日前据媒体报道，南开大学化学教授李卫东指导了10多名博士生，这些学生尽管通过了博士论文答辩，但因为没有在答辩之前公开发表学术论文而无法正常拿到博士学位。这其中的政策关键被归结于南开大学的土规定，就是将博士学位与发表论文挂钩。这样的土规定实际并非南开大学独有。有论者旗帜鲜明地对此予以反对，认为“许多西方知名大学，并无必须在什么档次的期刊上发表多少篇论文才能获得博士学位的要求”，这类规定是“以学位胁迫博士生在核心期刊上发表论文”，与“学术GDP主义”相关，因而“博士学位挂钩论文当休矣”。

Recently, according to media reports，Nankai university professor of chemistry LiWeiDong guided more than 10 doctor，These students while through a doctor's thesis，But for the defense not before the published papers and can't be open to normal doctor's degree。One of the key policy was attributable to nankai university regulations of the soil，The doctor's degree and is published hooks。Such soil regulations is not unique to the actual nankai university。Critics have distinct banner that opposed it，think“Many western famous university，And no must in what class issue of the journal how much paper to obtain a doctor's degree requirements”，This kind of regulation is“To stress doctoral degree in core journals published”，and“Academic GDP socialist”related，so“Ph.D. Thesis when Hugh link will do”。

　　以上论断看似有理，并且充满了人文关怀，但如果从我国博士教育的现状审慎分析一下，就可以看出问题并非如此简单。

More plausible assertion，And filled with humane care，But if the present situation of our country education from dr prudent to analyze，We can see that the problem is not so simple。

　　2000年之后，中国的博士教育开始大规模扩招。从“全国教育事业发展统计公报”看，2000年博士招生为2.51万，2010年博士招生数则扩大到6.38万人，为2000年的2.54倍；2000年博士在校生数仅为6.73万人，2010年则增加到25.89万人，增加到3.85倍。曾任国务院学位办主任的杨玉良先生在全国地方大学发展论坛上透露，我国具有博士授予权的高校已超过310所，美国只有253所。2008年，中国就已经超过美国成为全球博士教育规模最大的国家。这是我们讨论问题的数字背景。

2000 years later，China's education started mass dr expanding。from“The national education career development statistical bulletin”see，Dr. 2000 admissions for 25100，In 2010 dr is expanded to include 63800 people，For 2.54 times than that in 2000；Dr. Several students in 2000 to only 67300 people，In 2010, increased to 258900，Increased to 3.85 times。Served XueWeiBan of Mr. YangYuLiang, director of the state council in the local university development disclosed on BBS，Dr. Our country has more than 310 colleges and universities award authority of，The United States had 253。2008 years，China had more than the United States as the world's largest country doctor education。This is our discussion of digital background。

俗话说，萝卜快了不洗泥，中国的博士生规模世界第一，但培养质量究竟如何呢？ As the saying goes，Turnip fast don't wash mud，China's doctoral scale the world first，But how to develop quality？

　　我国的博士教育正式开始于改革开放之后的1981年，在短短30年间，我国的博士生培养数量迅速成为世界第一，但30年间我们是否掌握到博士教育的规律了呢？规律大致包括两个方面，一是宏观方面的规律如博士总规模调控、学科规模调控、博士教育与国家科技发展协调、博士质量控制政策、博士学费与资助政策等；二是微观方面的规律，其核心就是导师、导师小组如何指导博士生，如何与博士生一起探索未知领域，如何在各个环节保证博士生培养质量。宏观方面，我们应当承认我们还没有完全掌握规律，最近几年研究生教育方面出现的问题大多来源于此。微观方面，也许有学校和博士生导师掌握了，但也应当承认，由于博士生规模过快扩张，博士学位授予学校数量过快增加，也会有许多学校和博士生导师没有掌握规律。在没有全部掌握博士生培养规律的情况下，将博士学位与论文挂钩这个也许有些简单武断的土规定，是否有助于保证博士教育的质量呢？

China's education formal dr began in after the reform and opening to the year 1981，In a short span of 30 years，The number of doctoral education in China quickly become the world first，But 30 years if we grasp of the law education to the doctor？Law include roughly two aspects，One is the rule of dr macro aspect such as the total scale control、Subject scale control、Education and national science and technology development, dr coordination、Doctor quality control policies、Tuition and grant dr policies, etc；2 it is the law of the microscopic aspects，Its core is teacher、How to guide doctoral tutor team，How to explore unknown fields with doctoral together，How to guarantee the quality of each link of doctoral education。Macroscopic aspect，We should admit that we haven't fully grasp regularity，In recent years postgraduate education problems mostly comes from that。Microscopic aspects，Maybe have a school and doctoral tutor master，But they also should admit，Due to the rapid expansion of the scale of doctoral students，Doctor's degree awarded the school number increase too，Also there will be many schools and doctoral student adviser does not have the rule。Not all in master doctoral education law，The doctor's degree and papers this maybe some simple link arbitrary soil regulations，Whether dr will help to ensure the quality of education？

假设我们掌握了博士生培养规律，我们是否又能按规律办事呢？ Suppose that we master the doctoral education law，Whether we can again according to the law？

　　在微观层面，为了保证博士生培养质量，必须保证博士生在科研过程中与导师以及导师小组成员有充分的共同探索时间或者接触时间，这是传递“缄默知识”的关键。这一规律许多研究书籍和论文已经清晰指出。李政道先生在回顾其博士成长岁月时，深情地提到其导师费米每周有一个下午的时间给予自己，与他一起讨论物理问题，自己物理研究起步阶段几个启发都来自师生之间的讨论。费米的学生中先后有6人获得诺贝尔奖。

In the micro level，In order to guarantee the quality of doctoral education，Must guarantee in scientific research process and doctoral tutor and tutor team members have full jointly explore time or contact time，This is to transfer“Tacit knowledge”key。This rule of many research books and papers have clear said。Mr. Li zhen-dao review its growth in dr years，Deep feeling to mention his supervisor Fermi weekly have a time in the afternoon to give themselves，And he discussed with physical problems，His physical research beginning stage some inspiration from the discussion between teachers and students。Fermi's six people in the student has a Nobel Prize。

　　保证导师和博士生有充分的接触时间，在管理上需要做到两点：一是每一个导师不能指导过多博士生；二是必须给予每个博士生至少每周一个下午的“一对一”时间。我们能够做到吗？中国人民大学周光礼教授《中国博士质量调查》一书指出，我国当前博士生教育中存在一些问题，46%的博导同时指导的学生超过7名，最多高达47名；近13%的博士生每月与导师交流不到1次，甚至还有3%的博士生反映未与导师交流过。在我们的导师们不能每周与博士生一对一指导一个下午的情况下，将博士学位与论文挂钩是否有助于保证博士教育的质量呢？

Ensure the mentor and doctoral have full contact time，In the management of need to do two things：A is each teacher cannot lead the doctoral student too much；2 it is must give each a week at least a doctoral student of the afternoon“one-on-one”time。We can do？The people's university of China ZhouGuangLi professor《Dr. China quality survey》Pointed out that the book，Our current doctoral education has some problems，46% of the doctoral students at the same time more than seven guidance，Most as high as in 47；Nearly 13% of the monthly and tutor doctoral student exchange less than 1 time，Even 3% of the doctoral tutor exchange not and reflect。In our mentors per week and not a doctoral student one-on-one instruction in the afternoon，The doctor's degree and paper hook will help to ensure whether dr the quality of education？

　　博士是否合格，中外标准是一样的。《中华人民共和国学位条例》中，授予博士学位的三个必要条件之一是“在科学或专门技术上作出创造性的成果”。博士论文在美国也必须“是一种创造性的研究或学术工作，能丰富人类知识宝库”。检验博士论文是否生产出创造性的成果，在微观层面有两个关键环节。

If dr qualified，Chinese and foreign standard is the same。《Degree regulations of the People's Republic of China》in，Awarded a doctoral degree of the three necessary condition is one of“In science or specialized technology to make creative achievements”。Ph.D. Thesis in the United States must also“Is a kind of creative research or academic work，Can rich human knowledge base”。Dr. Whether the production test paper creative achievements，In the micro has two key link。

第一个环节是博士论文匿名评审。 The first link is the Ph.D. Thesis anonymous review。

　　博士论文在答辩之前，学生所在学院将博士生、导师姓名隐去，寄给这一领域数名匿名专家，由他们判断博士论文的学术水准、是否作出创造性成果以决定能否进入答辩程序。这一环节的关键在于对专家选择必须匿名，即导师学生不应当知道、也不必知道这些专家是谁，以避免人情关系。今年北京大学经济学院就采取这种方法否决了一名博士生的答辩资格，学生的导师因而在网上发出数封信抱怨。实际上，2012年的这一改革才标志着北京大学经济学院的进步。由于我国学位论文基本为中文，因而对专家的选取难以跨出国门。将博士学位与论文挂钩的实质，不过就是利用杂志的匿名评审环节来代替博士论文匿名评审以求保证博士质量而已。

Ph.D. Thesis in reply before，In college students will be doctor、Teacher's name hidden，Send this field to several anonymous experts，By their judgment doctoral dissertations in academic standards、To determine whether to make creative achievements can enter the defense programs。This link is to choose the key experts must be anonymous，Students should not know that mentor、Also don't need to know what the experts who it was，To avoid human relationship。This year economic institute of Beijing university is to take this kind of method vetoed a Ph.D candidate for the defense，Students and a teacher in the online number letter complaining。In fact，2012 years of this reform just marked the Peking University institute of economic progress。Because our country degree thesis basic language is Chinese，So for the selection of experts to step out of the country。The doctor's degree and papers the essence of the hook，But is the use of anonymous review magazine to replace the paper dr. Link to guarantee the quality of dr anonymous review it。

第二个环节就是论文答辩。 The second part of the thesis is。

　　这个环节表面重要，但国内由于答辩委员的选取常掺杂人情因素（请导师熟悉的学者），答辩过程中的人情因素使得很少有学生在这个环节被否决。从逻辑和效果上讲，如果没有或者很少否决，答辩是否举行就没有差别，这意味着论文答辩从实质上讲大都形同虚设。

This link surface important，But because of domestic defense selection of human factors often doped（Please mentor familiar scholars），In the process of defence to the human factors make few students in this link is rejected。Tell from logic and effect，If few or no veto，If there is no difference between a defense，This means that most of the thesis essentially non-existing。

　　在博士论文匿名评审环节不完善，答辩环节形同虚设的现实情况下，将博士学位与论文挂钩的土规定目前是否有助于保证博士教育质量呢？

In Ph.D. Thesis anonymous review links are not perfect，Reply link eroded the real condition，The doctor's degree and papers of the soil is currently pegged regulations will help to ensure the quality of education? Dr？

　　《中国科学报》 (2012-08-08 B1 大学周刊)

《China KeXueBao》 (The 2012-08-08 B1 university weekly)