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禽流感 Bird flu

　　禽流感全称“鸟禽类流行性感冒”，是由病毒引起的动物传染病，通常只感染鸟类，少见情况会感染猪。禽流感病毒高度针对特定物种，但在罕有情况下会跨越物种障碍感染人。

The full name of bird flu"Avian influenza",Is caused by a virus of animal infectious diseases,Usually only infected birds,Less commonly infects pigs.Bird flu virus is highly specific species,But in rare cases across the species barrier to infect humans.

　　禽流感被人类认知，是从一百多年前开始的。文献中所记录的禽流感最早发生于1878年的意大利。当时意大利发生鸡群大量死亡，被称为“鸡瘟”。到1955年，科学家证实其致病病毒为甲型流感病毒。此后，这种疾病被更名为“禽流感”。

Bird flu is human cognition,From more than one hundred years ago.Recorded in the literature of bird flu occurred in Italy in 1878 at the earliest.When Italy massive death occurred in a crowd,Referred to as"roup".By 1955,Scientists have confirmed its pathogenic virus for influenza a virus.Since then,The disease was renamed"Bird flu".

　　禽流感真正为世人所瞩目，是在1997年的香港。当年8月，一名3岁的男童因感染死亡，后检测发现他感染的是H5N1病毒。这是全球首宗人类感染禽流感病毒个案。在随后的几个月中，共有18人感染，其中6人死亡。这也是此前被认为最严重的一次禽流感疫情，因此引起全世界卫生组织的高度关注。

Bird flu is real,Is Hong Kong in 1997.In August,A three-year-old boy died of infection,After testing found that he is the H5N1 virus infection.This is the world's first human case of avian influenza virus.In the following months,A total of 18 people were infected with,Six people died.It is previously thought the worst outbreak of bird flu,So caused the world health organization high attention.

H7N9 H7N9

　　流感病毒可分为甲(A)、乙(B)、丙(C)三型。其中，甲型流感依据流感病毒血凝素蛋白(HA)的不同可分为1-16种亚型，根据病毒神经氨酸酶蛋白(NA)的不同可分为1-9种亚型，HA不同亚型可以与NA的不同亚型相互组合形成多达144种不同的流感病毒。而禽类(特别是水禽)是所有这些流感病毒的自然宿主，H7N9禽流感病毒是其中的一种。H7N9亚型流感病毒既往仅在禽间发现，在荷兰、日本及美国等地曾发生过禽间暴发疫情，但未发现过人的感染情况。

Flu virus can be divided into armor(A)/b(B)/c(c)Three type.Among them,A/h1n1 flu on the basis of the influenza virus hemagglutinin protein(The Ha)The different can be divided into 1-16 kinds of subtypes,According to the virus neuraminidase proteins(NA)1-9 kinds of different can be divided into subtypes,The Ha subtype can be different with different subtypes of NA mutual combination form as many as 144 different flu viruses.And the birds(Especially waterfowl)Are the natural reservoir of all influenza viruses,H7N9 avian influenza virus is one of them.H7N9 subtype influenza virus always only found among birds,In the Netherlands/Japan and the United States and other places have a outbreak among poultry,But haven't found anyone of the infection.

感染H7N9禽流感有何症状？ What are the symptoms H7N9 avian influenza infection?

　　禽流感病毒被发现后的100多年来，人类并没有掌握特异性的预防和治疗方法，仅能以消毒、隔离、大量宰杀禽畜的方法防止其蔓延。

The bird flu virus was discovered in more than 100 years,Humans did not master the prevention and treatment of specificity,Only to disinfect/isolation/A large number of livestock slaughter methods to prevent its spread.

　　人患禽流感潜伏期一般为1-3天，通常在7天以内。患者的主要症状为高热、咳嗽、肌肉酸痛和全身不适。重症患者病情发展迅速，表现为重症肺炎，出现呼吸困难，可快速进展出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征、休克、多器官衰竭等，甚至死亡。目前尚无针对H7N9禽流感病毒的疫苗。

People suffering from bird flu incubation period is usually one to three days,Usually within 7 days.The main symptoms of patients was high/Have a cough/Muscle soreness and general discomfort.critically ill patients is developing rapidly,characterized by severe pneumonia,Difficulty in breathing,can be rapid progress in acute respiratory distress syndrome/shock/Multiple organ failure, etc,And even death.There is currently no vaccine against H7N9 avian flu virus.

如何预防H7N9禽流感？ How to prevent H7N9 bird flu?

　　中国疾控中心相关专家表示，到目前为止，并没有看到H7N9大规模流行的明显迹象，公众无需过度恐慌，应适度防护，包括注意个人卫生。健康的生活方式对预防本病非常重要——

chinese center for disease control experts said,So far,I don't see H7N9 clear signs of a pandemic,The public need not panic,Should be moderate protection,Including personal hygiene.A healthy lifestyle is very important for prevention of the disease --

　　1、平时应加强体育锻炼，多休息，避免过度劳累。注意营养、保持良好体质有利于预防流感等呼吸道传染病。

1/At ordinary times should strengthen the physical exercise,More rest,Avoid overwork.Pay attention to nutrition/To maintain good health is beneficial to prevent flu and other respiratory infections.

　　2、勤洗手、室内勤通风换气；

2/Wash your hands often/Indoor often ventilated take a breath;

　　3、出现打喷嚏、咳嗽等呼吸道感染症状时，要用纸巾、手帕掩盖口鼻，以防感染他人。

3/A sneeze/Respiratory tract infection symptoms such as cough,With a paper towel/A handkerchief to cover nose and mouth,In case of infection to others.

　　4、要特别注意的是，应尽量避免直接接触病死禽、畜。

4/Pay special attention to is,Avoid direct contact with dead poultry/livestock.

如何诊治H7N9禽流感 How to make a diagnosis and give treatment H7N9 bird flu

　　根据患者流行病学接触史(家禽及其分泌物、排泄物接触史，尤其是病、死禽接触史)、临床表现及实验室检查结果，可作出人感染H7N9型禽流感的诊断。在流行病学史不详的情况下，根据临床表现、辅助检查和实验室检测结果，特别是从患者呼吸道分泌物标本中分离出H7N9禽流感病毒或H7N9禽流感病毒核酸检测阳性，可以诊断。

According to the epidemiological contact patients(Poultry and its secretion/Waste contact,Especially the disease/contact with dead poultry)/clinical manifestations and laboratory test results,can make people H7N9 type of avian flu infection diagnosis.Under the condition of the epidemiology history is unknown,According to the clinical manifestations of/Auxiliary examination and laboratory test results,Isolated from the specimens, especially from respiratory secretions of infected patients H7N9 or H7N9 avian influenza virus nucleic acid testing positive for bird flu virus,can be diagnosed.

　　对临床诊断和确诊患者应进行隔离治疗；对症治疗，可吸氧、应用解热药、止咳祛痰药等；抗病毒治疗，应尽早应用抗流感病毒药物。美国疾病控制与预防中心4月19日发布了由其专家编写的《关于使用抗病毒药物治疗H7N9禽流感人类感染的临时指南》，建议尽早使用抗病毒药物达菲或扎那米韦治疗所有确诊、疑似和观察中的患者。临时指南说，病情发作后48小时内用药最有效，但即便超过48小时也应开始用药。(摘自新华网、中国疾控中心网站)

In patients with clinical diagnosis and the diagnosis should be treated in isolation;Symptomatic treatment,But oxygen/Application of antipyretic/A cough expectorant, etc;Antiviral treatment,Should use against influenza virus drugs as soon as possible.The U.S. centers for disease control and prevention released on April 19, written by the specialist[About the use of antiviral drugs therapy H7N9 provisional guide human infections with avian flu],Suggest using the antiviral drug tamiflu as soon as possible or zanamivir treatment all confirmed/Suspected and patients in the observation.Temporary guide says,Within 48 hours after illness onset drug use the most effective,But even more than 48 hours should be started to use.(From xinhua/The centers for disease control and prevention web site in china)