环境中的过敏原越来越复杂多样了，本不过敏的人，也纷纷过敏了。而过敏性鼻炎的症状，与感冒又实在太相像了，如果误诊误治，过敏性鼻炎可能发展成支气管哮喘的，朋友，切记！

    The allergen in the environment is becoming more and more complicated,This is not people who are allergic,Also have allergies.The symptoms of allergic rhinitis,With cold and far too much alike,If the disease,Allergic rhinitis may develop into bronchial asthma,A friend,Be sure to keep in mind!

    1 过敏和感冒形成机制不同     1 allergic and cold forming mechanism is different

    个案1：一位大二女生清明踏青回来，鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽、头疼、打喷嚏。她认为自己“感冒”了，到药房买感冒药来吃，不想病情更重。就医，确诊为“花粉过敏症”。

    Case 1:A sophomore female qingming outing came back,A stuffy nose/Runny nose/Have a cough/Have a headache/sneezing.She thinks she"Catch a cold"the,To the pharmacy to buy medicine to eat,Don't want to more advanced disease.Go to a doctor,A diagnosis of"Pollen allergy".

    为什么很多人过敏了，却如个案1一样，以为自己“感冒”了？

    Why so many people have allergies,But as case 1,Thought he was going to"Catch a cold"the?

    原因是，过敏性鼻炎和感冒确有很多相似之处，如，都会打喷嚏、流涕、鼻塞等。但是，形成这些症状的机制，却各不相同。

    The reason is,There are many similarities between allergic rhinitis and cold,Such as the,Will sneeze/Runny nose/Nasal congestion, etc..but,The mechanism of these symptoms,But each are not identical.

    感冒，是呼吸道病毒，经过对气道上皮细胞的黏附、感染和病毒颗粒的复制过程，导致呼吸道炎症，因而出现鼻塞流涕等症状。

    Catch a cold,Is a respiratory virus,After adhesion of airway epithelial cells/Infection and replication of virus particles,Cause respiratory inflammation,Therefore symptoms such as stuffy nose runny.

    那过敏反应呢？

    What about allergic reactions?

    过敏有致敏和致炎两个过程。

    Allergies and sensitive and inflammatory process.

    致敏：过敏体质者第一次接触到环境中的某种过敏原（如尘螨、花粉和霉菌等）后，体内产生大量的特异性免疫球蛋白E（IgE）抗体，这种抗体与肥大细胞等免疫细胞相结合，使机体致敏。

    sensitization:Allergic constitution first exposure to certain allergens in the environment(Such as dust mites./Pollen and mold, etc)after,The body produces a large number of specific immunoglobulin E(IgE)antibodies,The antibody combined with mast cells and other immune cells,To make the body sensitization.

    致炎：当机体再次接触到这种过敏原后，IgE抗体就会立刻与过敏原结合，而使肥大细胞“脱颗粒”，释放出大量的组织胺和白三烯等炎性介质。这些介质引起小血管扩张和通透性增加，平滑肌痉挛和腺体分泌增多等改变，由此产生流涕、鼻塞、喷嚏，甚至哮喘等一系列的过敏症状。

    inflammatory:When the body again after exposed to the allergen,IgE antibodies will immediately with allergens,And make the mast cells"To take off the particles",Release of histamine and leukotriene inflammatory mediators.These medium cause expansion and increased permeability of small blood vessels,Smooth muscle spasm and gland secretion increased, etc,The resulting runny nose/A stuffy nose/sneezing,Even asthma and other allergic symptoms.

    2 过敏和感冒症状有区别     Is there a difference 2 allergies and cold symptoms

    两者因发病机制不同，症状还是大有区别的。

    Both because of the different pathogenesis,Symptoms or a big difference.

    典型的区别是“痒”。

    Is the difference between a typical"itch".

    感冒患者以鼻塞、咽喉干痛为主；而过敏性鼻炎，因过敏性炎症介质（如组胺）刺激末稍神经，常有鼻痒症状。症状轻微者，鼻腔内不适、有痒感；重者则鼻痒得难以忍受，还会伴有眼、耳、咽喉、硬腭等多处发痒，常常连着打数个甚至数十个喷嚏，大量清水样鼻涕会自动流出。

    Who has a cold with a stuffy nose/Mainly dry throat pain;And allergic rhinitis,Because of allergic inflammation medium(Such as histamine)Stimulate the peripheral nerve,Always have nasal itching symptoms.Mild person,Nasal discomfort/Have a itch;The person that weigh is nasal itching to bear,Will be accompanied by eye/ear/The throat/Itching on the hard palate, etc,Often attached to play several or even dozens of sneezing,A large number of clear watery nose will automatically flow out.

    “流涕”也有区别。

    "Runny nose"There are differences between.

    过敏流清水鼻涕；而感冒，可由清涕转为绿色的脓性鼻涕。原因是，为了对付感冒病毒，嗜中性粒细胞首先跑了出来，它虽然属于白细胞，但却是绿色的。

    Allergic nasal discharge flow water;And caught a cold,Can be made of black stuff into green purulent nasal discharge.The reason is,In order to deal with the cold virus,Neutrophil ran out in the first place,Although it is belong to the white blood cells,But it is green.

    最大的区别，还在有否“全身症状”。

    The biggest difference,Still have you"Systemic symptom".

    感冒（特别是流行性感冒），有明显的畏寒、发高热、四肢无力、肌痛、头痛、咽痛、胃肠道不适等全身症状；而过敏性鼻炎，仅表现为鼻部症状或伴发哮喘或皮肤过敏，不发热也不畏寒。

    Catch a cold(Especially for pandemic influenza),There are obvious chills/Hair high fever/Go limp/Muscle pain/Have a headache/Sore throat/Systemic symptoms such as gastrointestinal discomfort;And allergic rhinitis,Only show the nasal symptoms or comorbid asthma or allergic skin,No fever also not afraid of cold.

    再则，感冒，流涕和鼻塞等鼻部症状往往是持续性的；而过敏性鼻炎，其发作呈阵发性，一天中可能仅发作一次或数次，清晨更为明显，发作过后，好如常人。

    Moreover,,Catch a cold,Runny nose and congestion, nasal symptoms tend to be persistent;And allergic rhinitis,Paroxysmal in its attack,May only attack once or several times in a day,Early in the morning is more apparent,After the attack,Good as normal people.

    分不清怎么办？尽早到医院去做检查。

    Can't tell how to do?As soon as possible to go to the hospital to do check.

    3 有的“头疼”也是过敏     3 some"Have a headache"Is allergic

    个案1认为自己“感冒”，有个重要理由是“头疼”。

    Case 1 think of themselves"Catch a cold",Is an important reason"Have a headache".

    过敏也会头疼吗？

    Allergies can also have a headache?

    过敏反应，可以累及到全身各个系统，各个器官。除皮炎、鼻炎、哮喘外，还可引起过敏性胃肠炎、过敏性结膜炎、交感性眼炎、渗出性中耳炎和复发性口腔炎等。若发生在全身小血管，则会引起过敏性休克。

    An allergic reaction,Can be affected to the whole body each system,Various organs.In addition to the AD/rhinitis/Outside the asthma,Can also cause allergic gastroenteritis/Allergic conjunctivitis/Sympathetic ophthalmia/And recurrent otitis media with effusion (ome) stomatitis, etc.If a small blood vessels throughout the body,Will cause anaphylactic shock.

    若发生在神经系统，可引起头痛。

    If happens in the nervous system,Can cause headaches.

    因过敏反应而诉头痛的现象，临床上并不少见。

    V. a headache as a result of an allergic reaction,It is not uncommon clinically.

    个案2：一位小年轻说：我不敢吃辣椒、花生和瓜子，一吃就头疼，身上就痒，长荨麻疹，眼睛也痒。 头疼看神经内科，吃许多药不见效。

    Case 2:A teenager said:I can't eat chili/Peanut and melon seeds,As soon as you eat have a headache,Body is itching,Long urticaria,Eyes are itchy. Headache, nerve internal medicine,Eat a lot of medicine doesn't work.

    个案3：男，22岁。他说，几天前我软化了头发后，就有点头疼，去看病，竟让我看皮肤科，说是过敏。我晕，我是头疼啊，后脑疼，有时两侧也疼。

    Case 3:male,22 years old.He said,After a few days ago I softened the hair,Just a little headache,To see a doctor,Let me see,Is allergic.I'm dizzy,I'm a headache!,Back pain,Sometimes on both sides of the pain.

    

    4 物理、化学、精神刺激也致敏 4 physical/chemical/Mental stimulation and sensitization

    除了花粉等过敏原的直接刺激外，来自体外的非特异性因素，如物理的、化学的刺激，或来自体内的内分泌和精神方面的刺激，也可加重病情。

    Outside the direct stimulation of allergens such as pollen,Nonspecific factors from in vitro,Such as physical/Chemical stimulus,Or from the body of the endocrine and spiritual stimulation,May also be aggravated.

    个案4：男，17岁，以前有过敏性鼻炎，只要气温下降，遇到冷空气就会打喷嚏、流清鼻涕水、鼻塞、鼻痒和眼痒。

    Case 4:male,17 years old,There used to be allergic rhinitis,As long as the temperature drops,Encounter cold air will sneeze/Flow clear nasal discharge water/A stuffy nose/Itchy nose and itchy eyes.

    冷空气，为何会导致过敏？

    The cold air,Why can cause allergy?

    原因是，气道粘膜上“潜伏”有肥大细胞。冷空气导致气道热损失，刺激肥大细胞释放炎症介子，导致过敏。

    The reason is,On the airway mucosa"latent"Mast cells.Cold air leading to airway heat loss,Stimulate mast cells release inflammatory meson,Lead to allergy.

    个案5：有位大二学生，剧烈运动后，会发生急性哮喘，胸闷、喘息、咳嗽，甚至呼吸困难。他总以为自己运动出汗，风吹后受凉感冒了。

    Case 5:There is a sophomore,After intense exercise,Can occur with acute asthma,Chest tightness/breathing/Have a cough,Even breathing difficulties.He always thought he was going to sweat,After the wind catch cold catch cold catch a cold.

    运动，为何也会过敏？

    movement,Why will allergy?

    原因是，运动（或大哭大笑）时，过度换气，导致气道热损失，刺激肥大细胞释放炎症介质。

    The reason is,movement(Or cry laugh)when,hyperventilation,Leading to airway heat loss,Stimulate mast cells release of inflammatory mediators.

    个案6：有位先生外出旅游，突然发现自己忘记带沙丁胺醇气雾剂了，立刻出现咳嗽、胸闷和气喘等支气管哮喘的症状。可当随行的太太拿出帮他准备好的沙丁胺醇气雾剂后，他的咳嗽、胸闷和气喘等症状，竟立刻自行缓解了。

    Case 6:A man traveling,Suddenly found himself forgot the salbutamol aerosol,The cough at once/Chest tightness and asthma bronchial asthma symptoms.When traveling with Mrs. Took out prepared salbutamol aerosol after for him,His cough/Symptoms such as chest tightness, and asthma,Should alleviate by oneself at once.

    可见精神因素，也是过敏反应的重要诱发因素。其他如投资失败、婚姻破裂、失业负债等精神刺激，都有可能诱发过敏性哮喘症状，其作用机制十分复杂。

    Visible mental factors,Is also an important triggers an allergic reaction.Other such as investment failure/marriage/Unemployment liabilities such as mental stimulation,Are likely to induce allergic asthma symptoms,Its mechanism is very complex.

    个案7：有位高二女生，每次月经来潮前3～5天总会出现胸闷、咳嗽、气喘、不能平卧等症状。她一直以为是自己来月经时抵抗力低下所致。

    Case 7:There is a high school girl,Every time menstruation always appear bosom frowsty 3 ~ 5 days before/Have a cough/asthma/Cannot lay down.She always thought that is caused to menstruation when resistance is low.

    其实，她患的是“月经性哮喘”，与内分泌失调有关。

    In fact,She had a"Menstruation sexual asthma",Associated with endocrine disorders.

    个案8：有位先生，小时候没有发过哮喘，但最近却总是咳嗽、胸闷，医生询问后获知：他不久前刚搬进新装修好的新房子。医生估计与他的新房子中甲醛等刺激性气体有关。

    Case 8:One of Mr.,When I was a child did not have asthma,But always cough recently/Chest tightness,After the doctor asked:He has just moved into new house decorate good.Doctors estimate and excitant gas such as formaldehyde in his new house.

    个案9：一位大三学生受凉感冒了，但感冒药越吃病情越重。经过呼吸科专家诊断，她对感冒药中的解热镇痛药阿司匹林过敏！

    Case 9:A junior majoring in catch cold catch cold catch a cold,But cold medicine eat more heavier.After an expert diagnosis,She is allergic to cold antipyretic analgesic of aspirin!

    个案8和个案9均是对化学物质过敏。

    Case 8 and 9 cases were sensitive to chemicals.

    5 致敏的时间有长有短     5 the sensitization time has long have short

    个案10：有位小白领常带朋友家的小狗睡觉，一直相安无事，但前几天小狗再上她床后，她却起了一身的红疹子。

    Case 10:There is a small white collar often sleep with my friend's house dog,Have been happy,But a few days ago after dog on her bed,She was up a suit of red rash.

    为何本不过敏的，却突然过敏了？原因是，致敏到发敏的时间有长有短。

    Why is this not allergic,But suddenly the allergy?The reason is,Sensitization when min time has long have short.

    个案11：一位朋友说：我上大学的时候，有一个老师，他嗓子疼，去打青霉素，结果做了一个青霉素实验，在瞬间就过敏性休克死亡了。

    Case 11:A friend said:I was in college,There is a teacher,He has a sore throat,To hit penicillin,Did a penicillin experiment results,Anaphylactic shock death in an instant.

    个案11的过敏，属“速发型”的。

    11 cases of allergy,Belongs to the"Speed of hair style"the.

    个案12：有位支气管感染者，医生给他“头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠”静脉滴注。用药两天，患者偶有手心发痒感觉，但无颜色改变及皮疹；第三天用药时，患者颈部和双手掌心发痒明显，并自觉心慌、气喘。原因是，药物引起了迟发性过敏反应！

    Case 12:There is a bronchial infections,The doctor gave him"Cefoperazone sodium shu batan sodium"Intravenous drip.Use two days,I feel itchy palms,But no color change and skin rash;The third day medication,Palm itching significantly in patients with neck and hands,And consciously flustered/asthma.The reason is,Drugs caused the late-onset allergic reaction!

    致敏后12个小时以上才发生的过敏，属“迟发型过敏”。个案10、个案12的过敏是迟发型的。

    Sensitization occurred more than 12 hours after allergy,Belongs to the"Late onset of allergy".Case 10/Case 12 hairstyle allergy is late.

    个案13：有两位从外地到南京上大学的学生，其中一位到南京的第一个春天就花粉过敏了；第二位同学本很庆幸自己能适应南京的环境，没想到第二年的春季，她也花粉过敏了。

    Case of 13:There are two to nanjing college students from the other cities,Among them一位到南京the第一个春天就花粉过敏the;The second student this'm glad I can adapt to the environment of nanjing,In the second year of spring,She has pollen allergy.

    为何两人的过敏时间有先后？

    Why, two people have allergic time?

    因为，若过敏原浓度高，特应性素质明显，几个月的接触可以致敏；若过敏原浓度低时，致敏期可长达数年甚至数十年。

    Because of the,If allergens concentration is high,Atopic diathesis,A few months can contact sensitization;If an allergen concentrations are low,Sensitization phase which can take several years or even decades.

 

    6 防过敏须远离过敏原    6 anti allergic to allergens

    个案14：有位大一学生说：最近半年，在学校里健康活泼的她，每个月回到家都会咳嗽一阵，吃了很多治疗支气管炎的药也没有用。由于一到夜间咳嗽加重，无法入睡，感觉无依无靠的，所以总喜欢搂着猫咪睡。寒假时就医，一查血常规，发现嗜酸粒细胞百分比已经快达到40%了，医生怀疑是对猫毛过敏！让她不要再接触猫咪。她住到没有猫的奶奶家，现在再也不咳嗽了。

    Case 14:A freshman said:Recent half a year,Lively and healthy, she in school,Cough a every month at home,Ate a lot for the treatment of bronchitis, medicine is useless.Due to cough at night is aggravating,Can't fall asleep,Feel helpless,So like to hug the cat to sleep.The winter holiday when go to a doctor,Check routine blood,Find acidophilus granulocyte percentage has nearly reached 40%,The doctor doubt is allergic to cat hair!Let her not to contact with Kitty again.She lives to the grandma's cat,Don't cough any more.

    如果过敏反复发作，最好到医院做过敏原试验，查看是对哪些物质过敏，查到了，就如个案14，远离它。

    If allergic to break out repeatedly,Best to go to the hospital do the allergen test,View is allergic to what material,Look up to,As the case of 14,Away from it.

    现在人类生存的环境越来越复杂，很多东西都是人在进化过程中未曾遇见过的，纷纷成了过敏原，如此慢性刺激累加，让本不过敏的，也会过敏了。但是，暗藏杀机的环境让人离不开怎么办？

    Now human survival environment has become more and more complicated,A lot of things are people had not been met in the course of evolution,Have become allergens,So accumulating chronic stimulation,Let this not allergic,Will also be allergic to the.but,'st environment lets a person cannot leave?

    一是努力提高免疫力；二是，严重的，可采用脱敏疗法。

    One is hard to improve immunity;The second is,serious,Desensitization treatment can be adopted.

    个案15：有位先生，一直头痛、鼻塞、流涕，以为感冒了，吃了1个月的感冒药，病情反而更重，到医院检查才发现，他的过敏性鼻炎已转化成鼻窦炎。

    Case 15:One of Mr.,Have a headache/A stuffy nose/Runny nose,Thought has a cold,For 1 month,Illness instead more heavy,Only to find to the hospital inspection,He's allergic rhinitis has been converted to sinusitis.

    如果误诊误治，过敏性鼻炎未及时治疗，可造成鼻窦炎、中耳炎、鼻息肉，严重的并发支气管哮喘。

    If the disease,Allergic rhinitis treated not in time,Can cause sinusitis/Otitis media/Nasal polyps,Serious complicated with bronchial asthma.

    朋友，早期诊断，科学治疗，是防治过敏性疾病的关键呵！

    A friend,Early diagnosis,Science treatment,Is the key to the prevention and treatment of allergic disease!