德国的职业教育受到世界各国的普遍关注。这不仅在于德国职业教育取得的成就和受到的非议，更在于借鉴德国职业教育的经验来发展本国的职业教育事业。黑格尔说过“熟知非真知”，我们必须透过现象抓住本质，才能弄清德国职业教育的真谛，从而为我所用

The German occupation education by the world countries the universal attention。This not only lies in the German occupational education the achievements and by above reproach，More in career education experience from Germany to develop their career education career。Hegel said“Known as the truth”，We must seize nature through the problem，To find out the true meaning of German occupational education，Thus use

　　一、企业培训反映了职业教育发展的共同趋势企业培训越来越受到世界各国重视，在瑞典，根据国家规定，工矿企业部门必须按照学校的教学计划，提供最理想的环境和条件。企业有义务解决学生实验设备和实习场地问题。美国在历史上就有合作教育的传统，即企业与学校合作，共同对学生进行职业培训，学生一半时间工作，一半时间学习，学习工作互相交替进行。事实上，企业培训是职业教育质量得到保证的基本条件。企业是技术存在的社会场所。从企业学技术，不存在“雾里看花”现象，新技术层出不穷是我们时代的特点，学习新技术也只有在企业才能及时学到。发达国家的企业科研力量很强，是技术开发的主体。中国当前的情况有所不同，工业企业科研力量薄弱，科研人员和有限的研究经费主要集中在一大批独立于企业之外的科研院所和高等学校。企业研究开发环节薄弱已经成为我国科技和经济发展的“瓶颈”。随着社会主义市场经济的建立和发展，科研资源流向企业，企业成为技术开发的主体，已经成为必然趋势。我国现代化企业制度试点应该包括企业培训的内容；如果说，企业只有卸去包袱才能轻装上阵，那么企业只有重视企业培训才有后劲；我们应该树立企业培训并非社会包袱，而是企业份内事的观点，将这样的观点融入企业改革之中，我国的经济必将获得长足发展。

a、The enterprise training vocational education development reflects the common trend of enterprise training has been more and more attention to the countries all over the world，In Sweden，According to the state regulations，Mining enterprise must, in accordance with the department of the school's teaching plan，Provide the most ideal environment and conditions。Enterprise has the obligation to solve the students' experiment equipment and the practice。The United States in the history of the traditional education have the cooperation，That is to say, the enterprise with schools，Common to the students of vocational training，Students work in half the time，Half the time learning，Learning the alternating with each other。In fact，Vocational education quality is enterprise training from that basic conditions。Enterprise is technology existing social places。From QiYeXue technology，Does not exist“mystifying”phenomenon，New technology is endlessly of our times characteristics，Learning new technology also only in the enterprise can learn in time。The developed countries of the enterprise research strength is very strong，Is the main body of the technology development。China's current situation is different，Industrial enterprise research strength is weak，Scientific research personnel and limited funds for research mainly concentrated in a large number of independent of enterprise outside of the scientific research institutions and schools of higher learning。Enterprise research and development has become a weak in science and technology and economic development“bottleneck”。With the establishment of the socialist market economy and development，Scientific research resources into enterprise，Enterprise become the subject of technology development，Has become an inevitable trend。China's modern enterprise system should include the enterprise training pilot content；if，The enterprise can only be a clean SLATE burden，So enterprise only pay attention to enterprise training only a well-developed；We should set up the business enterprise training is not the social burden，But the view of enterprise work，Will the view into the enterprise reform in，China's economy will have a great development。

　　二、德国“双轨制”职业教育充分体现了社会化分工与合作的统一高度分化和高度综合是现代科学的特点，分工越来越细，合作越来越强是现代社会化大生产的特点，职业教育也必须遵循这分与合的辩证法。德国“双轨制”把职业教育的纵向过程鲜明地分成两部分：一部分是企业培训，一部分是学校教育，企业培训和学校教育由不同的主持者负责，各自独立。企业熟悉技术，宜培训实践技能；学校熟悉理论教学，宜教授理论知识。技术创新加快，在企业学技术可说是“春江水暖鸭先知”；理论相对稳定，教法尤其重要，在学校学习理论知识可说是事半功倍。

two、Germany“Double track”Vocational education fully embodies the socialization of division of labor and cooperation differentiation and highly integrated unified height is the characteristics of modern science，Division thin，Cooperation is becoming more and more modern socialized production characteristics，Vocational education must follow the points and closing dialectics。Germany“Double track”The occupational education longitudinal process vividly into two parts：Part of it is enterprise training，Part of it is the school education，Enterprise training and school education by different majors responsible，independent。Enterprise tech，Appropriate training practice skills；The school familiar with theoretical teaching，Professor appropriate theoretical knowledge。Technology innovation to speed up the，In QiYeXue technology is“Riverside plumbing duck a prophet”；Theory relative stability，Teaching is especially important，In the school learning theory knowledge is easier。

　　三、德国职业教育的动态特点德国职业教育制度是一个不断发展、创新的体系。德国职业教育的统一根据是1969年颁布的《职业教育法》。由于权限划分十分细，尽管制订了全联邦统一的职业教育法律，职业教育仍难以统一安排。在全联邦一级，依照1972年联邦总理发布的组织条例，一切教育问题，包括职业教育在内，均由联邦教育与科学部长统筹负责，培训规章则分别由联邦经济部长、联邦劳工与社会秩序部长或有关专业的主管部长，经与联邦教育与科学部长商妥后颁布。

three、German occupational education of the dynamic features German occupational education system is a continuous development、Innovation system。German occupational education according to the uniform is promulgated in 1969《Vocational education law》。Because purview division is very fine，Although made all the federal unified professional education law，Vocational education is still difficult to unified arrangement。In all the federal level，In 1972 the federal prime minister in accordance with the regulations issued by the organization，All the education problem，Vocational education, including，All by the federal education and science minister responsible for as a whole，Training regulations by the federal economic minister respectively、The federal labor and social order minister or relevant professional competent secretary，The federal education and science with the minister agreed upon these promulgated after。

　　《职业教育法》规定的管理体制蕴含着发展创新的机制，可以不断适应社会发展的需要。第一，培训时间在现实中是可变通的。在培训前曾经上过学、成绩合格，可以考虑缩短培训时间；可以通过法令规定，上过职业学校或者在通常的机构受过职业培训的，可以全部或部分地算作培训时间；公会组织预料受培人在缩短了的时间内能够达到培训目的，就要建议缩短培训时间。第二，企业的培训经费是可以调节的。企业培训经费由多种成分构成，包括企业自身资助，企业外集资资助，混合经费资助等。其中，企业外集资包括中央基金形式，中央基金由国家统一分配和发放，一般情况，企业可获得其培训费用50％--80%的补助，如果所培训的职业前景看好，企业可获得l00%的补助。混合经费资助，即培训企业用于培训或交纳给基金会的资金，在一定的时候可以从国家税款中以一定比例扣出。第三，培训职业的变化情况。联邦一级的培训职业变化是通过联邦职业教育研究所每年发表一次的“受承认的培训职业一览表”公布的。正规而统一的职业培训必须依据培训规章进行。由于制定培训规章等工作耗时较多，得到国家承认的职业培训只能缓慢变化。唯其如此，受到国家承认的职业培训才具有科学性、权威性。试想，把培训规章弄成“急救章”，有什么意义呢？主管单位一级的职业培训可以根据实际情况适当变通，甚至可以取消或改变一些以往公认的应在联邦一级加以处理的职业培训。企业一级的职业培训可以根据技术进步情况，在企业培训计划中追加有关的知识和技能。

《Vocational education law》The provisions of the management system contains the development innovation mechanism，Can constantly adapt to the needs of the development of the society。The first，Training time in reality is flexible。Before training ever been on learning、Achievement qualification，Can consider to shorten training time；Can pass laws or regulations，In a vocational school or in the agency received vocational training usually，Can all or part of the count as training time；The guild organization in which people are expected to shorten the time to reach the training purpose，Will suggest shorten training time。The second，The enterprise training funds is adjustable。Enterprise training funds by a variety of components，Including the enterprise itself funding，The enterprise funds funding，Hybrid funding support, etc。Among them，The enterprise funds including central fund form，The central fund issued by national unity and distribution， generally，The enterprise can obtain the training cost 50%-80% of the subsidy，If the training career prospects look good，The enterprise can obtain l00 % subsidies。Hybrid funding support，That is used for training or training enterprise pay to foundation funds，In certain of the time from the state taxes to can buckle a certain proportion。The third，The change of vocational training。The federal level training professional change is through the federal occupational education institute published a year“The career list by admit training”published。Formal and unified vocational training must be based on training regulations。Because making training regulations work more time-consuming，Get the country admits of vocational training can only slow change。proposed，By the country admits of vocational training only then has the scientific nature、authority。Just think，The training rules and get into“Emergency chapter”，What is the point？Competent unit level of vocational training can according to the actual situation of the appropriate adaptations，Even can cancel or change some previous recognized at the federal level should be handled with vocational training。Enterprise level of vocational training can according to the technical progress，In the enterprise training plan of additional relevant knowledge and skills。