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[摘要 In this paper,】《中药鉴定技术》是中药专业的一门专业核心课程，所涵盖的内容较多，实践性和应用性较强。在课程的教学中我们不能再以传统的教学方法来应对现代的学生，因此在《中药鉴定技术》的教学中，我们必须寻找更适合现代学生的教学方法。本文从课堂教学和复习两个环节讨论《中药鉴定技术》的教学改革，以学生为主，老师为辅，在理论学习的基础上，突出实践技能的掌握。

][Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]Is a specialized core course of TCM major,Covered by the content of the more,With a strong practicality and applicability.In the course of teaching we can no longer in the traditional teaching method to deal with the modern students,So in the[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]The teaching of,We must find more suitable for modern teaching method of students.This article from the classroom discussion and review the two links[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]The teaching reform,Is given priority to with the students,The teacher is complementary,On the basis of theoretical study,Highlight the grasp of practical skills.

　　

【关键词】 [Key words]  《中药鉴定技术》   教学改革   实践

  [Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]   The teaching reform   practice

　　《中药鉴定技术》是中药专业的一门专业核心课程，内容包括来源、产地、采收加工、真伪鉴别等内容，所涵盖的内容较多，实践性和应用性较强。全书共包括368种中药材，要求学生在一年内熟练掌握，并达到"见药知名"的水平，是有难度的。而我们所针对的学生是中专或高职学生，学生的学习能力和自控能力较差，但是学生动手能力较强，对新鲜事物好奇心大，好玩且好胜心强。传统的系统讲授模式，已与现代的教育观念越来越发生冲突，已不能完全适应现代教育和培养现代人才的需要，且越来越多地受到强烈的质疑和批评[1]。在课程的教学中我们不能再以传统的教学方法来应对现代的学生，因此在《中药鉴定技术》的教学中，我们必须寻找更适合现代学生的教学方法。

[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]Is a specialized core course of TCM major,Content includes source/Of origin/processing/Identification, etc,Covered by the content of the more,With a strong practicality and applicability.The book consists of 368 kinds of Chinese medicinal materials,Students are required to master in a year,And achieve"See medicine famous"The level of,There is a difficulty.What we aimed at is a technical secondary school or higher vocational students,The students' learning ability and self-control ability is poor,But the student beginning ability is stronger,Curiosity about new things,Fun and emulative heart is strong.The traditional teaching mode system,Has clashed with the modern concept of education is more and more,Can not completely meet the need of modern education and cultivate the modern talents,And more and more intense questioning and criticism [1].In the course of teaching we can no longer in the traditional teaching method to deal with the modern students,So in the[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]The teaching of,We must find more suitable for modern teaching method of students.

　　

一、改变传统的课堂教学模式 a/Change the traditional pattern of classroom teaching

　　《中药鉴定技术》传统的教学模式是"灌输式"，以教师的讲授为主，学生通过教师所提供的图片、视频、药材等辅助性教学材料理解理论性较强的知识，理论与实践脱节，并不能调动起学生主动学习。

[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]The traditional teaching mode is"The non-computer majors",Give priority to with teacher's teaching,Students through the images provided by the teachers/video/Medicinal herbs such as auxiliary teaching material to understand the strong theory knowledge,Theory and practice,Can not mobilize the students' active learning.

　　结合学生特点和本课程的特点，改变传统的教学思路，使理论知识与实践真正结合在一起，同时让学生主动的参与到教学中来，方法如下：

Combining with the characteristics of students and the characteristics of this course,Change the traditional teaching ideas,Make the real theory knowledge and practice together,At the same time let the students actively involved in the teaching,Method is as follows:

　　

1、"授之以鱼，不如授之以渔" 1/"Grant is to fish,Teach to fish is better"

　　现用教材包括总论与各论两篇。总论的主要内容是基本概念、中药材鉴别方法介绍等，在总论中，教师应注重概念和基本的鉴别方法的讲解，让学生明确"中药材"、"个子货"、"饮片"、"来源"、"性状"等概念，理解各种鉴别方法的特点，以便能轻松的学习后续知识。各论是按植物药、动物药、矿物药进行分类，其中占中药材87%的植物药又按其药用部位分类，在每一类别前都有一个概述，介绍本类药材的特征及鉴别时的顺序及方法。在教学中，应注意这一部分的讲授，教会学生针对本类药材鉴别的方法。古人云"授之以鱼，不如授之以渔"，说的便是这个道理。

Active materials including general with the theory of two articles.The main content of the general is the basic concept/Traditional Chinese medicine identification method is introduced,In general,,Teachers should pay attention to the identification of concepts and basic methods,Let the students clearly"Traditional Chinese medicine"/"Is the cargo"/"slices"/"source"/"character"Concepts such as,Understand the characteristics of various identification method,So that they can easily learn further knowledge.The theory is according to the plant medicine/Animal medicine/Mineral medicine classification,Among them 87% of the Chinese herbal medicine plant medicine and medicinal parts according to its classification,Before each category has a overview,Introduce the characteristic of this kind of medicinal materials and to identify the order and method.In the teaching,This part of the teaching should be paid attention to,Teach students according to this kind of medicinal materials identification method.The ancients said"Grant is to fish,Teach to fish is better",Say is this truth.

　　

2、理论与实践相结合 2/Combining theory with practice

　　在教学中，充分考虑学生特点、教学内容特点进行教学设计，使理论与实践相结合。在传统的教学中，分为理论学习与实践学习，但二者是分别进行，在课堂上是从理论知识的角度介绍药材的外形和显微方面的鉴别方法，在实验课上通过实际操作进行验证来强化记忆，这种授课模式使理论和实践脱节，不利于学生掌握知识[2]。要想将理论知识的学习与实践能力的掌握有机结合，就要打破传统的模式。我们将理论的学习也放到实验室，实验室课前准备好某一次课要学习的新药材若干份，分给学生。学生以小组为单位，看书中对本次课所学药材的性状描述、结合本组的药材或饮片，确定药材的名称，培养学生眼看、手摸、鼻闻、口尝、水试、火试以及显微与理化等中药鉴别技能[3]。每次要学的药材都是未学过的，学生对此充满好奇，同时为了本组的荣誉，小组成员都会积极的去看书，看药材，想尽快准确的确定药名，教师可以对每次准确确定药名最快的那一组学生给以代币奖励或记分。在这样的教学过程中，学生自主的学习了理论知识，同时熟悉对每一味药材的鉴别过程，使理论知识与实践能力的培养有机结合。

In the teaching,Fully considering the characteristics of students/Characteristics of teaching contents to teaching design,To combine theory with practice.In the traditional teaching,Is divided into theoretical study and practice of learning,But both are separately,From the Angle of the theory of knowledge in the classroom to introduce the appearance of medicinal identification and microscopic aspects,Validated through the experiment on the actual operation to strengthen memory,This teaching mode makes the theory and practice,Is bad for students to master knowledge [2].Want to learn the theoretical knowledge and practice ability to master the organic combination,To break the traditional mode.We are going to the study of the theory of also in the laboratory,Laboratory, ready to learn one lesson before class new medicine several copies,Among the students.Students in a group as the unit,Read the description of the characteristics of learning materials for this class/Combined with situation of medicinal herbs or slices,Determine the name of the medicine,To cultivate students to see/Hand touch/Nose to smell/taste/Water test/The fire test and the microstructure and physical and chemical etc. Chinese medicine identification skills [3].Each time to learn the medicinal materials are not learned,Students are full of curiosity,For the sake of the honor of the group at the same time,Team members will be positive to reading a book,See herbs,Want to accurate determination of medicines as soon as possible,Teachers can properly determine the equivalents for each of the fastest that a group of students give tokens, reward or score.In the teaching process,The theory knowledge of students' autonomous learning,At the same time familiar with the identification process of every blindly medicine,The organic combination of theoretical knowledge and practical ability.

　

　3、学生为主，教师为辅 3/Students give priority to,The teacher is complementary

　　在课堂中，学生应是完全的主角，而教师则是导演。在学生确定了本次课药材的名称之后，教师引导学生以小组为单位讨论"通过观察哪些特征确定这个药材的名称？" 学生在讨论过程中，进一步学习药材的性状特点，总结出新药材的性状鉴别点，书写在观察记录上，并由代表发言。教师进行补充和纠正。这种以学生为中心的教学组织形式，让学生以团队的形式进行学习，引导学生自主学习和探究，强调了每个学生在团队学习中的主体作用[4]。

In the classroom,In the role of students should be fully,While the teacher is the director.After students determine the class the name of the medicine,Teachers guide students in group discussion"By looking at which features determine that the name of the medicine?" Students in the process of discussion,Further study medicinal characters and features,Summary of the identification of the characteristics of new medicine,Writing on the observation records,And the representative to speak.Teachers to supplement and correction.This kind of student-centered teaching organization form,Let the students to study in the form of a team,Guide the students' autonomous learning and inquiry,Emphasized the subject function of each of the students in group learning [4].

　

　二、改变传统的复习方法 (2)/Change the traditional review method

　　复习是学习过程中的重要环节，传统的复习方法多是做练习题、测验、总结梳理知识点，但是《中药鉴定技术》内容多而杂，因此在教学中按排阶段性的复习，如果每次都是作练习、测验，久而久之，学生必然会厌烦，对复习课不重视，故而针对学生"爱玩儿"、"好胜心强"的特征，可以采用比赛或游戏的方式将知识与比赛、游戏相结合。

Review is an important link of the learning process,Review the traditional way is to do more exercises/test/Conclusion combing knowledge points,but[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]Too many and miscellaneous content,So in the teaching according to the periodic review,If every time is for practice/test,The passage of time,Students must be tired,The recitation is not seriously,So in view of the students"Love to have fun"/"Emulative heart is strong"The characteristics of the,Can be used in a game or a game of knowledge with the game/Combined with the game.

　　

1、在比赛中巩固理论知识 1/Consolidating theory knowledge in the game

　　学生在学习中分小组，养成了较强的团队意识和团队荣誉感，故而以小组为单位参与比赛，学生的主动性会比较强。比赛的形式多样，可以自由设计，要将理论知识与比赛相结合却需要下一番心思，举例如下：

Students work in the study,Developed a strong team consciousness and team honor,So in a group as the unit to participate in the game,Initiative of the students will be strong.The various forms of the game,Have the freedom to design,To combine theoretical knowledge with the game but I have to work,For example, the following:

　　（1）在《中药鉴定技术》教材中，很大一部分是药材的来源和性状鉴别，这部分内容不仅多，而且没有规律，在学习新课以后需要下功夫去记忆，如果是出练习题、考试，久而久之，学生必然反感，因此将药材的鉴别要点打在幻灯片上，让学生根据性状的描述准确写出药材名称和来源，学生在小组内可以共同讨论出结果，在规定时间内写在教师下发的答题卡上，这样学生没有考试的感觉，就不会反感，而想要考查的知识也考查了。小组讨论过程中，已会的学生会增强信心，不会的学生也会加深印象。答题结束后，小组间交换答题卡，进行记分，奖惩并举。

(1)In the[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]In the teaching material,Is a large part of the source and the identification of crude drugs,This part is not only more,And there is no rule,In learning a new lesson need to effort to remember later,If it is out of the exercises/The test,The passage of time,Students will disgust,So will play on the slide to identify points of the medicinal materials,Let the students according to the character descriptions accurately write name and origins,Students within the team can discuss the results,Write within the given time allotted teacher on the sheet,Such students feel no tests,Don't dislike,And want to check the knowledge check.In the process of group discussion,Will have students build up your confidence,No students will deepen our impression.The answer at the end of,Exchange between team sheet,To score,Rewards and punishment and.

　　（2）比赛的题目可以是必答题，可以是抢答题，比如在复习川贝母时，先在幻灯片上展示出"该药材来源于百合科"，学生回忆百合科药材有川贝母、天冬、知母、玉竹等众多药材；教师再利用幻灯展示"该药材有清热润肺、化痰止咳的作用"，到此时，有些学生已经能通过生活中常用的中药知识猜测出该药材可能为"川贝母"、"浙贝母"、"平贝母"或"伊贝母"，但是学生不能确定；教师再用幻灯片展示"该药材为圆锥形或长圆锥形的鳞茎"，接着再展示"该药材表面白色或黄白色，有的具棕色斑，习称'虎皮斑'"，如此由难到易的展示药材特点，学生能确定该药材为川贝母，将《中药鉴定技术》、《中药学》等知识结合在一起。

(2)The topic of game can be BiDaTi,Can be prepare,Such as when to review the unibract fritillary bulb,In the first slide show"The medicinal herbs from the lily family",Students recall liliaceae medicinal materials have unibract fritillary bulb/Days of winter/Anemarrhena asphodeloides bge/Jade bamboo and so on medicine;Teachers using slide show"The medicine has clear heat runfei/The role of phlegm cough",By this time,Some students have been able to pass knowledge guess the ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine is commonly used in life may be"Unibract fritillary bulb"/"Zhejiang fritillary bulb"/"Fritillary bulb"or"The bulb of fritillary",But students cannot be determined;Teachers with a slide show"The medicinal materials for conical or long conical bulbs",Then show"The surface of white or yellowish-white herbs,Some brown spots,Xi said 'the tiger-skin",So from difficult to easy display of medicinal material characteristics,Students can determine the medicinal materials for unibract fritillary bulb,Will be[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]/[Chinese materia medica]Such as knowledge together.

　　（3）比赛的内容可以是课内的，也可以是课外的，还可以是趣味性的，比如猜谜，比如听歌曲写药名，播放歌曲《百味人生》，其歌词为"生来一副虎骨，亦骄亦傲，胸怀满腔远志，心比天高。万贯金银花未了……旧衣陈皮，怎防风狂雨暴，……纵使丹砂研碎，麻黄浸泡，明墨蘸饱，画不活半夏枯草，无可奈何，首乌鬓发落白芍，落白芍。故土熟地，夜来魂牵梦绕，当归无期，只怨路儿迢迢……"，写出歌词中所有药材的名称，在紧张的比赛中放松一下，学生自然会欢迎。

(3)The content of the game can be a classroom,Also can be outside,Can also be fun,Such as guessing,Like to listen to songs written medicines,Play songs[Subway life],Its lyrics is"Born a pair of tiger bone,Arrogant and proud,Heart burning vision,High-souled youth.Rich honeysuckle outstanding……Old clothes dried tangerine or orange peel,How crazy rain storm wind,……Even if cinnabar trituration,Ephedra soak,Ming ink dips in full,Don't live pinellia hay,Have no alternative,Radix polygoni multiflori bangs fall radix paeoniae alba,Fall radix paeoniae alba.Land cultivated land,I evening miss,Angelica life,Only blame road all the way……",Write the lyrics of all the name of the medicine,In a tense match to relax,Students will naturally.

　　

2、在游戏中熟悉中药材 2/Familiar with traditional Chinese medicinal materials in the game

　　《中药鉴定技术》包括理论和实践两部分，学习理论知识是掌握实践技能的基础，掌握实践技能是学习理论知识的目标，在教学过程中，必须理论联系实际，注重实践和技能培养，实践课是其教学的重要组成部分，因此应突出实践教学[5]。

[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]Two parts including theory and practice,Learning theory knowledge is the basis of practical skills,Master practical skills is the goal of learning theory knowledge,In the teaching process,Must integrate theory with practice,Pay attention to practice and skills training,Practice class is an important part of their teaching,So should highlight the practical teaching [5].

　　传统教学往往在复习课中让学生自己看药材，反复识记，达到"见药知名"的水平，但中专阶段的学生自由散漫，自控能力较差，如果"放羊式"的让学生自己复习，学生很快就看完药材聊天睡觉去了，复习效果并不好，要想改变这种情况，可采用如下办法：

Traditional teaching tends to let students themselves have medicinal materials in the recitation,Memorization over and over again,To achieve"See medicine famous"The level of,But the stage of technical secondary school students freedom desultoriness,Poor self-control,if"The sheep type"Let the student to review,Students finish reading the chat medicine go to bed soon,Review the effect is not good,If you want to change the situation,Can adopt the following measures:

　　（1）将所学过的药材分为若干组，每组药材数量相当，学生分组识别中药材，教师规定每组三分钟，三分钟后，以小组为单位换下一组药材，这样学生有了紧迫感，学的好的帮助其他同学，自由散漫的学生也没时间去聊天睡觉了。

(1)Learned of the medicinal materials can be divided into several groups,Each group of medicinal material number,Student group to identify Chinese herbal medicine,Teachers' regulations, each group of three minutes,Three minutes later,In small groups as the unit for a group of herbs,So that students have a sense of urgency,Learn good to help other students,Liberal students sleep also don't have time to chat.

　　（2）盲人辨药：在中药材中，很多药材在形态、表面特征、质地、气、味上与众不同，如辛夷、灯心草、丁香、肉桂、滑石粉等，学生可以通过手摸、鼻闻、口偿等方法鉴别药材，每组同学选出一位代表参与游戏，遮住其眼睛，在规定时间内识别教师课前准备好的药材，说出其名称，久而久之，学生对这些性状特殊的药材的性状特点便熟记于心了。

(2)The blind man distinguishes the medicine:In the traditional Chinese medicine,A lot of medicinal herbs in the form/Surface features/Quality of a material/gas/Taste on different,As the lily magnolia/rush/clove/cinnamon/Talcum powder, etc.,Students can touch by hand/Nose to smell/Mouth compensation methods to identify medicinal herbs,Each group of students elect a representative to participate in the game,Cover the eyes,Identify the teacher prepared medicinal materials in the prescriptive time,Say the name,The passage of time,Students on the behavior of these special characteristics of the characteristics of medicinal materials of it by heart.

　　（3）混水抓鱼：中药材识别的难点在于那些性状易混淆的药材，如白芷、天花粉、山药，再比如川木通、关木通，要想考查学生对易混药材性状特点的掌握情况，考查学生运用理论知识识别药材的能力，可以取10个中药材少量，将药材混合，放在一个盘子中，学生以小组为单位写出混合的药材名称。

(3)Mix water to catch fish:Chinese traditional medicine identification difficulty lies in the character of medicinal materials were easily confused,Such as:/Radix trichosanthis/yam,Another example is also given/Close also,To test students' grasp of the easy mixed medicinal material characters and features,Check the students' ability to apply theory knowledge to identify medicinal materials,Can take 10 Chinese medicinal materials a small amount,Mix medicine,In a plate,Students write a mixed herbs for the unit with the team name.

　　教学有法，教无定法，贵在得法，《中药鉴定技术》的教学也是"仁者见仁，智者见智"，选择适合学生的方法会事半功倍。在教学改革中，还有很多问题需要我们去探究。

The teaching application,Teach the wuding method,In the well,[Traditional Chinese medicine identification technology]Teaching is also"opinion,guess",Choose to suit students' method will get twice the result with half the effort.In the teaching reform,There are many problems need us to explore.

　　

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　　（作者单位：北京卫生职业学院）

(The author unit:Beijing vocational college of health)