我们通常会认为皮肤越干净越好，但事实是，皮肤上细菌的生存对我们是比较有利的。“如果你反复洗手，手就会干燥——部分是因为你洗掉了所有的油脂，还因为你清除了大量的有助于维持皮肤状态的细菌，”金斯顿大学医学微生物学家马克·菲尔德教授说，“如果你过度使用洗涤剂(肥皂)，清除了一些微生物而让其他微生物喧宾夺主，这可能导致皮炎等问题。”

We usually think that the skin as clean as possible,But the truth is,Survival of bacteria on the skin is more favorable to us."If you wash your hands again and again,Hand is dry - partly because you washed all the grease,Also because you remove a lot of help to maintain the state of the skin bacteria,"Kingston university medical microbiologist, said professor marc field,"If you overuse of detergent(soap),Remove some microorganisms and let the other a presumptuous guest usurps the host's role,This may result in dermatitis."

粪便细菌也能治病 Fecal bacteria can also cure

　　今年早些时候一个临床试验表明，使用捐赠者的粪便——这种富含有益的肠道细菌的物质，比使用抗生素能够更有效地清除复发性感染。

A clinical trial showed that earlier this year,Using donor stool - this kind of material rich in beneficial intestinal bacteria,More than the use of antibiotics can effectively remove recurrent infections.

　　难治梭状芽胞杆菌(C.　diff)是一种细菌性肠道感染，可引起严重的腹泻，16例患有该病的患者使用一天四次连续四天的“粪便灌肠”治疗方法最后疗效甚佳，唯一的副作用是输液当天会轻微地抽筋。用该方法的患者中81%被治愈，而那些注射抗生素的患者中只有31%被治愈。考尔德教授说：“粪便移植先筛除有害细菌或病毒，然后用灌肠剂管或将管子插进鼻子导入小肠。”粪便通常取自患者的家庭，这会更容易和更“可接受”。但是理论上，他们可以来自任何人。纽约阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院的内科和手术治疗教授劳伦斯·勃兰特(Lawrence　Brandt)认为：治疗可能对非肠胃问题的其他疾病也有效，例如肥胖和帕金森氏症。

Refractory clostridium difficile(C. diff)Is a kind of bacterial intestinal infection,Can cause severe diarrhea,16 cases of patients with this disease using four times a day for four days"Dung enema"Treatment the curative effect is well,The only side effect is infusion will be slightly jerky.81% of patients were cured in this way,And only 31% in those patients given antibiotics be cured.Calder, a professor said:"Fecal transplants to screen out harmful bacteria or virus,Then use enema tube or pipe into the nose into the small intestine."Waste is usually taken from the patient's family,It will more easy and more"acceptable".But in theory,They can come from anyone.Albert Einstein college of medicine in New York and surgical treatment of professor Lawrence Brandt(Lawrence Brandt)think:Treatment may be effective for other diseases of gastrointestinal problems,Such as obesity and Parkinson's disease.

　　当你用抗菌肥皂洗手或用抗菌漱口水时你一定以为，我们每个人身上的细菌都是超标的。“人们一般都会惊讶地获知，我们身上的细菌细胞比正常细胞多10倍以上，”英国南安普敦大学的营养免疫学专家菲利普·考尔德(Philip　Calder)教授说，“事实上，以细胞计数一个人身上90%是细菌。”

When you are washing your hands with antibacterial soap or you must have thought with anti-microbial mouthwashes,We everyone are excessive amounts of bacteria."People will be surprised to learn in general,We are more than 10 times more bacteria cells than normal cells,"The university of Southampton in England nutritional immunology expert Philip Calder(Philip Calder)The professor said,"In fact,,By cell count a person of 90% is bacteria."

　　与我们生活在一起的是大约100万亿个细菌，它们被称为微型生物群落，其中95%生活在我们的肠道中。其他一些则生活在我们的皮肤、呼吸道、口腔以及生殖器部位。它们大多数是有益无害的，当然，也有一些有害的，那为什么我们不会长期患病呢？秘密就在我们脆弱的生态系统的平衡。如果平衡被破坏，系统就进入疯狂的状态。比如说，不平衡的肠道细菌已经证实与糖尿病、肥胖症、自闭症、湿疹、牛皮癣、哮喘和炎性肠道症状相关，例如溃疡性结肠炎、克罗恩病。最新的研究表明，在某些情况下，细菌可能会造成多发性硬化症，但有些细菌不仅有益无害，且我们不能缺少。

And our life together is about 100 trillion bacteria,They are called micro biological communities,95% of them live in our intestines.Others live on our skin/The respiratory tract/Oral and genital area.Most of them are good,Of course,,Also has some harmful,Why we won't be long illness?Secret of our fragile ecosystem balance.If the balance was destroyed,System is entering a state of madness.For instance,Imbalance of intestinal bacteria have been confirmed with diabetes/obesity/autism/eczema/psoriasis/Asthma and associated inflammatory bowel symptoms,Such as ulcerative colitis/Crohn's disease.According to new research,In some cases,Bacteria may cause multiple sclerosis,But some bacteria are not only good,And we can't lack.

肠胃细菌缓解焦虑 Intestinal bacteria reduce anxiety

　　你相信吗？如果你身体里含有某种类型的细菌，就会在一定程度上影响你的情绪。人类的肠胃中有多种细菌，对人体健康起到或好或坏的作用。这些细菌还可能影响人们的情绪和行为，爱尔兰和加拿大研究人员通过动物实验发现，一种益生菌能缓解焦虑情绪。

Do you believe it?If your body contains a type of bacteria,Will to a certain extent, affect your mood.Have a variety of bacteria in the human stomach,Good or bad effect to human body health.These bacteria may also influence people's emotions and behavior,Ireland and Canadian researchers found by animal experiments,A probiotic can alleviate anxiety.

　　有关肠胃细菌对人类大脑和行为的影响，科学界近年来有一些研究，但集中于有害细菌，对有益生菌的研究很少。爱尔兰科克大学学院和加拿大麦克马斯特大学的研究小组报告说，他们选择了一种常见的益生菌——鼠李糖乳杆菌，添加在食物中喂养实验鼠，持续6个星期。

Related to gut bacteria influence on the human brain and behavior,The scientific community in recent years, some studies,But focus on the harmful bacteria,Very few studies on good living bacteria.University college cork, Ireland and Canada at McMaster university research team reports,They chose a common form of probiotic lactobacillus, rhamnose,Add bred mice in the food,Last 6 weeks.

　　行为测试表明，与摄入不添加益生菌的同样膳食的实验鼠相比，经过鼠李糖乳杆菌喂养的实验鼠较少表现出情绪压力和焦虑。例如在啮齿动物不适应的开阔环境中，它们能花更多的时间去探索，被放进水里时，体内反映情绪压力的激素水平上升幅度较小。

Conduct test shows that,With no added probiotics intake compared to the same diet of rats,After rhamnose lactobacillus feeding mice showed less emotional stress and anxiety.For example, in rodents are not adapt to the open environment,They can spend more time to explore,When placed into the water,Reflect the emotional stress hormone levels in the body rise is small.

　　进一步检查发现，这些实验鼠脑部GABA受体基因的活动情况发生了改变。GABA是一种重要的神经递质，许多用于抗焦虑药物是针对它发挥作用的。研究人员说，鼠李糖乳杆菌喂养使GABA受体基因在实验鼠脑部某些区域的活动增强，在另一些区域活动减弱，总体效果是减轻焦虑。

Further examination revealed,These mice brain GABA receptor gene activity has changed.GABA is an important neurotransmitter,Many used anti-anxiety drugs is against it.The researchers said,Rhamnose lactobacillus feeding the GABA receptor gene in mice enhanced activity in certain areas of the brain,Activity in other areas,The overall effect is to reduce anxiety.

　　“细菌能使大脑中的许多化学物质发生变化，”伦敦帝国学院的教授杰里米·尼科尔森(Jeremy　Nicholson)教授说，“对此我们知之甚少，还需进一步研究。”

"Bacteria can make a lot of chemicals in the brain change,"Imperial college London professor Jeremy Nicholson(Jeremy Nicholson)The professor said,"We know very little about this,Still need further study."

有时还能预防中风 Sometimes still can prevent stroke

　　什么样的细菌可能影响到你，让你患上心脏病或中风的几率改变？一项发表在《自然通讯》上的最近研究显示：那些患有动脉粥样硬化的人，与那些无动脉硬化的人有不同的细菌群落。去年，来自瑞典查尔姆斯理工大学和哥德堡大学的研究人员发现中风病人与健康人在肠道细菌方面有重大差异。他们认为后者有更多的细菌，它产生一种抗氧化剂，类胡萝卜素，可以防止心绞痛和中风。

What kind of bacteria might affect you,Allows you to change the risk of a heart attack or stroke?A study published in the[Nature communications]The recent studies on the display:Those who suffered from atherosclerosis,And those without atherosclerosis have different colonies of bacteria.Last year,,From Sweden, mustang polytechnic university and the university of gothenburg researchers have found that stroke patients and healthy people have significant differences in terms of intestinal bacteria.They think the latter has more germs,It produces an antioxidant,carotenoids,Can prevent angina, and stroke.

　　人体含有的细菌细胞数量是人细胞的10倍多，其中大多数细菌细胞是在人肠道中发现的。除了我们的宿主基因组外，这些细菌含有大量的基因，它们一起被称作肠道宏基因组(gut　metagenome)。这种宏基因组如何影响我们的健康？当前已有很多研究人员正在设法解决这个问题。在之前的研究中，科学家们已发现几种疾病与肠道宏基因组的变化相关联。如今在一项新的研究中，研究人员也证实肠道宏基因组变化与动脉粥样硬化和中风相关联。

The human body contains the number of bacterial cells is 10 times more than human cells,Most of the bacterial cells are found in the human gut.In addition to our host genomes,These bacteria contain a large number of genes,Together they referred to as intestinal macro genome(Gut metagenome).How the metagenomic affect our health?There have been many researchers are trying to solve the problem in the current.In previous studies,Scientists have found several diseases associated with intestinal macro changes in genome.Now in a new study,Researchers have confirmed that the intestinal macro genomic changes that is associated with atherosclerosis and stroke.

　　研究人员比较了一组中风病人和一组健康人，发现两组人群的肠道菌群存在重大的差异。特别是，研究证实合成类胡萝卜素所需的基因在健康人的肠道菌群中被更加频繁地发现。相对于中风存活者而言，这组健康人的血液也存在着显著性更高水平的某种类胡萝卜素。

The researchers compared a group a group of stroke patients and healthy people,Found the two groups of intestinal flora exist significant differences.Especially in the,Needed for the study confirms that synthetic beta-carotene genes in healthy people are more frequently found in the intestinal flora.In terms of relative stroke survivors,This group of healthy blood also exist significantly higher levels of some sort of carotenoids.

　　类胡萝卜素是一类抗氧化剂，而且多年来人们一直声称它们可以对抗心绞痛和中风。因此，来自这组健康人的肠道细菌存在水平增加的合成类胡萝卜素的细菌可能提供线索来解释肠道宏基因组如何影响疾病状态。通过研究病人的肠道菌群，人们应当能够对心血管疾病进行风险预测。

Carotenoids are antioxidants,And over the years, people have claimed that they can fight angina, and stroke.so,From this group of healthy intestinal bacteria is increased levels of synthetic of carotene of bacteria may provide clues to explain how the gut metagenomic affect disease state.By studying the intestinal flora of patients,People should be able to cardiovascular disease risk prediction.

母体细菌增强免疫 Maternal bacteria to enhance immunity

　　如今瘦已成为所有女性的追求，根据科学研究证实，胖瘦和细菌同样有关，胖子与那些并不肥胖的人群携带的细菌是不同的。“胖子肠道里发现的微生物能更有效地摄取食物中的卡路里，”伦敦帝国学院的教授杰里米·尼科尔森教授说，“它们多吸收10%至15%的卡路里，但目前还不清楚是不是细菌变化造成超重，或是细菌本身导致肥胖。”

Now slim has become the pursuit of all women,According to scientific research confirmed,Fat and also related to bacteria,Fat man and those who do not obese people carry bacteria are different."Fat found in intestinal microbes can more effectively absorb calories in food,"Imperial college London professor professor Jeremy Nicholson said,"They absorb the 10% to 10% more calories,But it is unclear whether the bacteria changes caused by overweight,Or bacteria itself, leading to obesity."

　　然而，通过对小鼠的研究发现，那些被注射肥胖老鼠的肠道细菌的实验鼠比那些被注射瘦老鼠的肠道细菌的实验鼠增加了更多的重量。尼科尔森教授说：“有趣的是，有些人经过减肥(肥胖)手术后其肠道细菌同样经历了变化。”

however,Through the study found that in mice,The injected mice obese rats of intestinal bacteria than those injected with lean mice intestinal bacteria of the weight of the rats increased more.Prof Nicholson said:"It is interesting to note,Some people after weight loss(obesity)The gut bacteria also has experienced the change after the surgery."

　　另外，宝宝的免疫系统同样和细菌息息相关。根据一项发表在公共科学图书馆期刊的研究，在怀孕头三个月，母亲的细菌发生改变并将有益细菌传递给婴儿。例如约翰逊氏乳杆菌——通常在胃肠道上部，它能帮助消化，在阴道里广为分布，而其他地方则数量很少。

In addition,The baby's immune system and bacteria is same.According to a study published in the journal public library of science,In the first three months of pregnancy,Mother's bacteria change and pass good bacteria to the baby.Such as Johnson's lactobacillus - usually in the upper gastrointestinal tract,It can help digestion,Widely distributed in the vagina,And other places are few in number.

　　在分娩过程中，宝宝带走母体中的细菌，这就是为什么自然出生的婴儿常常发现有肠道混合细菌而经历剖腹产手术的婴儿通常发现有母亲皮肤上的混合细菌。

In the process of delivery,Baby take away the bacteria in the mother,That is why babies born nature often found that intestinal mixed bacteria and undergo a cesarean section is usually found to have baby mother mixed bacteria on the skin.

　　肠道细菌被认为对新生儿的免疫系统的帮助至关重要。最近两年来美国对在底特律亨利福特医院出生的12578名婴儿进行研究，最后发现那些剖腹产的婴儿比自然分娩的可能出现的过敏症多5倍。

Intestinal bacteria are thought to help a newborn's immune system is crucial.In recent two years, the United States about 12578 babies born at the Henry Ford hospital in Detroit,Finally found the c-section babies than natural childbirth 5 times more allergies may occur.