10月20日，火车晚点3小时才抵达武昌火车站，致使乘坐Z24次列车的200多名广东考生被迫缺考。经协商，铁路部门为这些考生办理了退票手续。

On October 20,,The train was delayed three hours to reach the wuchang railway station,Ride the train Z24 more than 200 guangdong examinee was forced to lack of exam.After negotiation,The railway departments for these candidates for the refund formalities.

　　铁路运输延误属于迟延履行违约形态

Railway transport delay belong to delay to perform default form

　　从法律关系上来看，在铁路客运活动中，承运人与旅客构成运输合同关系，双方都有各自的权利和义务。

From the legal relationship to see,In the railway passenger transport activities,Carrier and passenger constitute a transport contract relationship,Both sides have their respective rights and obligations.

　　根据我国合同法第290条规定：“承运人应当在约定的期间或者合理的期间内将旅客、货物安全运输到约定地点。”铁路运输延误行为，是指承运人没有按法律规定或者合同约定履行按期运输义务，是民法上的违约行为。按照民法的一般原理，按“原因途径”可将违约行为分为不完全履行、迟延履行、瑕疵履行等形态，而铁路运输延误行为则属于迟延履行的违约形态。

According to the provisions of article 290 of the contract law:"The carrier shall be within the prescribed time or within a reasonable period passenger/Safe transportation of goods to the prescribed destination."Railway transport delay behavior,Refers to the carrier without according to law or contract to perform obligations on transportation,The civil law is the breach.According to the general principles of the civil law,According to the"Reason way"But will default behavior is divided into incomplete performance/Delay in performance/Defects such as performance form,And the railway transportation delay behavior belong to delay in performance of the default form.

　　所谓迟延履行，是指债务人能够履行但在履行期届满时却未履行债务的现象。但是，我国合同法并没有明确规定迟延履行的情况，而是通过违约的形式对其予以规定，合同法第107条规定：“对当事人一方不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。”铁路运输延误行为应属于合同法所指的未按合同约定履行义务的行为。

The so-called delay in performance,Refers to the debtor to perform but in the performance of the period expires but fails to fulfill debt phenomenon.but,Our country contract law and no clear provisions of delay in performance,But through the breach of contract shall be in the form of its provisions,The provisions of article 107 of the contract:"If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or rendered non-conforming performance,Shall be liable for continue to perform/Take remedial measures or compensate for the losses and liability for breach of contract."Railway transportation should be referred to delay behavior belongs to contract law not according to the contractual obligations behavior.

　　通常，在延迟运输的情况下，承运人应当向旅客及时告知有关不能正常运输的重要事由和安全运输应当注意的事项，并根据旅客的要求安排改乘其他班次或者退票。因此，在列车晚点的情况下，铁路部门应及时向旅客说明列车晚点的重要事由，并根据旅客的要求安排改乘其他班次、协助旅客采取相应的运输补救措施或者退票等。

usually,In delay under the condition of transportation,The carrier shall timely inform relevant to the passenger can't normal transportation important reason and safety transportation should be paid attention to matters,And upon request by the passenger, either reschedule or refund the fare.therefore,In the train late cases,The railway departments should be timely to the passenger train late that the important reason,And upon request by the passenger, either reschedule/Help passenger transport to take corresponding remedial measures or refund, etc.

乘客可要求铁路部门采取补救措施 Passengers can urged the railway departments to take remedial measures

　　铁路运输延误行为作为民法上的违约行为，直接导致承运人承担违约责任的法律后果。我国合同法对当事人承担违约责任虽然采取严格责任原则，但并不意味着违约方在任何情况下均须对其违约行为负责。在有法律规定的免责情况下，当事人不承担法律责任，例如：因天气、突发事件或者交通管制等不可抗力发生时或者因乘客自身原因导致迟延运输的。

Railway transport delay of civil law ACTS as the breach,Led directly to the carrier shall bear the liabilities for breach of the legal consequences.The contract law in our country to bear the liability for breach of contract although take strict liability principle,But this does not mean that the default party in any case shall be responsible for its breach of contract.In a law exemption cases,The parties do not bear legal responsibility,For example:Because the weather/Emergency or traffic control and force majeure or for passengers own cause delay in transport.

　　违约责任作为民事责任的一种，具有财产性、补偿性和一定程度上的惩罚性，而且我国合同法第107条对违约责任的承担方式作了明确的规定：“当事人一方不履行合同义务或履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。”

Liability for breach of contract as a kind of civil liability,Has the property/Compensatory and certain degree of punitive,And article 107 of the Chinese contract law to responsibility of breach of contract for the way of clear rules:"If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or rendered non-conforming performance,Shall be liable for continue to perform/Take remedial measures or compensate for the losses and liability for breach of contract."

　　因此，对于上述不同的违约责任承担方式，承运人与旅客可以根据客运合同协商确定责任承担方式。在列车延误情况下，由于交通运输的时效性，一般不宜采取继续履行的方式，但如果旅客要求继续履行的，承运人应当履行运输义务。乘客可以依据合同法第298条、第299条要求铁路部门采取相应的补救措施，告知旅客列车延迟的事由，并根据旅客的要求安排其改乘其他班次或者退票，以达到补救合同目的的实现。

therefore,For the above different liability for breach contract mode,Carrier and passenger may, according to the contract of carriage of passengers affirmatory liability mode.In the train delay cases,Because of the transportation efficiency,Should not be commonly take continue to perform the way,But if the passenger demand of continue to perform,The carrier shall perform the obligations transportation.Passengers may, in accordance with article 298 of the contract law/Article 299 urged the railway departments to take corresponding remedial measures,Inform the main content of the passenger train delay,And upon request by the passenger, arrange its to take other courses or cancellation,In order to achieve the purpose of the contract remedy to realize.

列车晚点铁路部门赔偿责任如何确定 The train's railway department how to determine the liability for compensation

　　因列车迟延运输而导致乘客损失发生赔偿责任，我国合同法上的赔偿损失主要是指金钱赔偿，至于赔偿损失的范围可以由当事人双方约定，也可依法律规定。

Because train delay to transport passengers loss occurring liability to pay compensation,The contract law in our country on the compensation for losses is mainly refers to money compensation,As for the scope of the compensation for losses can be agreed by both parties,Can also be in accordance with laws and regulations.

　　合同法第113条第1款规定：“当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。”

The first paragraph of article 113 of the contract law:"If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or rendered non-conforming performance,Thereby causing loss to the other party,Because of breach of contract damages payable shall be equivalent to the loss caused by,Including contract performance can be obtained after the interests,But not exceeding the breach of contract party conclude a contract which was foreseen or should have been foreseen by the breaching the contract may cause loss."

　　可见，对于损害赔偿的范围，应以违约造成的实际损失为主，对于可期待利益损失的赔偿，应以订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的确定损失为限，确定了可期待利益损失赔偿的限定性和确定性。因此，具体到本次列车晚点事件中，铁路部门应承担因铁路运输延误造成的旅客食宿费用、改乘其他班次增加的费用、退票费用等，旅客确有其它损失的，在旅客举证属实后，铁路部门也应承担相应的赔偿责任。

visible,For damage, including the compensation extent,Should the actual loss of the caused by breach of contract is given priority to,For to expect interest loss compensation,Should be in order to conclude the contract was foreseen or should have been foreseen is limited to determine the loss,Determined to expect interest loss compensation finite and certainty.therefore,Specific to the train late event,The railway departments shall bear for railway transport delay by the passengers board and lodging expenses/Take other courses increased cost/Cancellation fees,Passengers have other loss,In the passenger burden after is true,The railway departments also shall bear corresponding compensation liabilities.

　　对于乘客因列车延误导致的被迫缺考这一利益损失。笔者认为，根据合同法的规定，乘客的这一利益损失的赔偿需要符合可预见性和确定性，如果不符合，乘客就无权要求铁路部门因列车晚点而赔偿这一利益损失。具体来说，一是这一利益损失是由违反合同直接造成的，并在签订合同时可以预见；二是要求乘客能够证明违约损害的事实以及损失数额大小的证据都应当达到足够的“确定”程度。

For passengers for delays in forced to take an examination of this lack of a profit loss.The author thinks that,According to the provisions of the contract law,Passengers the profit loss compensation needs to accord with predictability and certainty,If they do not conform to,Passengers will not be entitled to the railway departments for the train and compensation for the loss of interest.specifically,One is the benefit loss is a direct result of the breach of contract,And in when signing a contract can foresee;The second is asked passengers can prove the fact that breach of contract damages and loss amount size of evidence shall achieve enough"determine"degree.

　　(来源:北京日报)

(Sources: Beijing daily)