张剑波

ZhangJianBo

　　到日本留学几乎无法避免的一个麻烦是，日本的新学年是每年的4月。大部分他国的学生7月毕业后，要等到第二年的春天才能入学，浪费大半年时间。反之，日本的学生要到海外留学，也面临同样的困境。

To study in Japan almost inevitable a trouble is，Japan's new school year is of April of each year。Most foreign students after graduation from July，Have to wait until the spring of the second year to admission，Waste few months time。and，Japanese students to study overseas，Facing a similar dilemma。

　　据统计，如今实行秋季入学的国家有116个，欧美等主要国家都是秋季入学。类似日本实行4月入学的国家，世界上只有7个。日本实行春季入学，是为了与国家的财政年度保持一致。日本国家财政年度是每年4月1日至下一年的3月31日。为了与财政年度一致，日本的国家机关和主要企业对应届毕业生实行春季一次性录用，新的公务员从4月1日开始上第一天班，企业从4月1日开始进新员工，学生也是从4月1日开始新的一个学年。日本的大学，国立大学接受国家财政拨款自不待说，私立大学也按学生的人头接受国家补助，如果不是4月入学，申请国家补助、会计计算等就会很繁琐。

According to the statistics，Now the country of admission in the fall of 116，Europe and the United States and other major countries are admission in the fall。Similar to Japan April entrance country，The world only seven。Japan implement spring entrance，In order to with the national fiscal year consistent。Japan's national fiscal year every year is on April 1 to next year's March 31,。For the fiscal year and consistent，Japan's state organs and the main enterprise for recent graduates a spring one-time employment，New civil service from April 1, start on the first day of class，Enterprise from April 1, start into the new employees，Students also from April 1 to start a school year。Japan's university，National university to receive the national financial appropriation from not to say，Private universities also according to students' head accept state aid，If not April entrance，Application state aid、Accounting calculation will be very complicated。

　　然而，这个制度已落后于全球化的时代要求。在这个各国激烈争夺人才的时代，到日本留学的人数增加不快，而且素质下降，优秀人才、欧美国家的学生越来越不愿到日本留学，世界名校中日本大学的数量越来越少，排名越来越靠后。另一方面，优秀的日本学生也越来越不愿意到海外留学，原因是到海外留学不利于在日本找工作。美国大学的留学生比例，1996年日本人占10%，是世界各国中最高的，但2009年日本人只占4%，而中国人和印度人分别增加到 19%和15%。长此以往，日本将很难保持现在的国际地位。

however，This system is already behind the demand of The Times of globalization。In the countries of the talent fierce era，To study in Japan increased fast，And quality decline，talents、The European and American countries more and more students would not to Japan to study abroad，The world famous university of Japan in the number of less and less，In more and more back。On the other hand，Excellent Japanese students also more and more would not to study overseas，The reason is to study overseas to find work in Japan。The American university student ratio，In 1996, Japanese people accounted for 10%，Is among the highest in the world，But in 2009 the Japanese only 4%，While the Chinese and indians increased to 19% and 15% respectively。In the long run，Japan will be hard to keep now international status。

　　为了改变这种状况，日本的大学做了很多探索，不少已经导入或部分导入了春秋两季入学制。早稻田大学从明年4月开始部分实行春夏秋冬四季入学制，东京大学则打算最快在5年内全面实行秋季入学，主要名校也把秋季入学纳入计划。日本大学的入学考试不是全国统一考试，而是各大学的各院系自行实行招生考试。每到招生季节，大学全面戒备，教职员工全力以赴，工作量也非常之大，教授们没日没夜地看考卷，叫苦连天。如早稻田大学，每年有10万多人报名，招生工作十分艰苦。搞四季入学制，意味着每三个月要进行一次招生工作，大学的负担之沉重可想而知。最好的办法当然是基本实行秋季入学制。

In order to change this situation，Japanese university to do a lot of exploration，Many have import or part of the introduction of the spring and autumn period and the two season admission system。Waseda university from next April a part of the four seasons of chun xiaqiu winter admission system，Tokyo university is going to happen in the five years to implement admission in the fall，The main school admission in the fall into their plans。Japan entrance examination of the college is not unified national examination，But the university departments to implement the recruitment of students test。Every season to recruit students，The comprehensive university，Staff go all out，Workload is also very big，Professors no day and night to watch examination papers，Reaching the sky of complain of。Such as waseda university，Each year 100000 people sign up，Recruitment of students work very hard。Make four seasons admission system，Means that every three months to conduct a recruitment of students work，The burden of the university of heavy cans be imagined。The best way of course is a basic system of admission in the fall。

　　但推行秋季入学看似简单，实际上是个牵一发而动全身的复杂工程。因为，日本的小学、初中、高中都是春季入学，国家机关、企业单位也几乎是春季招人。如果只是大学实行秋季入学，那么高中生在2月份毕业考上大学后，要等个半年才能上大学。读完四年大学，7月大学毕业后，或许要等到第二年的4月1日才能正式开始工作。

But the seemingly simple implementation of admission in the fall，In fact is a domino complex engineering。because，Japan's primary school、Junior high school、High school is spring entrance，State organs、Enterprise unit also is almost a spring。If only a university admission in the fall，So high school students in February after college graduation，To wait for a half year to go to college。After reading four years of college，July after graduation from the university，May have to wait until the second year on April 1st, to begin to work。

　　因此，对于导入秋季入学，日本各大学的意见并不统一。最近的一项调查显示，赞成全面实行秋季入学的大学只有16%，27%的大学赞成春季入学与秋季入学并存，反对秋季入学的大学达40%。反对意见如此之多，赞成全面实行秋季入学的如此之少，正是因为有上述种种顾虑。

therefore，For import admission in the fall，Japanese universities opinions are not unified。A recent survey shows，For a general university only 16% of admission in the fall，27% of college for spring entrance and coexist admission in the fall，Against the university admission in the fall 40%。Opposition so many，For a general so few of admission in the fall，It is because of all that has concerns。

　　为了使日本的教育适应全球化，推行秋季入学是重要举措之一。但是，如今却受到日本现实的种种限制，没有国家和全社会的理解与配合，几所大学关起门来搞改革当然没法成功。

In order to make the Japanese education to adapt to the globalization，Implementation of the admission in the fall is one of the important measures。but，But now by Japanese reality of the various restrictions，No country and the whole society's understanding and cooperation，Several universities and close the door to make reform of course can't succeed。

　　（作者为日本早稻田大学讲师）

（The author is Japan waseda university lecturer）