英国《金融时报》中文网评论版主编 刘波

British[Financial times]LiuBo online comment page editors

　　异地高考，一个涉及到教育、户籍、城市化、地域差异等争议性问题的话题，近日成为中国国内公共政策争议的焦点之一。北、上、广等地迟迟不出台具体的异地高考方案，充分说明了改革的难度和阻力。在全球化和资讯发达的今天，中国问题也难免引发很多跨国的类比和联想，例如，不少评论者都提到了上世纪五六十年代美国确保不同种族青年平等受教育权的经历。尤其是，当年美国联邦政府在一些州出动军队保护黑人学生入学的案例，得到了很多的援引。

Different college entrance examination,One involves the education/Census register/urbanization/Regional differences and controversial topic of problems,Recently become China's domestic public policy controversial focus.north/on/Wide and has not issued specific different college entrance examination scheme,Fully illustrates the difficulty of the reform and resistance.In the globalization and information developed today,China is also caused many multinational analogy and association,Such as,Many commentators have mentioned the s the United States to ensure that different ethnic equality youth education experience.especially,The federal government of the United States in some states out the army to protect the black students case,Got a lot of quotes.

　　从某种意义上说，两国的情况存在类似之处。当前在教育权平等问题上的争议，都反映了很多历史遗留问题。美国“民权运动”期间的争取平等教育权运动，是要解决几百年的种族歧视制度留下的后遗症。而中国今天的问题也和历史上形成的城乡二元体制有很大关系。当然笔者不主张作过于简单的类比，因为两国问题的成因和严重程度截然不同，但深入探究别国的经验也有助于开拓我们的思路。

In a sense,The two countries is similar.The current education equality in the dispute,All reflects many problems left over by history.The United States"Civil rights movement"During the fight for equality education movement,Is to solve the hundreds of years of racial discrimination system leave sequela.China today's problems and the history of the formation of urban and rural dual system has a great relationship.Of course the author does not advocate for too simple analogy,Because the two countries the causes of these problems and severity of entirely different,But delves into other countries' experience also help broadens our mind.

　　美国“民权运动”期间，有两幕场景因为电视的报道而深入人心，成为这场运动的标志性影像。1957年，阿肯色州州长福布斯动用国民警卫队阻止黑人学生入学，并鼓动白人家长在现场协助抗议和阻挠，艾森豪威尔总统直接动用陆军101空降师护送黑人学生入学，并将该州国民警卫队指挥权收归联邦。1963年类似的场面重演：就任之初便宣称要永远维护种族隔离制度的阿拉巴马州州长华莱士亲自阻挡大学校门，不让两名黑人学生入学，肯尼迪总统再次派兵控制局势，将其制止。这些都成为美国“民权运动”史上的标志性事件。

The United States"Civil rights movement"period,There are two scene because of the TV reports and thorough popular feeling,As the movement of the landmark image.In 1957,,Arkansas governor Forbes use national guard to prevent black students,And agitated white parents on the spot to assist protests and block,President Eisenhower direct use army 101 airborne division escort black students,And will the state national guard command which federal.In 1963, a similar scene repeats itself:At the beginning of the office and that always maintain segregation of Alabama governor Wallace personally blocking university,Don't let two black students,President Kennedy once again sending troops to control the situation,Will stop the.These have all become the United States"Civil rights movement"In the history of landmark.

　　不过，历史上最具戏剧化的场面留给人们的印象通常最深，却往往不是事情转折的关键。当时艾森豪威尔和肯尼迪只是在确保教育平权判决及法律的执行，是冰山最上面的一角。而在此之前几十年里来自民间的无数次运动和斗争，最终带来的社会舆论及观念的变化，以及司法实践和法律本身的变化，才是海面之下的冰山最重要的部分，更值得我们去仔细回味。

but,History's most dramatic scene to the impression of people most often,But more often than not things turn key.When Eisenhower and Kennedy just ensure education affirmative sentence and law enforcement,The top is a corner of the iceberg.And before this decades many times from folk sports and struggle,As the result of social public opinion and the change of the idea,And the judicial practice and the change of the law itself,Under the sea is the most important part of the iceberg,More worthy of us to carefully aftertaste.

　　众所周知，19世纪中叶的美国南北战争期间，林肯政府宣布解放黑人奴隶，给予黑人平等地位和公民权利。但是在南北战争之后的漫长时期里，主要是在南部各州，事实上而非法律上的种族歧视制度却一直存在，既表现在投票权等政治权利方面，也表现在教育、医疗、交通等公共服务的享受方面，例如白人享受专用车厢或座位，不同种族子女进入不同学校读书等。这些措施被统称为“吉姆·克劳法”。

As is known to all,In the middle of the nineteenth century during the American civil war,Lincoln government announced liberation of black slaves,Give blacks equal status and rights of citizens.But after the civil war in the long period,Mainly in the southern states,In fact not legal racial discrimination system but there has been,The right to vote as well as political rights,Is also present in education/medical/Traffic and other public service enjoy aspects,Such as white enjoy special car or seat,Different ethnic children into the different school, etc.These measures are collectively referred to as"Jim Crow method".

　　在1868年美国宪法修正案第14条通过之后，人们经常援引该修正案所规定的对所有人在法律上的平等保护权，挑战这些事实上的种族歧视。但是在1896年的“普拉西诉弗格森”一案中，美国最高法院的判决确立了“隔离但平等”准则，从法律逻辑上阻止了这些来自民间的挑战。在该案中，自称只有八分之一黑人血统的普拉西登上一辆白人专用列车，却被列车员要求离开，他拒绝后被拘捕，随后向法庭起诉。最高法院的最终判决认为，只要铁道公司在车厢中向黑人和白人提供同等的空间和服务，就没有违反第14条修正案。该判例让“吉姆·克劳法”继续维持了几十年。

In 1868 the United States constitution amendment to article 14 after through,People often quoted by the amendment to all people in the equal protection of the law,Challenge the fact of racial discrimination.But in 1896"General raschig v. ferguson"A case,The United States Supreme Court ruling established"Separate but equal"criterion,From the legal logic to prevent these from folk challenge.In the case of,Claims to only one 8 black blood general raschig boarded a bus white special train,But the conductor asked to leave,After he refused to be arrested,Then the court prosecution.The Supreme Court's final judgment think,As long as the railway company in the car to blacks and whites provide equal space and service,There is no violation of article 14 amendment.This case let"Jim Crow method"To continue for decades.

　　但二战之后，美国的社会风气出现了重大变化，种族隔离越来越不被舆论容忍，激发了日益激烈的抗议。争取民权的团体开始采用各种方式动员少数族裔，寻求推翻这些壁垒。1954年判决的“布朗诉托皮卡教育局案”成为另一个里程碑式的案例，正是因为该案否定了“隔离但平等”的法律逻辑，才引起现实情况的转变。

But after world war ii,American general mood of society appeared significant change,Segregation is not more and more tolerant of public opinion,Inspired fierce protest.Fight for civil rights groups began to use various ways mobilization ethnic minorities,Seek to overthrow these barriers.In 1954 the decision"Brown v board of education of Topeka case"Become another landmark case,It is for the case denied"Separate but equal"Legal logic,To cause the change of the reality.

　　该案判决前夕，美国各州在教育种族隔离方面的政策不同，有的州完全禁止隔离，有的州则强制规定，必须为不同种族学生设置不同学校。该案发生地堪萨斯州的托皮卡市，则是一种折中情况：不强制要求为不同种族学生提供不同的教育场所和设施，但允许校区这么做。布朗认为他的女儿琳达受到了分校体制的损害，因为她每天必须花很长时间坐车去1.6公里外的一家黑人学校上学，而就在她家附近的白人学校却拒绝她的入学申请。布朗及其他十几位父母对该市教育局提出集体诉讼。在一审中，地区法院判决原告败诉，援引的仍是“隔离但平等”原则，但最高法院最终逆转了原判。

The eve of judgment,The United States in the education of segregation of different policy,Some states a complete ban isolation,Some states are mandatory,Must be different ethnic students set up different schools.The case occurred TuoPiKaShi Kansas,Is a kind of compromise situation:Don't force required for the different ethnic students with different education places and facilities,But allow campus to do so.Brown said his daughter Linda, by the system of damage,Because she was every day must take a long time by bus to go to 1.6 kilometers a black school,And in her home near the white schools refused to her admission.Brown and other dozens of parents to the city bureau of collective action is put forward.In the first instance,The district court judgment against the plaintiff,Quoted is still"Separate but equal"principle,But the Supreme Court reversed the final ruling.

　　当时美国最高法院还在处理几个与此类似的诉讼，但在其他案件中，黑人学校的条件差都是考虑因素之一，而布朗案的不同之处在于，地区法院已经查明，托皮卡市的学校在建筑、交通、课程和教师质量方面都相差无几，问题仅在于隔离本身。这就让该案成为检验“隔离但平等”原则是否违宪的试金石。最终最高法院九名法官达成一致意见：不论条件是否平等，隔离本身就是危害黑人学生利益和违宪的，不仅损害了平等教育权利的保障，而且影响了黑人儿童的身心发展。

At that time the United States Supreme Court also in dealing with several a similar action,But in other cases,Black school condition is considered one of the factors,And the brown case in different,The district court have found out,TuoPiKaShi school in architecture/traffic/Curriculum and teachers' quality are little difference,Only problem is to isolate itself.This let the case be inspection"Separate but equal"The principle is the touchstone of unconstitutional.Finally the Supreme Court nine judges come to an agreement:No matter whether the condition of equality,Isolation itself is hazard black students interests and unconstitutional,Not only harm the rights of education equality,And influence the black children's physical and mental development.

　　该判决一经公布就在各州引发连锁反应，教育上的种族壁垒被纷纷打破。托皮卡市很平静地接受了判决，结束了分校体制，没有发生抗议或混乱。但阿肯色、阿拉巴马等州拒绝接受判决，甚至称判决无效或违宪，方才导致军人护送学生入学的一幕。1964年《民权法案》正式通过后，这些权利斗争运动的成果被彻底巩固下来。时至今日上述的一切已经成为历史，没有哪个严肃的政治家会主张恢复曾经的隔离体制。同时一些新的判例还在推动新的进步，例如得克萨斯州的判例确定，即使是非法移民的子女也享有平等的受教育权利。

The decision is announced in the states cause a chain reaction,Education of racial barriers have been broken by.TuoPiKaShi very calmly accept the decision,At the end of the system,Did not happen protest or confusion.But the Arkansas/Alabama state refused to accept the decision, etc,Even say decision invalid or unconstitutional,Have lead to military escort students scene.In 1964,[Civil Rights Act]After formal,These rights struggle sports achievement was completely consolidate down.Today all has become history,No serious politicians will argue back once the isolation system.At the same time, some new case is also pushing new progress,Such as the case to determine Texas,Even illegal immigrants children also enjoy equal rights by education.

　　美国教育平权历程的基本启示是，这是一个长期过程和系统工程，从新的平等观念的日渐形成，到民间团体的努力，到各种诉讼和利益博弈，到最终法律和制度的改变，到这些成果最终被巩固和普遍接受，可能需要持续几十年、上百年的时间，而不可能仅仅是由上层的制度性改革来决定的。在这个过程中，来自民间的推动必须得到强调。同时，法律不是僵死的，“隔离但平等”原则虽然看似没有逻辑问题，但最终还是因社会风气的转变而被摒弃。现实的转变最终会冲破各种桎梏，尽管这个过程会很漫长。

The United States education affirmative process of enlightenment is basic,This is a long-term process and system engineering,From the new concept of equality is formed,To the efforts of the non-governmental organizations,To all kinds of lawsuits and interests game,To the final legal and institutional change,These results are finally consolidate and generally accepted,May need for decades/Hundreds of years of time,It can not only by the upper institutional reform to decide.In this process,From the folk drive must be emphasized.At the same time,The law is not dead,"Separate but equal"Principle although seemingly logical problems,But eventually because of the change of social atmosphere and been abandoned.Real change will eventually break through all kinds of shackles,Although this process will be very long.