used in the early republic，Originally published in 1912，Publisher for the commercial press。“I have seen a lot during the period of the republic of teaching materials，But haven't seen this version，At present chongqing library also no save this version，The book for the research of education at that time is very valuable。”

　　

内容编排不适合当下 Content arrangement is not suitable for current

　　重庆市古籍保护专家委员会主任、重庆图书馆研究馆员王志昆介绍，民国时期教材制度主要采用审定制，多由民间书坊组织教科书编制，“当时的教育部编审处对送审教科书，只要内容没有重大谬误，照例予以审订，准许出版。”因此，民国时期教材版本非常多。就小学教材而言，据不完全统计，参与出版书局就有59家，出版小学语文教材445种。

Chongqing ancient books protection expert committee director、Chongqing library research WangZhiKun librarians is introduced，During the period of the republic of teaching material system mainly USES the examination and approval system，Much by folk bookshop organization textbook compilation，“The ministry of education in the editor to iec textbooks，As long as there is no great fallacy，Routinely be revised it，Allow publishing。”therefore，During the period of the republic of teaching material is very much version。Primary school teaching material is concerned，According to incomplete statistics，Participate in publishing press have 59 home，Primary school Chinese teaching materials published 445 kinds。

　　王志昆说，民国教材的显著特点是内容浅显，具很强亲和力，教材涉及的学科多样，既培养国民的公民意识，还会在教材中教学生如果做手工、家务等，“各种知识都有涉猎，教得很细。”

WangZhiKun said，Teaching material of the republic of the salient features are content plain，With very strong affinity，Teaching materials involved in the various disciplines，Not only cultivate national citizenship，Will be in the textbook teach students if do manual、In household duties, etc，“All kinds of knowledge have dabble，Teach very fine。”

　　近年来，民国时期教材再版热销，不少家长把民国教材列为孩子必读书目。对此，重庆师范大学文学院教授王于飞不太赞同。“时代在变，当时的教材在今天看来已经不完全适合学生。”王于飞说，以任发家传的这本民国语文教材为例，编排体系显得混乱，内容更像一本百科全书。“大多数民国教材对于当今来说有研究价值，学生们可以偶尔阅读参考，但不能奉若至宝。”

In recent years，During the period of the republic of teaching material reprint sell like hot cakes，Many parents send children (materials as required bibliography。this，Chongqing normal university professor of literature WangYuFei don't agree with。“Time is changing，The teaching materials in today seems to have not completely suitable for students。”WangYuFei said，To let the fortune of the republic of the language teaching material, for example，Layout system appear chaos，Content is more like an encyclopedia。“Most of the republic to the teaching material for research value，Students can occasionally reading reference，But can't receive if his treasure。”

　　记者 罗静 见习记者 陈思 文 记者 任君 史宗伟 实习生 龙帆 陈绘如

Reporter LuoJing trainee reporter Chen wen reporter an ShiZongWei interns LongFan Chen draw such as