学生族最喜欢的暑假就要结束了。去年有一位记者通过采访发现，各地学校放暑假的时间长短不一，他查阅了各类教育法律、法规，发现寒暑假制度仍属“约定俗成”，时间长短和起止日期，国家并无硬性规定或标准。不过，如果说寒暑假完全是约定俗成，却也不尽符合事实。我们不妨向历史去要个答案。

Students family favorite summer is going to the end。Last year a journalist through the interview found，The summer schools around the varying lengths of time，He examined all kinds of education law、regulations，Find winter and summer vacation system still belong to“Established by usage”，Time length and ending date，The country and no hard and fast rules or standard。but，If the winter and summer vacation is completely established by usage，But it is not accord with the fact。We might as well go to history to an answer。

　　晚清暑假根据公历放，寒假根据阴历放 Summer vacation in late qing dynasty according to the Gregorian calendar put，According to the lunar calendar put winter vacation

　　中国的寒暑假是伴随着晚清学制改革一起出现的，是西学东渐的产物。

China's winter and summer vacation is along with the school system reform in the late qing dynasty appeared together，Is the product of western learning。

　　最早对寒暑假进行明文规定的是1901年袁世凯组织制定的《山东大学堂章程》，它规定：“每年春季，以正月二十前后开学，小暑节放学，给暑假；休息至立秋后六日开学，十二月十五以前放学，给年假。”这种学期和放假制度被此后清政府各类学堂章程袭用。

The earliest to winter and summer vacation to express provision in the 1901 yuan shikai organization is formulated《Shandong DaXueTang articles of association》，It rules：“Every spring，In the twenty and opening，Slight heat day school，To summer；Rest after the beginning of autumn to the six days，December 15 school before，To annual leave。”This term and holiday system was then all kinds of articles of association of the qing government school take over。

　　晚清的暑假以小暑和立秋为时间节点，寒假（年假）则保留了中国传统过年封印的习惯，这一点非常值得玩味。我们知道，二十四节气是根据日地运动规律排的，所以它的时间周期与公历恰恰是吻合的。每年小暑都在公历7月7日左右，立秋在8月7日附近。然而，寒假的起始时间却是以阴历为标准，围绕过年来放假。换句话说，晚清虽然不用公历，但实际上，它的暑假是按照公历放，寒假依据阴历放，这种模式与我们现在是一样的。

The late qing dynasty summer vacation to slight heat and autumn begins as the time node，Winter vacation（Annual leave）Maintained the traditional Chinese New Year the habit of seal，It is worth pondering。We know that，24 solar terms, is based on the motion law of the row，So it's time cycle and calendar just is consistent。Every year in the Gregorian calendar is slight heat on July 7, or so，Autumn begins in the near August 7,。however，The winter holiday starting time but in the lunar calendar for the standard，Around the Chinese New Year holiday to。In other words，Although not the late qing dynasty of the Gregorian calendar，But in fact，It's summer vacation is put by the Gregorian calendar，According to the lunar calendar put winter vacation，This kind of mode and we are now the same。

　　民国时期用过“三学期制” In the period of the republic“trimesters”

　　中华民国成立以后，改用公历纪元。这本是一件与国际接轨的好事，却无意中使本来简单的学期和寒暑假复杂了起来。

After the founding of the republic of China，Convert common era。This is a good with international standards，But inadvertently make originally simple term and summer and winter vacations complex up。

　　1912年9月13日，民国教育部颁布《学校学年学期及休业日期规程令》规定：“各学校以八月一日为学年之始，以翌年七月三十一日为学年之终。一学年分为三个学期。元月一日起至三月三十一日为一学期；四月一日起至七月三十一日为一学期。八月一日起至十二月三十一日为一学期。”

On September 13, 1912，The ministry of education promulgated republic《The school year term and suspension of business date code makes》provisions：“The schools to August 1 for the beginning of year，Next year to July 31, for school year end。The school year is divided into three semesters。January 1 to 31, for a semester；April 1, to July 31, for a semester。August 1 to December 31, for a semester。”

　　关于寒暑假，规定暑假休业日定为三十日以上，五十日以下（大学可以延长二十到三十天），起止时间由各校根据地方气候自定。年假休业定为七日以上，十四日以下。另外还有春假七日，时间是四月一日到七日。

About winter and summer vacation，Provisions of summer day as more than 30 days，Below fifty days（University can be extended twenty to thirty days），Start-stop time by the according to local climate custom。Annual leave for seven days of above，14 the following。Another spring break for seven days，Time is April 1st to seven days。

　　为什么要将两学期改为三学期？是因为“民国肇始，纪元改用阳历，学校教育因有三学期制之颁布。”（1915年全国教育会联合会《请改三学期为二学期案》）那么改用公历为什么就必须实行三学期制呢？

Why will instead of two semesters three term？because“Dawn of the republic of，Era to switch to solar calendar，School education for trimesters of promulgated。”（In 1915, the national federation of educational association《Please change three term for the second semester case》）Then convert Julian calendar why must implement trimesters？

　　首先，学年之始必须是8月1日。为什么呢？因为民国政府的会计年度以7月1日为始。而“学校财政，与国家或地方之会计有密切关系，不得已，议决以八月一日为学期开始”。为什么不能7月1日开学呢？因为太热。（《临时教育会议日记》）

First of all，In the beginning of the school year must be on August 1,。why？Because of the government of the republic of fiscal year to July 1, for the beginning。and“School finance，With the national or local accounting have close relations，forced，With a resolution of August 1 for the beginning of the semester”。Why can't the July 1？Because it's too hot。（《Temporary education conference diary》）

　　其次，年底必须结束课业，必须将元月一日定为学期之始。这又为什么呢？因为民国改用公历纪元，并将元月一日定为一年之首，为了凸显元旦的独特地位，必须将其定为学期之始。这是民国新政权对于公历的盲目崇拜。

secondly，The end of the year must end schoolwork，Must will be January 1st as the beginning of the semester。This and why？Because to the republic of common era，And will be on January 1st as the head of a year，In order to highlight the special position of New Year's day，Must have it as the beginning of the semester。This is the new regime of the republic of the Gregorian calendar for the blind worship。

　　既然开始和结束日期都确定了，那么8月1日到12月31日自然就组成了一个学期。剩下的1月1日到7月31日如何分配呢？如果把它当做一个学期，势必将造成上课时间长达6个月（7月放暑假），因此，只有将其再分成两个学期，才能保证全年各个学期上课时间大致相等。

Since the start and end dates are determined，So August 1 to December 31 naturally formed a semester。The rest of the January 1, to July 31, how to distribute？If put it as a semester，Certainly will will cause have a class time for six months（July summer vacation），therefore，Only the subdivided into two semesters，To guarantee each semester year class time approximately equal。

　　民国时曾统一了寒暑假起止日期 When the republic has unified the ending date for summer and winter vacations

　　“三学期制”是会计年度和公历崇拜双重影响下不得已选择的结果。教育界人士普遍感觉“遵行数载，殊觉不便”，因此，1915年全国教育会联合会向教育部提交了《请改三学期为二学期案》，指出：“窃思公历与三学期制绝然为二问题，并无必然连带之关系。学校之休假以结束教务为前提，亦非因岁阑有必须之理由。阳历不可不遵，即改二学期亦无妨碍。元旦不可不庆，即在学校中亦可奉行。且学生全体在校于庆祝之仪式尤为庄严。阳历之观念得以巩固，似无须特定年假划为三学期。”

“trimesters”Is accounting year and calendar worship dual influence to the result of choice。Educators common sense“Do several years，Special sense inconvenience”，therefore，In 1915, the national federation of educational association to the ministry of education have submitted《Please change three term for the second semester case》，Pointed out that：“I think the Gregorian calendar and trimesters absolute for two problems，And the relationship between no inevitable joint。The school holiday to end the educational administration as the prerequisite，Nor for years have must stop the reason。Solar calendar did you，That is the second semester change nor prevent。New Year's day, you，Namely in school can also pursue。And all the students in the YuQingZhu particularly solemn ceremony。The concept of the Gregorian calendar to consolidate，Like without specific annual leave belong to three semesters。”

　　这项提案提交教育部之后的结果如何，我没有查到确切资料。从现有材料看，可能直到民国十八年（1929），民国政府才颁布了新定的《学校学年学期及休假日期规程》，恢复了二学期制：“学校以每年八月一日为学年之始，翌年七月三十一日为学年之终。一学年分为二学期，以八月一日至一月三十一日为第一学期，以二月一日至七月三十一日为第二学期。”关于假期，规定：“暑假专门以上学校之多不过七十日，中等以下学校之多不得过五十日，其起止日期于学校历内规定之。各学校寒假一律为二星期，其日期于学校历内规定之。”

The proposal submitted to the ministry of education after of result how，I didn't find the exact material。See from existing material，Until the eighteenth year of the republic of may（1929），Government of the republic of China to promulgated the new set《The school year term and vacation date code》，Restore the second semester system：“The school each year in August 1 for the beginning of year，In July 31, for school year end。The school year is divided into two semesters，By August 1 to January 31, for the first semester，To February 1st to July 31, for the second semester。”On holiday，provisions：“Summer more than special schools but seventy days，The secondary school many not cross over fifty days，The school calendar and ending date within the provisions。Each school is winter vacation for two weeks，The school calendar date within the provisions。”

　　实行仅仅两年后，民国二十年六月，教育部又颁布了《修正学校学年学期及休假日规程》，学期设置未变，但对寒暑假却统一了日期，规定：“暑假，专科以上学校以七十日为限（起六月二十三日讫八月二十四日）；中等学校以五十六日为限（起六月三十日讫八月二十四日）；小学以五十日为限（起七月五日讫八月二十一日）。寒假，各级学校一律定为十四日（起一月十八日讫一月三十一日）。”

The only two years later，Twenty years of the republic of June，The ministry of education and issued《Fixed the school year term and holiday rules》，Term set unchanged，But for winter and summer vacation but unified date，provisions：“Summer vacation，College or above schools to seventy days in the limit（On June 23 of completion of August 24,）；Secondary schools to 56 days in the limit（On June 30 days of completion of August 24,）；Primary school is limited to 50 days（On July 5, August 21,, ever）。Winter vacation，Schools at all levels are as 14（On January 18, of completion of January 31,）。”

　　春节和寒假会“打架” Spring Festival and the winter holiday will be“fight”

　　仔细对比两份规程，最大的变化是从国家层面统一规定了放假日期。新规程规定，寒假只有两星期，时间统一为1月18日到1月31日。但问题是每年春节的日期却行踪不定，不一定都在寒假内。比如2012年春节是1月23日，正好是在寒假期内，寒假回家可以顺便过个年。但2013年的春节却是2月10日，都开学10天了才过年。

Careful contrast two procedures，The biggest change from the national level unified regulation the holiday date。New regulations sets，Winter vacation is only two weeks，Time for unity on January 18, to January 31,。But the problem is the date of the annual Spring Festival but wild-goose chase，Is not always in in the winter vacation。In 2012, for example, is the Spring Festival on January 23,，It is in the winter vacation period，Winter vacation home can conveniently a year。But in 2013 Spring Festival is on February 10,，The all 10 days before the New Year's day。

　　这种经历，季羡林就赶上过。据《清华园日记》记载，季羡林1933年1月18日放寒假回家，2月2日返校。查下万年历，当年春节在1月26日，季羡林在家过年。但是到了1934年，春节却在2月14日。这一天季羡林在日记里写道：“今天学校里照常上课。”我猜他写下这段日记时心情是沮丧的。在前一天的日记中，季羡林表达了对过年的无限回味：“明天是旧历年初一，今天晚上就是除夕。我觉得我还有一脑袋封建观念。对于过年，我始终拥护，尤其是旧历年，因为这使人回忆到童年时美丽有诗意的过年的生活。”过年不能回家，对中国人来说，不能叫过年。日记显示，这年的寒假，季羡林留校，没有回家。

This experience，JiXianLin would have caught a。According to《Settled diary》records，JiXianLin 1933 January 18 day put winter vacation home，On February 2, back to school。Check perpetual calendar，When the Spring Festival on January 26,，JiXianLin celebrate the Spring Festival at home。But in 1934，The Spring Festival is on February 14,。This day JiXianLin wrote in his diary：“Today the school regular class。”I guess he wrote the diary period when the mood is depressed。On the previous diary，Chinese New Year JiXianLin expressed the infinite aftertaste：“Tomorrow is JiuLiNian first，Today is New Year's eve night。I think I have a head feudal ideas。For New Year's day，I always uphold the，Especially JiuLiNian，Because this makes people to recall my childhood have beautiful poetic life of Chinese New Year。”Chinese New Year can't go home，To the Chinese people，Can't call the Chinese New Year。Diary show，The size of this year's winter vacation，JiXianLin at，They didn't come back home。

　　当然，教育行政部门有时也会根据实际情况进行变通。如1938年北京市教育局向市政公署递交了一份修改寒假日期的申请，说：“二月一日已届夏历十二月中旬，且距规程规定之春节假期甚近。外地学生及教员在假期归家者事实上似难如期到齐。”因此申请将1939年的寒假改为2月17日至3月5日，以便将春节包括在内（1938年北京《市政公报》33期）。在新中国成立后，1957年江苏教育厅也下达过类似通知（《为适应人民欢度春节的习惯变动学期起讫的通知》）。

Of course，Education administrative department sometimes according to the actual situation of flexibility。Such as the 1938 Beijing municipal bureau of municipal office to submit a modified winter vacation date of application，said：“February 1st has the traditional Chinese calendar of the middle of December，From the procedure and the provisions of the Spring Festival holiday very near。Foreign students and faculty in the holiday come home is in fact seems very duly here。”Therefore apply for the 1939 winter vacation to February 17, to March 5,，So will the Spring Festival included（The 1938 Beijing《Municipal bulletin》33 period）。After the new China was founded，In 1957, jiangsu provincial also issued similar notice（《In order to adapt to the people to celebrate the Spring Festival habits change commencing term notice》）。

　　由统一到放权的寒暑假制度 By the uniform to decentralization of winter and summer vacation system

　　中华人民共和国成立后，废除了民国政府《学校学年学期及休假日期规程》。对于各类的学校学期与寒暑假制度，陆续出台了一系列规定。

After the founding of the People's Republic，The abolition of the government of the republic of China《The school year term and vacation date code》。For all kinds of school semester and winter and summer vacation system，Has promulgated a series of regulations。

　　1950年6月24日，教育部发布《高等学校校历》。规定学期：一学年分两学期，第一学期自8月1日至1月末，第二学期自2月1日至7月末。第一学期上课145天，自9月1日至1月23日，计20周零5天；第二学期上课144天，自2月7日至6月30日，计20周零4天。假期：暑假62天，自7月1日至8月31日，计8周零6天。寒假14天，自1月24日至2月6日，计两周。另外规定春节放假三天（正月初一、初二、初三），如果春节三天假日在寒假内，开学后不再补假。

On June 24th, 1950，Issued by the ministry of education《Higher school calendar》。Provisions term：The school year is divided into two semesters，The first semester from August 1 to January，The second term since February 1st to late July。The first semester class 145 days，From September 1 to January 23,，Meter 20 weeks zero 5 days；The second semester class 144 days，Since February 7, to June 30,，Meter 20 weeks zero 4 days。holiday：Summer 62 days，From July 1 to August 31,，Meter 8 weeks zero six days。Winter vacation 14 days，Since January 24, to February 6,，Meter two weeks。Additional provisions Spring Festival holiday three days（In the first month、there、grade），If the Spring Festival holiday in the winter vacation in three days，After the start of no longer time-off。

　　对于中小学，教育部也分别于1950年和1956年发布了《中等校历》和《小学校历》，所规定的开学和放假日期与高等学校大致相同。

For primary and secondary school，The ministry of education also respectively in 1950 and 1956 released《Secondary school calendar》and《Elementary school calendar》，The beginning of the specified and holiday date and higher school roughly the same。

　　可以看到，中华人民共和国成立之初，也从国家层面规定了统一的学期和假期标准。后来为什么不再规定呢？我查到1958年，中共中央、国务院发布的《关于教育工作的指示》曾经有过这样的表述：“全国高等学校招生日期，是七月下半月和八月上半月。在这个统一规定外，各省、市、自治区有权依照当地的情况规定本地区的学历（这里的‘学历’是校历的意思），报告中央教育部，废除全国统一的学历。”也许正是从这次放权后，国家层面才不再发布关于学期和寒暑假的统一标准，以至逐渐形成了现在这种约定俗成的放假制度。

Can see，At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic，Also from the national level set unified term and holiday standard。Then why not regulations？I find to 1958，The central committee of the communist party、Promulgated by the state council《About education work instructions》Once had such expression：“The national higher school enrollment date，Is a month of July and August first half。In this unified specified，provinces、city、Autonomous regions have the right, in accordance with the local circumstances, this area education（here‘degree’Is the meaning of the calendar），Report the central ministry of education，The abolition of the unified national education。”Perhaps it is after from the decentralization，The national level is no release about the term and summer vacation unified standards，And gradually formed the present this kind of DE facto holiday system。

　　纵观百余年来学期与寒暑假制度的变迁史，可以看到，造成假期复杂化的主要原因是寒假。寒假在晚清本来不是一个问题，但民国以后却成了一个问题，其原因是采用了公历纪元。按理来说，学校既然采用公历来教学行政，本无须考虑阴历意义上的节日。但是春节对中国人来说太特殊，如果不把春节放在寒假里显然不合情理。但是如果想把春节固定在寒假里，却也不那么容易。这需要教育行政部门每年根据春节日期斟酌如何放假，安排每年的校历成了一个大学问。

Throughout the years term and winter and summer vacation system protection，Can see，Cause complicated holiday is the main reason of the winter vacation。Winter vacation in the late qing dynasty was not a problem，But after the republic has become a problem，The reason for this is the common era。morally，School since the Gregorian calendar to teaching administration，This need not consider lunar calendar in the sense of festival。But the Chinese Spring Festival is too special，If you don't put the Spring Festival in the winter vacation obviously unreasonable。But if you want to put the Spring Festival fixed in the winter vacation，But it is not so easy。This requires education administrative department according to the Spring Festival each year date consider how to holiday，Arrange every calendar became a university asked。