近日，提高了乘客人身伤亡赔偿责任限额的《1974年国际海上旅客和行李运输雅典公约（PLA公约）2002年议定书》（以下简称雅典公约2002年议定书），在第10个国家——比利时批准了之后，满足议定书最低生效条件，将于2014年4月23日正式生效。

近日,Improved the passenger liability limit on compensation for personal injuries[International carriage of passengers and luggage the Athens convention 1974(Convention on the PLA)2002 protocol](Hereinafter referred to as "the Athens convention 2002 protocol),In 10 countries - Belgium after approved,Meet the minimum effective protocol,Set to take effect on April 23, 2014.

　　在1974年公约建立起船上旅客损害赔偿责任制度的基础上，雅典公约2002年议定书又修订和更新了相关内容，作为加入该议定书的先决条件，相关缔约国必须事先声明退出1974年公约及其早期的相关议定书。雅典公约2002年议定书宣告了承运人需要承担因承运人过错或疏忽大意酿成事故造成旅客人身伤亡或财产损失的赔偿责任，并进一步明确了承运人承担过错推定责任。除非损害系承运人故意造成，或明知可能造成此种损害而轻率地采取行为或不为所致，否则可以限制赔偿责任。

在1974年公约建立起船上旅客损害赔偿责任制度的基础上,The Athens convention 2002 protocol is revised and updated the related content,As a precondition to join the protocol,And its related parties must declare in advance out of the 1974 convention of the early related protocol.Declared to the carrier need to bear the Athens convention 2002 protocol because of carrier fault or negligence caused accidents causing personal injuries or property damage liability to pay compensation,And further clarifies the carrier liable fault presumption.Unless the damage is the carrier caused on purpose,Or that may cause such damage and rashly take action or not to be caused by,Or to limit the liability for compensation.

　　根据1974年公约规定，造成旅客人身伤亡的赔偿限额为每名乘客46666特别提款权（SDR）。而雅典公约2002年议定书则将这一限额提升为每名乘客在每一特定场合下赔偿250000特别提款权，除非承运人有证据证明伤害行为是由战争、敌对行为、内战或具有必然性或不可抗性的自然因素或不可抗力造成，或者完全是由第三方故意行为造成。如果实际损害超出了限额上限，则承运人的责任限额将进一步提升到每名乘客在每一特定场合下400000特别提款权，除非承运人有证据证明自己在造成损害的事故中不存在过错或过失。议定书虽然设置了赔偿的最高限额，但并不意味着各国法院仅能以这一限额作为人身伤亡赔偿的限制，议定书包括了一项“选择性”条款，允许对承运人具有管辖权的缔约国通过制定国家法律或相关规定保留或引入更高的责任限额（或无限责任）。

根据1974年公约规定,Cause of life or personal injury compensation for a passenger is limited to 46666 The SDRS per passenger(The SDR).The Athens convention 2002 protocol will this increase the limit as per passenger compensation 250000 Special Drawing Rights (The SDRS) in each particular situation,Carrier unless there is evidence to prove that damage behavior is by the war/hostilities/Civil war is inevitable or not natural factors or force majeure cause of resistance,Or intentional behavior caused entirely by a third party.If the actual damage beyond the maximum limit,The carrier's limit of liability will be further promoted to each passenger 400000 Special Drawing Rights (The SDRS) in each particular situation,Carrier unless there is evidence to prove the damage there is no fault or negligence of the accident.Although protocol set the maximum amount of compensation,But does not mean that the court can only to the limits as constraints on compensation for personal injuries,Includes a protocol"selective"Terms and conditions,Allows for the carrier has the jurisdiction over the parties to develop national laws or regulations retained or introduce the higher limit of liability(Or unlimited liability).

　　至于涉及到行李受损方面，承运人的赔偿责任限额则区分为不同种类，主要取决于旅客的行李是否为自带至客舱的行李，或者运输车辆损害和车内的全部行李，以及其他类型的行李等。承运人和旅客可就以下内容进行协商：承运人承担的赔偿责任按照每辆运输车辆减免不超过330特别提款权，每名旅客携带的行李损害减免不超过149特别提款权，所有的限额减免总和将从损失或损害中予以扣除。

至于涉及到行李受损方面,Limitation of liability of the carrier is divided into different types,Depending on whether the passenger's luggage to bring to the cabin baggage,Or all the baggage transport vehicle damage, and the car,And other types of luggage, etc.The carrier and the passengers may be the following:The carrier shall bear the liability of compensation according to each transport vehicles reduction does not exceed 330 Special Drawing Rights (The SDRS),Each passengers carrying luggage damage reduction is not more than 149 Special Drawing Rights (The SDRS),All of the limit reduction sum will be deducted from the loss or damage.

　　此外，雅典公约2002年议定书还引入了强制保险的规定，以及帮助旅客索赔的机制，这都是建立在现有的处理环境污染责任和赔偿制度原则基础之上的。该议定书将原有的过错责任制替换为严格责任制，以支持承运人采取强制保险措施应对时可能存在的潜在索赔诉求。

In addition,The Athens convention 2002 protocol and the introduction of compulsory insurance regulation,And help travelers claim mechanism,这都是建立在现有的处理环境污染责任和赔偿制度原则基础之上的.The protocol will be the original fault liability system with strict responsibility system,To support the carrier's compulsory insurance measures when dealing with potential claims.

　　□名词解释

□名词解释

　　SDR特别提款权——根据国际货币基金组织（IMF）金荣计划和运作处提供的资料说明，SDR是国际货币基金组织与1969年创设的一种储备资产和记账单位，目前以美元、欧元、日元和英镑四种货币综合成为一个“一篮子”计价单位，具有较强的稳定性。

The SDR特别提款权——根据国际货币基金组织(The IMF)The information provided Jin Rong plan and operation instructions,The The SDR is the international monetary fund and in 1969 created a kind of reserve assets and the unit of account,At present in us dollars/The euro/The yen and the pound integrated into a four currencies"A basket of"Denominated in,Has strong stability.