作为一个资源短缺的国家，日本高度重视人力资源的开发，把提高国民教育水平和职业技术能力作为一贯战略。日本推广职业教育终身化和社会化，营造出人才培养的良好环境，其中专修学校发挥了重要作用。

As a shortage of countries，Japan attaches great importance to the development of human resources，Improvement of the national education level, and professional technical ability as a consistent strategy。Japan promote vocational education lifelong and socialization，Build a talent training of the environment，One specialist school has played an important role。

专修学校面向大众 Specialist schools to the general public

　　要点：专修学校已与大学、短期大学形成三足鼎立之势，成为高中生接受高等教育的第三条渠道。

points：Specialist schools already and university、Short-term university establish the trend of form，Accept higher education of high school students become article 3 channels。

　　日本真正意义上的职业教育始于上世纪60年代。当时日本进入经济高速增长期，社会急需大量技术劳动者，民众也迫切要求接受教育，职业教育在这样的背景下应运而生，其主要机构就是专修学校。作为开展职业教育和培训的专门机构，专修学校为日本各行业培养了大量人才，对经济发展起到了重要的推动作用。

Japan real sense of vocational education started in the 1960 s。When Japanese into rapid economic growth，Society needs a large technical worker，People also pressing for the accept education，Vocational education in this context came into being，The main institution is specialist schools。Developing vocational education and training as a specialized agency，Specialist schools to cultivate a large number of Japanese industries talent，On economic development plays an important role。

　　日本的专修学校分为三类：第一类是高等专修学校，招收初中及以上学历者，开展实用性较强的职业教育；第二类是专门学校，招收高中及以上学历者，进行专门技术教育；第三类对招生对象及入学资格没有统一规定，可为各年龄层的各种对象提供专门知识与技能的培训。

Japan's specialist schools divided into three categories：The first kind is higher specialist schools，Recruit middle and above educational level，In practical stronger professional education；The second type is special school，Recruit of high school and above educational level，Special technology education；The third kind of recruit students object and admission no unified regulation，But for all the ages of object of specialized knowledge and skills training。

　　由于日本在上世纪70年代中后期已经普及了高中教育，进入专修学校学习的主要是高中毕业生或愿意继续在某一领域深造的人，约占在校生总人数的80%。专修学校已与大学、短期大学形成三足鼎立之势，成为高中毕业生接受高等教育的第三条渠道。目前全日本有3000余所专修学校，超过60万人就读。

Because Japan in the 1970 s has been popularized the high school education，To study the main school specialist is high school graduates or willing to continue in a certain area of study，Accounts for about 80% of the total number of students。Specialist schools already and university、Short-term university establish the trend of form，As high school graduates receive higher education of article 3 channels。At present, there are more than 3000 in Japan have specialist schools，More than 600000 people in。

　　根据各种专业教育的实际需要，日本的专修学校有多种学制，其中2年制最多，其学生人数占71%，此外还有从1年、1年半直到4年半的多种学制。学校每年招生两次，分别在4月和10月开学。灵活多样的学制让考生可根据需要自由选择，从而扩大了职业教育普及的范围，使人人都可以接受职业教育。

According to the actual needs of all kinds of professional education，Japan's specialist schools have a variety of system，Among them, 2 years most，The number of students account for 71%，In addition to from 1 year、1 and a half years until four and a half years of schooling。The school admissions twice a year，Respectively in April and October the school starts。Flexible system for the examinee may according to need to free choice，In order to expand the vocational education popularization range，That everyone can accept vocational education。

　职业教育终身化社会化形成体系 Vocational education lifelong socialization forms the system

　　要点：强调教育部门与劳动雇用部门和产业界的合作。

points：Emphasize education department and the department of labor, employment and industrial cooperation。

　　自从上世纪60年代联合国教科文组织提出“终身教育”的概念以来，日本便将其作为教育改革政策的主导思想。为了保证终身职业教育的顺利开展，日本建立了包括终身职业能力、高度职业能力以及地方职业能力开发促进中心等在内的面向21世纪的终身职业能力开发体系。

Since the 1960 s UNESCO puts forward“Lifelong education”Since the concept of，Japan and the education reform policies as the leading thought。In order to ensure the smooth development of the life-long education，Japan built, including life career capabilities、Highly professional ability and local professional capacity development, promote the center of the 21 st century lifelong vocational ability development system。

　　在社会化方面，除了日本教育管理部门，企业、雇主组织等社会机构也越来越多地参与职业教育的管理和决策。如全国专门学校情报教育协会、日本就业指导协会等团体还通过提供就业情报、制作就业期刊杂志等方式支持职业教育。

In the social aspects，In addition to the Japanese education management department，enterprise、Employer groups and other social institutions are also more and more participation in vocational education management and decision making。Such as the national intelligence education association special school、Japan employment guidance association and the group also through the provide employment information、Make magazine employment way of vocational education support。

　　2005年，日本文部科学省、厚生劳动省、经济产业省和内阁府联合召开会议，并于第二年出台了一项“职业教育综合计划”，包括三部分：一是以小学至高中学生为对象的“新职业教育计划”；二是主要以大学生、研究生为对象，培养有高度专业能力人才的“职业教育提升计划”；三是“无固定职业者再教育计划”。

2005 years，Japan WenBu science province、Health ministry、An economy ministry and the cabinet office held a joint meeting，And in the second year has offered a“Vocational education comprehensive plan”，Include three parts：One is the primary school to high school students for the object“The new professional education plan”；2 it is mainly to college students、Graduate student as the object of，Cultivate a highly professional ability of talents“Vocational education promotion plan”；Three is“No fixed profession reindoctrination programme”。

　　整套计划不仅照顾到了不同年龄段的人群，而且重视不同社会部门间的合作，强调教育部门与劳动雇用部门和产业界的合作。而这种合作在该计划的推进过程中也得到加强。

A complete set of program not only take care of the people of all ages，And pay attention to the cooperation between the different social department，Emphasize education department and the department of labor, employment and industrial cooperation。And this kind of cooperation in the plan of the process also be strengthened。

　　为了实现“高等教育面向社会开放”，日本职业教育机构也利用其教育资源为社会服务。很多专修学校开展面向社区的讲座，为广大居民组织各种教育活动。它们还与企业界共同举办普及新兴科技知识的展览会，利用周末和假期组织学习实践活动等。

In order to realize the“Higher education for the open society”，Japanese professional education agencies are also using the education resources to serve the society。Many specialist schools facing community lectures，For the residents to organize all kinds of education activities。They also held together with businesses in emerging scientific and technological knowledge popularization of the exhibition，The weekend and holiday organization learning practice activities。

日本职业教育出现新动向 Japanese professional education appear new trend

　　要点：既在专修学校也在普通大学接受教育的方式开始盛行。

points：Both the specialist schools in ordinary universities accept education way to prevail。

　　2007年，日本进入“大学全入时代”，即报考大学的人数开始低于大学计划招生总人数，大学教育由精英教育走向大众教育。在这一背景下，选择既在专修学校也在普通大学接受教育的方式开始盛行。一部分在大学或短期大学完成大学教育的日本学生纷纷到专修学校，以提高实用技术技能；还有一部分大学生为毕业后能立即就业，在就读本科期间同时就读专修学校。

2007 years，Japan into“The university into the era”，That is the number of the university began to enter oneself for an examination below university plan recruit students of the total number，University education from elite education to mass education。In this context，Choice is not only in the school in ordinary university showed also accept education way to prevail。Part of the university or college education university of short-term complete Japanese students in to specialist schools，In order to improve the practical technology；And part of college students can obtain employment after graduation for immediately，In the study also attend school during undergraduate course leader。

　　日本就业指导协会理事萩原信一表示，眼下企业非常注重“即战力”，即毕业后不进行上岗培训就能迅速投入实际工作的能力，因此持有“专门士”(即在一定专修学校修完专业课程所获得的称号)资格的毕业生更容易得到企业的青睐。而为获得“专门士”，如“税理士”(从事税务的人员)、“簿记士”(从事初级会计工作的人员)资格而必须具备的能力，在大学课堂上很难掌握，因此专门提供这些资格培训的专修学校受到欢迎。同时，由于企业同样关注未来发展和企业文化的传承，大学毕业生广阔的视野和丰富的理论知识也不可缺少。如此一来，想要同时拥有理论知识与专业技能的日本大学生只能选择双管齐下。

Japan employment guidance of director of association of the original letter this friend a said，The enterprise much attention to“Warfare is”，That is not after graduation training can quickly into actual work，Therefore hold“Special and”(That is, in a certain specialist school completion of professional course for the title)Qualified graduates easier to get the favour of enterprise。And to get“Special and”，if“Tax cut and”(Engaged in the personnel of tax)、“Bookkeeping and”(Engaged in the primary accountant work of the staff)Qualification and must have ability，In the college classroom difficult to master，So special offer these training qualifications of specialist schools welcome。At the same time，Because enterprise also concerned about future development and enterprise culture inheritance，University graduates broad vision and rich theory knowledge is also essential。so，Want to have at the same time theory knowledge and professional skills of the Japanese college students can only choose both。

　　在日本，专修学校毕业生的社会地位一直比不上普通高校的毕业生，但现在差距已大大缩小。比如，目前刚刚参加工作的普通高校毕业生月薪平均在20万日元左右(1美元约合90日元)，而专修学校毕业生也能达到17万至18万日元。对此，东京都武藏野市高等专修学校就业指导部部长高田一男认为，日本的学历社会热度正在慢慢消退，企业在招聘员工时更多注重人品及能力。他说，“专修学校的学生们无论素质还是能力已同普通高校学生不相上下。例如我们学校，大部分人还是抱着要掌握一门技能的想法来我们学校的。大部分家长也认为，拥有一门技能能给孩子带来光明的前途”。

In Japan，Specialist school graduates social position has been ordinary university graduates can，But now gap has dramatically narrow。For example，Now just working the ordinary university graduates in an average of 200000 yen a month or so($1 $90 yen)，And specialist school graduates also can reach 170000 to 180000 yen。this，Tokyo musashi wild city higher specialist schools minister employment guidance takata finds that a male，Japan's degree heat is slowly subsidise society，Enterprise in the CVS more attention to character and ability。He said，“Specialist school students regardless of quality or ability with the ordinary university students have polls。For example our school，Most people still hold to grasp a foreign skills ideas to our school。Most parents think，Have a skill can give a child bright future”。