诺贝尔奖获得者讲述科学家是怎么炼成的？ The Nobel Prize winner tells how scientists produced?

　　近日，两位曾经的诺贝尔奖获得者2007年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖获得者、87岁的美国人奥利弗·史密斯教授，1957年诺贝尔物理学奖获得者、90岁的杨振宁教授，先后来到上海与沪上青年们分享了各自的科研经历。

recently,Two once the Nobel Prize winner in 2007 winner of Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine/The 87 - year - old American oliver professor Smith,The Nobel Prize in physics 1957 prize winners/The 90 - year - old professor Yang zhenning,Has come to Shanghai and Shanghai youth who share their scientific research experience.

“如果导师不换一个你喜欢的课题，就换掉这个导师” "If the teacher don't change one of your favorite subject,Will replace the mentor"

　　在很多人眼中，科学家这个称呼略显神秘，很多人小时候都有过“长大成为科学家”的梦想。奥利弗·史密斯也不例外，“7岁那年我看了一本关于超人的漫画，从那时候起我就立志要当一名科学家，虽然那时候的我连科学家的确切定义是什么都不知道”。在史密斯眼中，科学家就是超人，可以变出各种各样的东西，“所以准确地说，我那时应该是想成为一个发明家”。

In many people's eyes,Scientists call this slightly mysterious,A lot of people had as a child"Grow up to become scientists"dream.Oliver Smith is no exception,"At the age of seven I read a book about superman comic,From then on I aspired to be a scientist,Although at that time I didn't even scientists is an exact definition of what all don't know".In Smith eyes,Scientists is superman,Can turn into all kinds of things,"So accurately,I at that time should be want to be an inventor".

　　史密斯的很多科学研究其实并不只是单纯枯燥的理论，而是一些令人愉快的“发明”。“比如我获奖的研究所用的仪器设备，由于没有现成的设备可以买，于是我自己做了一个”，史密斯指着一张图片中的粉红容器说，“这是我在实验室附近买的婴儿浴盆！”他还得意地告诉大家，浴盆两边插着密密麻麻线路的大家伙，其实是从别的实验室弄来的报废仪器，“只要能用就行！”

Smith's a lot of scientific research is not only simple boring theory,But some pleasant"invention"."For example, I prize institute with instruments and equipment,Since there is no ready-made equipment can buy,So I made myself a",Smith pointed to a picture of the pink containers said,"This is my near in the laboratory to buy baby tub!"He also proudly tell you,On both sides of the tub stuck thickly dotted line of the big guy,In fact from other laboratory get scrap instrument,"As long as can will do!"

　　史密斯反复强调兴趣在科学研究中的重要性。他建议大学生一定要研究自己有兴趣的课题，“如果你不喜欢这个课题，你就去找你的导师要求他给你换一个；如果他不答应给你换，那么，就换掉这个导师。”

Smith reiterated the importance of interest in scientific research.He suggested that college students have to study their interested topics,"If you don't like this subject,You go to your tutor asked him to give you change a;If he doesn't promise to give you change,so,Will replace the mentor."

　　史密斯还提醒现场的年轻人，要树立远大目标，但千万不要把得诺贝尔奖作为自己的目标，诺贝尔奖获得者的共同点都在于“乐在其中，充满信念”。

Smith also remind the young man,To set high goals,But don't have the Nobel Prize as their objective,The Nobel Prize winner in common are in"enjoy,One is full of belief".

随手记下的很多小细节经常成为研究的灵感 Write down with a lot of little detail often become the research inspiration

　　史密斯保留了自己从研究生到现在半个多世纪的所有笔记，从井井有条的方程式，到复杂变化的反应图，60年的研究思路一目了然。他觉得记笔记这个好习惯让自己受益良多，“笔记本上随手记下的小细节，经常成为研究的灵感，因为实验中很多现象都是稍纵即逝的，也许当时并没有在意，但它们往往可以为日后的思考带来巨大启示”。

Smith kept themselves from the graduate student to now for more than half a century of all notes,From in perfect order equation,To the complex change of reaction diagram,60 years of research ideas be clear at a glance.He felt notes this good habit to our benefit a lot,"The notebook to write down with the small details,Often become the research inspiration,Because the experiment many phenomena are transient,Maybe at that time did not care about,But they can often bring huge for future thinking enlightenment".

　　当翻到很多年前某一页画满奇异图案的笔记时，老教授皱了皱眉头，但很快他便笑着说，“就算你忘了你画的是什么，它们至少还挺漂亮”。

When the turn to many years ago a page of painting full singular pattern of the note,The old professor is wrinkly to knit the brows,But very soon he said with a smile,"Even if you forget your painting of is what,They at least are very beautiful".

　　而在复旦大学，杨振宁也向同学们介绍了自己的“独门秘籍”，他称之为“渗透性学习法”。这一秘籍的要诀在于，把同一个理论多听几遍，“一遍两遍的时候不懂没关系，你脑子里已经留下了印象，下次再遇到相关的问题，就可以与从前的印象联系起来，慢慢就能明白了”。

And in fudan university,Yang also introduce to classmates their"Alone door techniques",He called it"Permeability learning method".The techniques of gist depends on,Put the same theory listening to more than once,"Again two times did not understand it doesn't matter,Your mind has made an impression,The next time meet related problems,Can and the former impression connected,Slowly can understand".

　　不求甚解，是大师学习的最高境界。而要达到不求甚解的境界，还在于合理运用直觉。

Content with superficial understanding,Master is the highest state of learning.And to be content with superficial understanding of the state,Also lies in the reasonable use of intuition.

　　杨振宁说：“直觉往往能带来机遇，我们每个人都有非常准确的直觉。”他告诉学生们：“当直觉与书本知识冲突时，不要马上相信书上写的，这也许就是研究灵感的来源。即便真的是直觉错了，我们根据知识修正自己的直觉的过程，也是一次进步。”

Yang said:"Intuition can often bring opportunities,Each of us has a very accurate intuition."He told the students:"When intuition and book knowledge conflict,Don't believe the book at once wrote,Perhaps this is study the source of inspiration.Even if is really intuition was wrong,We according to the knowledge fixed his intuitive process,Is also a progress."

　　同样的道理，在史密斯教授口中也有相似的表述，他从启蒙老师欧迪·布朗身上学到了对自己毕生研究最有用的一课，那就是“合理地去感受，学会理解常识”。

In the same way,In professor Smith mouth also have similar expression,From his first teacher odie brown to learn their life research the most useful lesson,That is"Reasonably to feel,Understand common sense".

　　不过，史密斯运用“常识”还得到了另一个心得，那就是“有勇气”。他说做科学研究尤其如此，“有需要就要敢于说出口，科学家总是单枪匹马，做研究的资源也很有限”，说着他指着一张幻灯片说：“这个细胞就是我向同事马丁要的，培养这样一个细胞得花不少时间呢！”

but,Smith use"Common sense"Still got another experience,That is"Have the courage".He said to do scientific research especially so,"Has the need to be afraid to speak,Scientists are always alone,Doing research resources is also very limited",He says, pointing to a slide said:"This cell is my colleague Martin to want,Training such a cell have to spend a lot of time?!"

天才应该被放在合适的位置 Genius should be placed on the right position

　　就在出发来上海的两天前，87岁的史密斯教授仍在自己的实验室里进行一项最新的研究。他说在美国没有法定退休年龄，只要能够提供证明表示自己还有能力继续工作，就可以像他一样一直做自己喜欢的事。“但是做研究有时候的确是件有点‘自私’的事，因为你完全在按照自己的兴趣行事，并没有顾及别人”，因此，他十分感谢研究所的领导和同事，“我得感谢他们批准我不参加那些与研究无关的事情，感谢他们让我把时间和精力投入到我所擅长的领域”。

Just before the departure to Shanghai's two days ago,The 87 - year - old professor Smith is still in his laboratory in a new study.He said in the United States have no legal and emeritus age,As long as can provide proof that he have the ability to continue to work,Can like him always do your own thing."But do research sometimes is really an a bit‘selfish’things,Because you are completely in accordance with their own interest to act,And no regard for others",therefore,He thanked institute leaders and colleagues,"I have to thank them for approval I don't participate in the research and the thing that has nothing to do,Thank them let me of the time and energy into what I'm good at field".

　　杨振宁也提到研究环境的重要性。他在怀念邓稼先的一篇文章中提到，“奥本海默和邓稼先分别是美国和中国原子弹设计的领导人，各是两国的功臣，可是他们的性格和为人却截然不同甚至可以说他们走向了两个相反的极端”。奥本海默锋芒毕露，邓稼先则真诚坦白，从不盛气凌人，“我以为邓稼先如果是美国人，不可能成功地领导美国原子弹工程；奥本海默如果是中国人，也不可能成功地领导中国原子弹工程。当初选聘他们的人，钱三强和葛罗夫斯，可谓有知人之明，而且对中国社会、美国社会各有深入的认识”。因为即使是天才，也只有在适合自己生存的环境下才能发挥出最大的创造力。(实习生 米子 记者 周凯)

Yang also mentioned the importance of research environment.In January he missed an article mentioned,"Oppenheimer and respectively in January is the United States and China atomic bomb design leaders,The two countries is hero,But their character and a strikingly different even them to two opposite extreme".Oppenheimer fail to show restraint,In January the sincere frankly,Never domineer,"I thought in January if is American,Will not succeed in leading the U.S. atomic bomb project;Oppenheimer if is Chinese,Also will not succeed in leading China atomic bomb project.At the beginning hiring them,QianSanJiang and Gregory, Mr Rove,It may be said is the widom to know others,And the Chinese society/American society each have in-depth understanding".Because even genius,Only when suitable for its own survival environment to be able to display the biggest creativity.(Interns meters son reporter chu-kai)