服务学习定义 Service learning definition

　　服务学习（service-learning，此词在香港岭南大学为“服务研习”）是一种重视服务和学习关系并重的教学理念及教学方法，他将学生的课程（专业）学习与社会服务相结合，通过有计划性的社会服务活动及结构化的反思过程，推动师生共同参与对知识的重构，在不断满足社区需求的同时，培养学生社会责任感并促进学生综合能力的发展。——《服务-学习手册》

Service learning(Service - learning,This word in Hong Kong for lingnan university"Service institute")Is a kind of pay attention to service and learning relationship and teaching ideas and teaching methods,He will student's course(professional)Learning and social service combination,Through the systematic social service activities and structured reflection process,Promote the teachers and students to participate in the reconstruction of the common knowledge,In the constant meet community needs at the same time,Training students' social responsibility and promote the development of students' comprehensive ability.--[Service - learning manual]

　　服务学习与志愿服务，课程实习、劳动课的区别 Service learning and voluntary service,Course practice/The work class difference

　　我们从以上定义中对服务学习已经有了初步的认识和了解。为进一步将服务学习与志愿服务、课程实习及劳动课等区别开来,我们先对这几个概念进行厘清,并将其与服务学习进行比较。

We from the above definition of service learning have a preliminary understanding and the understanding.In order to further will service learning and voluntary service/Course practice and distinguish the work class, etc,We first to this a few concept clear,And the service learning and comparison.

　　1.志愿服务

1. Volunteer service

　　有人认为日常生活中的善举就是志愿服务,也有人认为志愿服务是不能有任何酬劳的,还有人认为只捐钱没有从事实际服务工作就不能算作志愿服务。那么,到底什么是志愿服务呢?

Some people think that daily life benignity is voluntary service,Others think the voluntary service is can't have any paid,Others think that only money not engaging in actual service work cannot be counted as voluntary service.so,What is the voluntary service?

　　志愿服务是个体为了增进邻居、社区、社会的福祉而进行的非营利、无薪酬、非职业化的行为。志愿服务的表现形式很多,从传统的邻里互助到今天的为解除痛苦、解决冲突与消灭贫穷而进行的努力等都属于志愿服务。

Volunteer service is the individual in order to promote the neighbor/community/The welfare of the society and non-profit/No salary/The professional behavior.Volunteer service form of many,From the traditional neighborhood mutual to today's to relieve pain/Conflict resolution to end poverty and the efforts to belong to voluntary service.

　　美国社会工作协会认为,追求公共利益、本着自我意愿与选择而结合的一群人称为志愿服务团体，参与这种团体工作的人称为志愿者,而这种团体工作则称为志愿服务。

The United States association of social workers, think,The pursuit of public interest/In line with the self intend and selection and combination of a group of people called voluntary service organizations,To participate in this group of people called a volunteer work,And this kind of group work is called voluntary service.

　　志愿服务应具有以下特征:(1)自愿行为:出于个人的济世胸怀服务社会,其行为是自愿选择,而非受第三人或外界的强制。(2)无报酬的奉献行为:利用自己的时间、技能、资源和善心为邻居、社区、社会提供帮助,但求奉献,不求回报。(3)出于助人动机的行为:帮助他人,使社会更美好。

Volunteer service should have the following features:(1)Voluntary behavior: out of personal embodies the mind to serve the society,His behavior is voluntary choice,Not by a third person or outside force.(2)Unpaid devotion: the use of their own time/skills/Resources and a heart for her neighbors/community/Social help,But beg dedication,Not return.(3)For helping motivation behavior: to help others,Make society better.

　　如今,志愿服务已经发展成一项内容丰富、形式多样的事业,主要有自助和互助型志愿服务、慈善事业型志愿服务、运动和宣传型志愿服务等。随着社会的进步,志愿服务的形式将会更加丰富,它在促进人类和平与发展方面的作用也将更加显著。

now,Volunteer service has developed into a rich in content/The various forms of business,Main have self-help and mutual type voluntary service/Charity career activist voluntary service/Sports and propaganda type volunteer service and so on.Along with the progress of the society,In the form of volunteer service will be more rich,It in promoting peace and development of mankind and the role of will be even more significant.

　　2.课程/专业实习

2. Course/professional practice

　　课程/专业实习是一项为学生提供真实的社会情境与机会,让他们与各种组织或机构中的人员合作共事并运用学校所学知识与技能参与社会实践,从中获得累积工作经验的教育方法。在这个过程中,学生至少从三方面获益:(1)获得实际工作经验并以之提升课堂所学的理论与观念;(2)在工作中了解个人的自我期望或满意度;(3)为未来的工作奠定基础。

Course/professional practice is a to provide students with the real social situation and opportunity,Let them with all kinds of organizations or institutions of work personnel and use school knowledge and skills to participate in social practice,Get accumulated work experience education method.In this process,Students benefit from three aspects at least:(1)Gain practical work experience and to improve the classroom theory and idea;(2)In the work about personal self expectation or satisfaction;(3)For future work lay the foundation.

　　与社区服务或志愿服务相比,课程/专业实习更重视的是“实习”,也就是在实践中运用课堂所学的理论知识,而对在实践过程中的“服务”理念则较少重视到。另外,实习所涉及的内容因学生所学专业领域的不同而有所差别。这种专业领域内的实习是建立在丰富的理论知识与一定的专业技能基础之上的,主要着眼点在于运用课堂所学来进一步熟练专业知识与技能,而非学习新知识或形成新技能,也不是真正考虑到将运用所学知识服务于社会。应该说,课程/专业实习的主要受益者是学校中的学生,虽然实习本身也能带来一系列的外在社会效益,但这毕竟不是实习的重心所在。因此,实习不像服务－学习那样可以使学生、服务对象、社会各种相关机构以及大学自身等都能从中获益。

And community service or volunteer service comparing,Course/professional practice attach more importance to is"practice",It is in the classroom practice using the theory knowledge,And in the process of practice"service"Philosophy is less attention to.In addition,Practice involved the content for students in the field of major differences in different.This kind of the professional field practice is based on rich theoretical knowledge and some on the basis of professional skills,The main point of the classroom is to use it to further skilled professional knowledge and skills,Rather than learning new knowledge or form new skills,Not really consider will use knowledge services to the society.Should say,Course/professional practice of the main beneficiaries is the school of students,Although the practice itself can also bring a series of external social benefits,But it is not the focus in practice.therefore,Practice is not like service - learning that can make the students/Service object/Social various organizations and universities and so on all can benefit from it.

　　3.劳动课

3. The work class

　　劳动课在国内外从小学到大学的各个阶段的学校中都普遍开设。在中国,中小学阶段的劳动课是学生的必修课程,在大学阶段只有部分学校开设了劳动课程,并要求学生须修满必须的学分才能毕业。

The work class at home and abroad from primary school to college of each phase of the school is widely open.In China,Primary and middle school stage the work class is a student of the required course,In the university stage only part of the school opened the labor course,Students are required to practice must be full of to the credits to graduate.

　　开设劳动课的目的,无非是为了增强学生的劳动观念,培养尊重劳动及劳动者的价值,提高学生动手能力,培养独立自主、勤劳俭朴、吃苦耐劳的品质。同时,劳动课也可以增加学生参与社会实践的机会,培养学生爱护校园环境的观念。但是,大学阶段的劳动课面临着诸多问题,如学生及家长不认同等。因此,劳动课在大学陷人较为尴尬的境地,有些高校因此不得不取消了劳动课。

The purpose of open the work class,It is in order to strengthen the students' labor concept,Culture respect for labor and the employee's value,Improve the students' practical ability,Cultivate independent/Hard-working simple/Bear hardships and stand hard work quality.At the same time,The work class can also increase the students to participate in social practice opportunities,To cultivate students' take good care of the campus environment idea.but,University phase of the work class faced with many problems,Such as students and parents not identity, etc.therefore,The work class in college trap people more embarrassing situation,Some universities so had to cancel the work class.

　　服务学习强调学习与服务关系并重，因此，它与传统的志愿服务、课程(专业)实习及劳动课等相关概念是有很大区别的。其区别于其他概念的最本质特征是:服务—学习结合了课程、服务、反思以及公民意识培养的几个要素,而志愿服务、劳动课程主要以服务为主,忽视了反思及公民意识的培养,而且与课程也没有直接的联系。虽然志愿服务及劳作服务在过程中也使参与者在知识、技能等方面有所收获,但这并不是精心组织策划有需要达到的明确目标。课程/专业实习则主要以学习为主,目的是培养学生运用专业知识及技术的能力,但忽视了服务的质量以及公民意识的培养。而服务学习要求服务是经过精心组织策划的,能够满足社区真正需要的活动;同时,服务学习也有着明确的学习目标,必须为学生提供经验性的学习体验,将服务整合到学术性课程中,使学生在为社区服务的过程中能够应用新学到的知识对所作所为进行反思,使学生在课堂中所学到的知识和技能得到促进,在这个过程中,同时增强学生的社会责任感、促进公民意识培养。可以说,服务学习的着眼点不仅是试图通过为社区提供服务来促进学生知识的学习,还要能够培养学生的公民意识、社会责任感、奉献以及团队协作精神等。

Service learning emphasis on learning and service relations pay equal attention to,therefore,It with the traditional voluntary service/course(professional)Practice and related concepts such as the work class there's a big difference between.The different from other concept is the most essential feature of the: service - study combines the course/service/Reflection and civil consciousness cultivation factors,And voluntary service/The labor course mainly focuses on its service,Ignore the reflection and cultivation of citizenship awareness,And and course also no direct link.Although the volunteer service and labor services in the process also make the participants in the knowledge/Harvest skills,But this is not elaborate organization planning has the need to achieve specific goals.Course/professional practice basically to learn the main,Purpose is to train students to use professional knowledge and technical ability,But ignore the quality of service, and cultivation of citizenship awareness.And service learning requirements and service is carefully organization planning,To meet the real needs of the community activities;At the same time,Service learning also have specific learning goals,Must provide students with empirical study experience,The service will be integrated into the academic course,Make the students for community service process can be applied to new knowledge of review of the actions,To make the students in class the knowledge and skills they get to promote,In this process,At the same time, strengthen students' sense of social responsibility/Promote the citizen consciousness cultivation.Can say,Service learning is not only the starting point for the community attempts to provide services to promote the students' knowledge of learning,Must be able to cultivate students' citizen awareness/Social responsibility/Dedication and teamwork spirit, etc.

　　服务学习在不同国家和地区的发展现状

Service learning in different countries and regions development present situation

　　服务学习最早起源于美国，现已推广至全球20多个国家和地区。但服务—学习在不同国家和地区的经验并不完全相同。以下将对服务—学习在不同国家和地区的发展情况进行简要介绍,以使大家对服务—学习有更多深入的认识。

Service learning originating in the United States,Has extended to more than 20 countries and regions.But the service - learning in different countries and regions's experience is not exactly the same.The following will be to the service - learning in different countries and regions are briefly introduced the development of,In order to make everyone to the service - learning have more in-depth understanding.

　　(一)美国服务学习的发展

(a)The United States the development of service learning

　　为鼓励青少年参与社会服务并提升学生学习效能与质素,美国联邦政府制定了各种法案和教育政策。自1980年起,传统的社会服务(Community Service)开始走向服务学习(Service Learning)。服务—学习强调参与社会的服务,通过有系统的设计、规划、督导、省思及评量来达成设定的学习目标,是“服务”与“课程学习”的相互结合。服务学习作为美国教育中新兴的一种学与教模式,有超过 40个州的社区学院在推行。

To encourage teenagers to participate in social service and improve students' learning efficiency and quality,The federal government of the United States established all sorts of legislation and education policy.Since 1980,The traditional social services(Community Service)Began to service learning(Service Learning).Service - learning emphasizes to participate in social service,Through the design of the system/planning/supervision/Reflection and evaluation to achieve set learning goals,is"service"and"course"combined.Service learning as the United States education in emerging a kind of learning and teaching mode,There are more than 40 states community college in implementation.

　　1984年,美国首次全国服务学习调查显示,在美国27%的高中学校有提供服务课程，其中9%有服务学习的课程，这些服务学习的课程也结合了其他正规的课程。到1999年，全国调查结果显示，83%的公立学校提供了服务课程，其中49%提供了服务学习的课程。以十二年制中小学教育（K－12）来看，有64%的公立学校学生参与了由学校安排或组织的社区服务活动,其中32%的学校将服务学习活动引入学校课程中并应用于各级及不同学习领域中。资料显示,在83%的提供服务学习的公立学校中,有给予课程负责教师在服务学习上不同程度的支援( National Centre for Education Statistics,1999)。1999年美国国家教育统计中心暨快速反应调查系统(National Center for Educational Statistics Fast Response Survey System)显示,约有12605740名学生参与了服务学习。此外，不少大学也设有服务—学习课程,并作为毕业前的必修科；社区组织及机构亦提供网上资源供参考。

In 1984,,For the first time the United States national service learning survey,In the us, 27% of the high school offer service course,9% of them have service learning course,These service learning course also combined with other normal course.By 1999,The national survey,With 83% of all public school has provided the service course,49% provides the service learning course.In primary and middle school education system of twelve years(K - 12)To see,With 64% of all public school students in the school participated in the arrangement or organization of community service activities,32% of the school will service learning activities into the school curriculum and applied in the field of learning at all levels and different.Data shows,In 83% of service learning in public schools,Have given course is responsible for the teacher in the service learning in different degree of support( National Centre for Education Statistics,1999).In 1999 the United States national education statistics center and rapid response survey system(National Center for Educational Statistics Fast Response Survey System)display,About 12605740 students participated in the service learning.In addition,Many universities also offer services - the course of study,And as graduation front required section;Community organizations and institutions provide online resource for reference.

　　全国青年领袖理事会(National Youth Leadership Council) 每年举办全国服务学习会议。

The national youth council leader(National Youth Leadership Council) The annual national service learning meeting.

　

　二)亚太地区服务学习发展 two)The asia-pacific region the development of service learning

　　1. 台湾地区

1. Taiwan

　　台湾地区大学的服务教育起源甚早,东海大学于1955年创校时即已实施,而台湾大学、成功大学、静宜大学及元智大学等大学都设有服务学习课程及相关实施办法。2006年,约有87所学校已设服务学习课程,投入服务学习教师人数计约有1373人次,大学生每周参与课程时数平均约1.3小时,参与的学生人数约62212人次。台湾已于2007年起,由教育部门出台了大专院校服务学习方案,期望通过方案的实施,让更多学生通过服务学习受益

Taiwan university service education origin very early,The university of the east China sea in 1955 when the school that has been implementation,And Taiwan university/Successful university/Providence university and the university of yuan ze university have service learning courses and related measures for the implementation.In 2006,,About 87 schools already set service learning courses,Service learning into the number of faculty meter about 1373 people,College students' participation in the curriculum hours a week average 1.3 hours,The number of students to participate in about 62212 passengers.Taiwan has in since 2007,The education department issued a college service learning scheme,Expect through the implementation of the scheme,Let more students through the service learning benefit

　　2. 香港地区

2. Hong Kong

　　岭南大学服务研习处(Office of Service-Learning, OSL)自2006年开设以来，致力把服务学习概念融入本地博雅学府的课程当中，结合了学术知识和服务实践。服务研习处自2007年开始，每两年举办亚太地区服务学习会议。

Service in lingnan university study(Office of Service - Learning, OSL)Since the 2006 years since its inception,Dedicated to the service learning concept into the local liberal arts universities of course,Combined with the practice of academic knowledge and services.Service study place since 2007,Held every two years in the asia-pacific region meeting service learning.

　　3.中国大陆服务学习的发展

(3) the development of service learning in mainland China

　　中国大陆的各高校中虽早有劳动课、三下乡等类似服务学习的做法,但真正运用服务学习概念来推动教育改革,并进一步使之成为一种新的教学方法和理念,尚处于起步阶段。随着社会对高等教育的期望提高以及国内外服务学习的兴起和快速发展,服务学习已被越来越多人所认识,在一些高校中,已有老师对此进行了尝试和探索。

The mainland of China universities though in early have the work class/A program under which officials and similar service learning practice,But the real use service learning concept to promote education reform,And further make it become a kind of new teaching methods and ideas,Is still in its beginning stages.Along with society for higher education of the desire to enhance the service learning both at home and abroad and the rise and rapid development,Service learning has been more and more people know,In some colleges and universities in the,For the teacher to attempt and exploration.

　　南开大学在联合国儿童基金会的指导下,于2007年将服务学习设为面向全校的公共选修课,以鼓励大学生发扬志愿者精神,踊跃参与志愿活动,服务社会。联合国儿童基金会项目官员小野正博在与南开大学常务副校长陈洪的会谈中,高度赞扬了南开大学在推动服务学习课程建设方面的创新精神,鼓励服务学习教学团队努力摸索出适合一个中国的服务学习的课程模式。目前,南开大学已有两批来自不同院系专业的同学选修了服务学习课程并参与了到社区服务中,服务学习收到了良好的效果。

Nankai university in the United Nations children's fund, under the guidance of the,In 2007 will service learning set to face the public elective course,To encourage the students to carry forward the volunteer spirit,To participate in volunteer activities,Social services.The United Nations children's fund project officials baby bo is in nankai university and executive vice President che hong talks,Highly praised the nankai university in promoting service learning course construction spirit of innovation,Encourage service learning teaching team efforts to find out suitable for a Chinese service learning curriculum.At present,Nankai university for two batch from different departments professional students took service learning courses and participated in the to the community service,Service learning received the good effect.

　　汕头大学与香港大学于2008年4月,以医疗扶贫的形式开展了主题为“福泽互传”服务学习活动,并于2008年12月在汕头大学召开了探索中国服务学习发展模式的研讨会。

Shantou university and the university of Hong Kong in April 2008,In the form of medical poverty relief in the theme of"Blessings peering"Service learning activities,And in December 2008 in shantou university held explore China's development model of service learning seminar.

　　南京大学、南京师范大学的社会学社会工作专业,会在每年安排学生走进社区,走近老年人、残疾人、残障儿童及流浪人群,开展“服务学习”活动。

Nanjing university/Nanjing normal university sociology professional social work,Will arrange students each year into the community,Approached the old/disabled/Disabled children and homeless people,Carry out"Service learning"activities.

　　中山大学人类学系朱健刚老师开设服务－学习课程《公民、社会与发展》。该课程采取服务学习的方法,探讨公民行动、社会变革以及民生发展三方面的关系,着重研究公民社会组织如何参与社区发展,以及影响政策和公众,进而探讨这些公民社会组织在发展中的角色和作用。该课程同时也研究这些组织的行动对公民社会价值的影响,并进一步探讨全球化过程与公民社会组织的互动。

Sun yat-sen university department of human ZhuJianGang teacher open service - the course of study[citizens/Society and development].The course adopts the method of service learning,To explore citizen action/Social transformation as well as the development of the relationship between the three aspects of people's livelihood,This paper studies civil society organizations how to participate in community development,And influencing the policy and the public,And then discusses the civil society organizations in the development of the role and function.This course also study these organizations action to the influence of the social values of the citizens,And to further explore the globalization process and civil society organizations interaction.

　　云南大学在亚洲基督教高等教育联合董事会(UB)支持下,于2006年7月正式开始了服务学习的探索。该项目由公共管理学院社会工作研究所项目团队执行,将服务—学习工作的开展立足于社会工作教育,强调多学科的参与,重视社区伙伴关系的建立。近三年以来,项目先后尝试了与社团相结合、与课程相结合以及行动研究项目形式的三种服务学习模式。服务学习吸引了来自社会学、社会工作以及法学专业9位教师及200多名学生的参与,其中有近15门课程引入了服务学习的方法和理念。此外,为了使更多不同专业的学生有机会参与到服务学习中来，服务学习项目团队还开设了校级服务学习公共选修课——《第三部门与社会服务》。该门课程开设两个学期以来,受到学生的热烈欢迎,目前已吸引了来自不同学院不同专业近150名同学选修,学生以小组形式开展不同主题类型的服务学习行动。云南大学的服务学习尝试对当下中国高等教育面临的问题作出了积极的回应,特别是针对社会工作专业教育的问题作出了极好的回应。

Yunnan university in Asia Christian higher education joint board of directors(UB)support,In July, 2006, formally started the exploration of service learning.The project by the public school of management institute of social work project team execution,Will service - learning work development based on social work education,Emphasis on the participation of multiple disciplines,Paying attention to the community partnership establishment.Nearly three years,The project has tried and community combination/And curriculum action research and combine the project forms of three kinds of service learning mode.Service learning attracted from sociology/Social work and law professional nine more than 200 teachers and students' participation,There are nearly 15 course introduces service learning methods and ideas.In addition,In order to make more different students have the opportunity to participate in the service work,Service learning project team also have field service learning public elective course --[The third department and social services].This course opened since two semesters,A warm welcome by the students,At present has attracted from different colleges different professional nearly 150 students take as an elective course,The students in small groups form to carry out different themes type of service learning action.Yunnan university service study attempts to present China's higher education are faced with the problem to make positive response,Especially for social work professional education problems made very good response.

　　长沙民政学院尝试将服务学习的理念运用在三个方面:一是社会工作专业社团义工服务方面。在学生义工“服务”的基础上,加强“学习”的元素,通过“学习”反思改善“服务”,提升服务的专业化水平和服务效果。二是强调服务学习与课程的结合,如刘战淇老师开设的《社会工作行政》课程,就是将服务学习的方法和理念融入其中。三是将服务学习理念和方法运用于社会工作系学生专业实习中。

Changsha civil administration college try to use the concept of service learning in three aspects: one is the social work professional community volunteer services.In the student volunteers"service"Based on,strengthen"learning"elements,Through the"learning"Reflection improve"service",Enhance service professional level and service effect.The second is to emphasize the combination of service learning and curriculum,If LiuZhanQi teacher opened[Social work administrative]course,Is the service learning methods and ideas into among them.Three is to service learning concept and methods used in department of social work students in professional practice.