“421”家庭真闹心 "421"Family really could

　　今年39岁的宋文在北京奋斗了近十年，终于在事业和家庭上有了自己的一片天地。作为家里的独子，他最牵挂的是家里的老父母，隔几天就要往家里打个电话。

This year at the age of 39 SongWen struggle in Beijing for nearly ten years,Finally in the career and family have their own a piece of heaven and earth.As an only child at home,He is most concerned about is the home of the old parents,Every few days will go to home to make a phone call.

　　“二老年纪大了，有个头疼脑热的我们在这边管不了，干着急。我叫他们到北京来同住，但是他们来了一次，住了一个星期就待不住跑回老家了，说平常连个说话的邻居都没有。”宋文忧虑地说。

"Telephone in old age,Has a headache and fever we here don't tube,worried.I call them to Beijing to live with them,But they come a time,Live for a week for not run and gone home,Said even a common talk neighbors are not."SongWen anxiously said.

　　宋文担心的不仅是自己的父母，还有自己的岳父岳母。“就算是父母愿意来北京，我也没有能力让四位老人住在这里，只能选择两位老人，可是这样另外两个人就无法照看了。”

SongWen worry about is not only their own parents,And his father-in-law mother-in-law."Even parents are willing to come to Beijing,I have no ability to make the four old man lived here,Can only choose two old man,But such two other people can't look after the."

　　和宋文一样，如今在中国的许多大城市里，独生子女们将不得不面对父母的养老问题。事实上，日前，全国老龄办称，到2015年，中国60岁以上老年人口将达到2.16亿，约占总人口的16.7%，年均净增老年人口800多万，超过新增人口数量。

And SongWen as,Now many of the big cities in China,Only their children will have to face the parents' pension problems.In fact,a,The national aging do say,By 2015,China 60 years or older with the population will be over 216 million,About 16.7% of the total population,Annual average a net increase of aging population of more than 800,More than new population.

　　长期以来，中国社会最主要的养老模式是家庭式养老，“养儿防老、积谷防饥”是沿袭多年的至理名言。这就决定了老人的赡养主要依靠子孙。但随着社会的发展以及家庭结构的变化，独生子女无力、无暇照顾老人的矛盾越发凸显，特别是新的家庭结构——“421”模式(四个老人，两个夫妻，一个孩子)的形成，两个年轻人要负担起4个老人的养老重任，更增加了家庭养老的难度。

For a long time,Chinese society the main endowment pattern is family endowment,"And store up grains against famine/Product valley hunger"Following years of wisdom.This determines the old man's support relies mainly on the children.But with the development of society and the change of family structure,One-child weakness/No time to take care of the old man's contradiction more highlights,Especially the new family structure --"421"mode(Four old man,Two couples,A child)formation,The two young people to afford four old man's pension burden,More increased the difficulty of family pension.

　　鲁丽31岁了还没有结婚，在家是娇娇女的她牢牢记住了妈妈的话，找对象一定不找独生子，她说：“我父母这一辈，兄弟姐妹好几个，照顾父母就相对简单一些。如果我再找一个独生子，我们两个人将来要照顾4个老人，还要抚养孩子，真不知道该怎么应付。”

LuLi 31 years old are not married,At home is charming charming woman she remember the mother's words,Find object must not find an only child,She said:"My parents this generation,Brothers and sisters several,Take care of parents some relatively simple.If I get a only child,The two of us will take care of four old man,Also raising a child,I don't know how to deal with."

家里养老不放心 Home endowment not trust

　　今年全国老龄工作会议指出，预计到“十二五”期末，全国65岁以上空巢老人将超过5100万，占全国老年人口的23.08%。

This year's old-age work conference pointed out,That is expected to"1025"The final,The country's 65 years old empty nester will be more than 51 million,Accounted for 23.08% of the elderly population.

　　钟楼湾胡同11号，曾经是北京市东城区安定门街道的敬老院，如今，因为无法维系经营下去，已经改成了饭店。附近的老人要么住更远的养老院，要么回自己家。

Clock tower bay alley no. 11,Once is Beijing dongcheng district AnDingMen street gerocomium,now,Because cannot sustain management down,Has changed to the hotel.The old man lived near or further nursing homes,Either back to his home.

　　行动不便，可享受上门陪护服务；空巢老人，白天可去托老所消遣；子女无暇做饭，可去社区食堂专享老年人食谱……老人住在家里，享受社区内提供的助餐、助洁、助浴、助医等服务。这是北京目前正大力推行的居家养老模式。北京市民政局曾要求，2011年底前全市70%的社区要成立居家养老服务组织。

Action inconvenience,Can enjoy the door to service;Empty nester,The day can go to nursing home entertainment;Children too busy to cook,Can go to the dining room community enjoy only the old recipe...The old man lives at home,Enjoy the meal in the community to provide help/Help clean/Help bath/Medical aid and other services.This is Beijing are vigorously carry out the home endowment patterns.Beijing bureau of civil affairs asked,By the end of 2011 the city 70% of the community to set up home endowment service organization.

　　但实际上，这些规定落实起来相当困难。社区工作人员少、任务重，日常工作普遍忙不过来，很难开展居家养老服务。

But in fact,These rules implement up quite difficult.Community work personnel less/task,Common daily work, so he can't come,It is difficult to carry out family endowment service.

　　“设施的建设也是问题。小区的老人一直呼吁建老年食堂，可是谁来投资？”一位不愿意透露姓名的社区党委书记向笔者反映。她说，按规定，新建改建居住区要配套建设社会福利设施，其征地拆迁费用由承建项目开发公司承担，基本建设费用由区县政府负担，产权归区县政府所有，但由于没有操作性办法，政策的刚性不足，很多新建小区养老服务机构未能落实。

"The construction of facilities and is also a problem.The old man has been called on to build old dining room,But who to invest?"An anonymous community secretary of the party committee to reflect the author.She said,In accordance with the provisions,New rebuilt residential area to construct supporting social welfare facilities,The land expropriation by the expenses for the construction of the project development company to undertake,Basic construction cost by area county government's burden,Property rights to area county government all,But since there is no practical way,Policy insufficient rigidity,A lot of new community endowment service agencies failed to carry out.

　　靠自己请保姆养老也不堪重负，麻烦重重。中华女子学院教授刘明辉指出，随着“人口红利”的消失，家政业的劳动力资源逐年递减，而需求量年增20%。绝大多数家政服务组织缺岗率达10%~30%，供需矛盾日益突出的问题在许多城市普遍存在。

Depend on oneself please nanny endowment also unbearable heavy burden,trouble.The Chinese women's college professor LiuMingHui pointed out,with"Demographic dividend"disappear,Domestic industry labor resources decreasing year by year,And in demand increased by 20%.The vast majority of housekeeping service organizations lack of duty rate was 10% ~ 30%,The contradiction between supply and demand increasingly prominent problem exists in many cities.

　　且不说普通职工家庭负担不起保姆费用，甚至不少家庭经济条件尚可的人士也称，这两年保姆费用越来越高，找个可心的素质高的保姆并不容易。

Apart from general worker family can't afford nanny cost,Even many family economic condition passable personage also says,The two years nanny cost more and more high,Looking for a high quality of nurse is not easy.

　　在老年人中，空巢老人和失能失智老人的居家养老风险巨大。“许多城市出现了老人死在家中却无人发现的情况，这说明以家属照顾为依托的居家养老功能是残缺和不完整的，已经难以应对空巢老人越来越多的挑战。”北京大学人口研究所穆光宗教授说。

In the older,Empty nester and incapacitating alzheimer old man's family endowment huge risk."Many cities appeared old people die in the home, but no one found out,This shows to family care to rely on the home endowment function is incomplete and incomplete,Has been difficult to deal with empty nester more and more challenge."Beijing university institute of population MuGuangZong professor said.

机构养老难合心 Institution endowment difficult he like

　　到去年底，中国60岁及以上老年人口达1.85亿人，全国各类养老机构4万个，养老床位315万张。随着第一代独生子女的父母进入老年，家庭结构小型化、空巢老人养老难日益显现，人们对养老机构的需求在增大。

By the end,China 60 years old and above aging population of 185 million people,The national all kinds of organization for aged 40000,Endowment 3.15 million beds.As the first generation of the singleton female parents into old age,Family structure miniaturization/Empty nester endowment difficult appears day by day,People to endowment needs of the organization in the increase.

　　目前，北京市60岁以上老人达245万，即每6人中就有一位老人。“到2020年，90%的老年人在社会化服务协助下通过家庭照顾养老，6%的老年人通过政府购买社区照顾服务养老，4%的老年人入住养老服务机构集中养老”，这是2008年12月北京市《关于加快养老服务机构发展的意见》中描绘的蓝图。

At present,Beijing 60 years old man of 2.45 million,That is every 6 people have an old man."By 2020,90% of the elderly in the socialized service assistance through the family care endowment,6% of the elderly through the government buy community care service pension,4% of the elderly in old-age service agencies concentrated endowment",This is December 2008 Beijing[On speeding up the pension services development opinions]Depicted in a blueprint.

　 “在北京为老人找一家合适的养老院真难。”宋女士想给七十多岁的母亲找家养老院，跑了多半个北京城，有床位的养老院条件十分简陋，环境稍好的则需“排队等候”。

"In Beijing for the old man to find a suitable nursing home really difficult."Song woman want to give more than seventy - year - old mother home to find home,Run the most a city,A bed a nursing home conditions are very simple,A good environment is required"Wait in line".

　　不少人去民办养老院打听，“环境是好，但交通不便，收费更贵。”“不少养老院在入住时需先一次性交一笔钱，至少5000元，再算上各类押金和按月算的床位、护理、伙食费，少说也要上万元，这还不包括以后每个月好几千的开销，对于工薪家庭是笔不小的费用。”

Many people go to private nursing home about,"Environment is good,But the traffic inconvenience,Charge more expensive.""Many nursing homes in you should first one-time pay a sum of money,At least 5000 yuan,To calculate on each kind of deposit and monthly calculate bed/nursing/Board expenses,Say less also want to tens of thousands of yuan,This does not include every month after thousands of overhead,For working families is a big expense."

　　“住不上”和“住不起”并存——这就是中国普通收入家庭寻找养老院时所遭遇的困境。

"Live in"and"Can't afford to stay"Concurrent -- this is Chinese ordinary income family nursing home looking for when encountered dilemma.

老无所依的精神孤独 No country for old spirit alone

　　日前，人社部社会保障研究所所长何平做客人民微博微访谈时表示，靠独生子女照顾父母这种家庭养老保障方式肯定会遇到不可逾越的困难，老年护理问题应该从老年人互助等三个方面解决。由社区组织老年互助，根据老年人能够自理的程度提供有针对性的护理；由政府主导，社会广泛参与，举办更多的养老院，满足不同经济承受能力的老年人的需求；对于那些没有经济能力，鳏寡孤独的老年人由政府的养老院包起来。

a,People club department social security institute director HePing guest people's micro bo micro interview said,Only children to take care of their parents by the family endowment the safeguard way will certainly encounter insurmountable difficulties,Elderly care problem should be from three aspects such as the old mutual solution.The community organization old mutual,According to the old people to the extent of the self-care provide targeted nursing;Leading by the government,Widely participate in social,Host more nursing homes,Meet different economic capacity of the needs of elderly;For those who do not have financial capacity,GuanGuaGuDu old people by the government's nursing home wrapped up.

　　然而，专家所述，只是解决了老人的生活问题，社会化养老虽然模式很好但是无法解决老人需求的全部问题。

however,Experts described,Only solve the problem of the elderly's daily life,Socialization endowment although mode is very good but can't solve all the problems of the old man needs.

　　传统的养老观念和模式的延续，让更多老人孩子不在身边时倍感孤独。

The traditional endowment concept and pattern continue,Let more old man child's absence feel more lonely.

　　“父母每次给我打电话不是问我那些小孩子吃饱穿暖的问题，就是给我说邻居家的家长里短，说过很多次的话他们不断的重复，”80后的张丹丹在跟同学讨论自己的父母时不忍这样抱怨，然后，她发现，同学的情况差不多，让她突然意识到，自己因为父母身体好就忽略了对父母的关心，“父母真的老了，离开儿女，精神上孤独了。”

"Every time my parents call me not ask me the child eat satisfied wear warm problem,Is to give I said's small household affairs,Said many times if they constantly repeat,"80 ZhangDanDan after with schoolmates discuss their parents to complain about this,then,She found,The situation of students almost,Let her suddenly realized,His body is good because their parents regardless of his parents' love and care,"Parents really old,Leave children,Spiritual lonely."

　　老无所依了，怎么办？住在哪？吃在哪？谁照看？老人孩子都焦虑。

The "no country for old,do?Live in?Where to eat?Who is taking care?The old man child anxiety.

　　专家建议，在不断完善社会化养老机制的今天，独生子女一代在自己未来生活道路上尽量地思考父母的未来需求，用新的孝道去孝敬尊敬自己的父母也是完善养老内涵不可或缺的。(李贤)

Experts suggest,The continuous improvement of the socialization of the supporting for aged mechanism of today,One-child generation in their future life as far as possible on the road to think parents' future needs,With the new filial piety to honor your father and your respect their parents also is perfect endowment connotation indispensable.(lee)