原题：哪国反腐最严厉 Original problem:Which country's most severe

　　《中国经济周刊》 记者 张璐晶

[China economic weekly] Reporter ZhangLuJing

　　8月底，国内一则关于官员财产申报的新闻搅动了舆论的神经：江苏省徐州市贾汪区政府建立“贾汪区勤廉评价系统”，晒出600个正科级干部包括住房、个人收入和配偶子女工作就业情况在内的个人信息。该勤廉评价系统是一个完全对外公开的网站，全国网民都可以看到。

The end of August,A domestic about officials property declaration news stirred the opinion of nerve:Jiangsu xuzhou jia wang the district government set up"Jia wang area QinLian evaluation system",The sun drying out 600 ZhengKeJi cadres including housing/Personal income and spouses and children work, the employment situation of personal information.This QinLian evaluation system is a fully foreign public web site,The national Internet users will be able to see.

　　被国外誉为“阳光法案”的官员财产申报公开制度，在中国落地，被认为是政府廉政迈出的一大步。贾汪此举赢得公众好评的同时，也再次引发关于反腐问题的讨论。国际上，还有哪些廉政政策值得我们关注和学习？

By foreign known as"Sunshine act"Officials property declaration open system,Be born in China,Considered the government take a big step.Jia wang this win public praise at the same time,Reigniting about the discussion of the anti-corruption.The international,What policy of a clean and honest administration is worth our concern and study?

　　瑞典：是否涉密有明文规定 Sweden:Whether being handled.the is well documented

　　瑞典是世界上实行官员财产申报制度最早的国家之一。

Sweden is the world implement officials property declaration system one of the earliest countries.

　　1766年，瑞典便已成为全世界第一个实行政务公开的国家。自此，政府或公共机构的书面公务资料、公函、财务报告等，只要不属国家机密，都必须向公众和媒体开放。

In 1766,,Sweden has become the world's first public affairs of state.Since then,The government or public institutions written official material/missive/Financial reports, etc,As long as not of the state secrets,Must to the public and the media open.

　　瑞典政府的公务员，也都要按法律规定将购买房屋等大宗家庭资产的情况“广而告之”。任何一个瑞典公民都有权查阅任何官员、企业高层管理人员，甚至王室成员的资产和纳税情况。

The Swedish government civil servants,And all that according to the law, will buy houses and other large sums of family assets"advertisement".Any a Swedish citizens shall have the right to consult any officials/Enterprise senior management personnel,Even the members of the royal family assets and tax situation.

　　为了限制政府对信息的自由裁量权，瑞典专门制定《保密法》，详细地列举了哪些信息属国家机密，哪些信息可以公开，这就避免了相关部门以国家安全为由，有意向公众隐瞒非涉密信息。

In order to limit the government is at the discretion of the information,Sweden specifically formulated['statute of secrecy],Detailed lists what information of state secrets,What information can open,This prevents the relevant department for national security grounds,Have a mind the public hide not being handled.the information.

　　1995年10月，时任瑞典副首相的萨林用公务信用卡购买了几盒巧克力，被记者一直追查到银行，并调出萨林的全部刷卡消费记录，有根有据地指责萨林“挪用公款”，迫使这位很有前途的年轻副首相引咎辞职。2006年，瑞典首相新提名的几位大臣，因先后被邻居、家电销售商、记者等举报有偷漏雇主税、不缴纳电视费等行为，而先后递交辞呈。

In October 1995,The Swedish deputy prime minister of sarin with official credit card to buy a few box of chocolates,Be reporters have been traced back to the bank,And decruitment sarin all brush calorie of consumption records,Verse to accuse sarin"embezzlement",Forced the promising young deputy prime minister resign.In 2006,,Swedish prime minister new nominated several secretary,Because has been neighbors/Home appliance distributors/Reporters have to give out employers tax report/Not pay TV fee, etc,And has handed in his resignation.

　　新西兰：1000新西兰元就丢官 New Zealand:1000 New Zealand dollar is suspect

　　有着全球最清廉国家之称的新西兰，再次蝉联了2011年透明国际全球清廉指数报告第一名，其反腐之严厉、细致超乎想象。

Has one of the world's most incorruptness countries, New Zealand,To win the 2011 transparent international global incorruptness index report first,The severe the anti-corruption/Meticulous beyond imagination.

　　2011年2月5日，时任新西兰房屋部部长的希特利约同事朋友到自己家共进晚餐。想到家里的酒没了，他便到超市买酒，却发现没有带钱包。于是他用了一张政府专用的信用卡付了1000新西兰元（折合人民币5300元）的酒账，随后报销的时候谎称用于公务接待。一周后，此举被政府审计员发现并上报，审计长立即成立以自己为组长的专案调查组，媒体将此事报道了出来。被推到风口浪尖的希特利被迫退还酒钱、公开道歉、辞去公职。

2011 February 5,The New Zealand housing department minister's hitt and colleagues about friends to his house for dinner.Think of home wine didn't,He went to the supermarket to buy wine,But have not found my wallet.So he spent a government special credit card to pay the 1000 New Zealand dollar(Equivalence renminbi 5300 yuan)Wine accounts,Then submit an expense account when that is used for official routine.and reception.After a week,The move by the government audit found and reported,Auditor-general and formed immediately to himself as the team leader in project investigation team,Media have reported the matter out.Is pushed to the outlet wave of hitt and was forced to return pourboire/A public apology/Resigned from office.

　　1000新西兰元就将一位多年致力于住房改革、把房价长年维持在太平洋地区最低水平、饱受赞誉的部长拉下马。

1000 New Zealand dollar will a years dedicated to housing reform/The house prices in the Pacific years to maintain the lowest level/The minister deposed by the praise.

　　俄罗斯：官员子女不能海外留学 Russia:Officials children can't abroad

　　俄罗斯的腐败行为可以用怵目惊心来形容。2011年，国际腐败监督组织“透明国际”年度清廉指数排名，俄罗斯在182个国家中排在第143位。

Russia's corruption can use be shocked to witness to describe.In 2011,,International corruption supervision organization"Transparency international"Annual incorruptness index ranking,Russia in 182 countries ranked in the 143th.

　　面对国内的腐败局面，2006年，普京曾经几次撤换贪污腐败的官员，创下一天撤掉17名腐败高官的纪录；2010年，有6000多名俄罗斯官员因为隐瞒自己的真实收入受到纪律处分；2011年上半年，有包括州长、副州长在内的2800多名官员因为腐败被免职。但这一切看似严厉的举措还是收效甚微。

In the face of the domestic situation of corruption,In 2006,,Mr Putin once several times displaced corrupt officials,One day a closing 17 corrupt official record;In 2010,,There are more than 6000 Russian officials because hide your real income subject to disciplinary action;In the first half of 2011,Include the governor/Vice governor, more than 2800 officials for corruption was removed.But all this seemingly severe measures or had little effect.

　　据俄罗斯反贪组织2011年8月发布的调查报告显示，俄罗斯官员贪腐金额总数已经占到GDP的50%，俄罗斯80%以上的官员有腐败行为。也就意味着，俄罗斯人民每创造1卢布的财富，就有半卢布被不良官员们以各种名义纳入自己的腰包。在这种状况下，俄罗斯正在研究出台史上最严厉的反腐新招。

According to Russian anti-corruption organization released in August 2011 survey,Russian officials corruption total amount has accounted for 50% of GDP,More than 80% of Russia's officials to be riddled with corruption.Means that,The Russian people each create 1 rubles wealth,There is half a ruble was bad officials with all sorts of nominal into their own pockets.In this condition,Russia is on research in the history of the most severe anti-corruption new recruit.

　　据俄罗斯《生意人报》2012年8月19日报道称，俄罗斯国家杜马宪法立法委员会表示，禁止各级官员（包括总统、总理、内阁成员和各级议会的议员）及其配偶和未成年子女在国外拥有各类资产和账户，包括股票、有价证券、不动产或外国账户，离职官员3年内不得拥有国外资产，违者将被追究刑责。

According to Russian[Businessmen report]On August 19, 2012 report says,Russian state duma constitution legislative council said,Prohibit officials at all levels(Including President/Prime minister/Cabinet members and all levels of lawmakers)And their spouses and minor children in foreign countries have all kinds of assets and account,Include stocks/securities/Real estate or foreign account,Exit officials three years shall not hold foreign assets,Offenders will be responsibility shall be investigated for punishment.

　　若该法案最终通过，那么从2013年1月1日起，上述人员只有在他们的子女需要支付医药费或学费时才可以在外国银行开账户。2013年6月1日之前，现任官员必须将在国外的所有资产清理干净。如果违反这一法律就是刑事犯罪，可处以500万~1000万卢布（约合99万~198万美元）的罚款，最多可判5年徒刑，3年内不得任职。只有安全和情报部门工作人员例外，因为他们需要有国外资产来执行公务。

If the bill eventually through,So from January 1, 2013,The above personnel only in their children need to pay medical bills or tuition in foreign Banks can open account.On June 1, 2013 before,The officials must in all of the property of the foreign clean.If violations of the law is criminal,Can be fined 5 million ~ 10 million roubles(About $990000 to $1.98 million)fine,Up to five years in prison,3 years may not work.Only the security and intelligence department personnel exception,Because they need to have foreign assets to performing official duties.

　　该法案被称为“最与世隔绝”的法案，官员除了不能有国外账户和不动产外，还将面临着不能和外国公民结婚、甚至连官员子女也将不能去海外留学。

The bill was called"The most isolated"bill,Officials in addition to cannot have foreign accounts and real estate outside,Will also face can't get married and foreign citizens/Even officials children will also can't go abroad.

　　法案起草者叶夫根尼·费奥多罗夫公开表示：“如果官员的妻子或丈夫是外籍人士，则意味着此人将没有资格担任职务，应当辞职。这将是对官员的新限制。现在，只有接触国家机密的官员不能与外国人结婚。”

Bill YeFuGen drafter, · fee oddo rove openly:"If officials wife or husband is foreign nationals,It means he will not be eligible for the post of duty,Should resign.This will be the new restrictions on officials.now,Only contact state secrets officials can't get married with foreigners."

　　不能有海外账户、不能有外国配偶、子女不能出国留学，“三不”政策是否可以真正阻断腐败的温床？还是要看法案若能通过后的实际效果。

There can be no overseas account/There can be no foreign spouses/Children can't go abroad to study abroad,"three"Policy whether can really blocking a hotbed of corruption?Still should see bill if can through the real results.

　　新加坡：没钱也要申报 Singapore:Have no money to also want to declare

　　高昂的腐败成本，令新加坡官员们望而却步。

The high cost of corruption,Make Singapore officials flinch.

　　早在1990年，新加坡商业事务局前局长格林奈因两项“说谎罪”被判入狱3个月，并开除公职，永不录用。有媒体计算，他不仅失去了每月2万新元的职位津贴，同时被取消了50万新加坡元的公积金和30万新加坡元的退休金，腐败成本在当年就超过了80万新加坡元（约合400万元人民币）。

As early as in 1990,Singapore business affairs director before green nye for two"Lying sin"Was jailed for three months,And expelled from the government,Never hire.Media calculation,Not only did he lost $20000 a month of post allowance,At the same time be canceled 500000 Singapore dollar's reserve fund and the 300000 Singapore dollars pension,The cost of corruption in the more than 800000 Singapore dollars(About 4 million yuan RMB).

　　在反腐机制上，新加坡建立了公务员的终身财产申报制。与此同时，新加坡设立的贪污调查局，拥有警方调查的所有权力。在执行重大任务时，该局可动用武力搜查任何地方、任何账目。公务员被发现有贪腐行为，将面临最高10万新加坡元的罚款、最高7年徒刑的处罚。

In the anti-corruption mechanism,Singapore established the civil servants lifelong property declaration.meanwhile,The establishment of the Singapore corruption bureau of investigation,Have the police investigation of all his power.In the execution when a major task,It can use force to search any place/Any accounts.Civil servants were found to have corruption behavior,Will face a maximum 100000 Singapore dollar fine/Up to seven years in prison punishment.

　　一位在新加坡从事法律工作的人士笑言：“从成为公务员开始到离职，公务员几乎时刻被监控着。”每名公务员在初次上任及以后的每年7月，都必须重新申报财产情况。

A engaged in legal work in Singapore people smiled and said:"From becoming civil servants to the exit,Civil servants almost moment be monitored the."Every name civil servants in the first term and later each year in July,Must be to declare property situation.

　　除了个人的不动产、银行存款、法律允许的股票、债券投资等，一定价值的珠宝首饰、家用设备、古玩等也要申报。此外，还需申报配偶等家庭成员的财产状况。

In addition to personal property/Bank deposit/The law allows stock/Bond investment, etc,A certain value of the jewelry/Household equipment/Antique and so on also to declare.In addition,Still need to declare a spouse and family member's property status.

　　更加严格的是，不仅有钱要报告，没钱也要及时向上级汇报。每名公务员在初任公职时，都需要签署一份声明书，声明他没有财务方面的困境。如果一名公务员未担保的债务超过其3个月的薪资，或者面临破产程序时，要立即告知所在部门的常务秘书长。公务员如果真的陷入财务困境，就可能会面临革职的纪律处分。

More strict is,Not only rich want to report,Have no money to also want report.Every name civil servants in the novice office,All need to sign a declaration,Declared that he had of the financial aspects of dilemma.If a civil servant unsecured debt more than its 3 months salary,Or when facing bankruptcy procedures,Should immediately inform the department of the standing secretary-general.Civil servants if really into financial distress,May face deposition of disciplinary action.

　　“如果有财务困难，大家可能就会觉得他经受诱惑的能力比较弱。”上述人士表示，即使眼下没有贪污受贿行为，但未来可能会为了摆脱困境而收取好处。

"If you have financial difficulties,You might think he undergo temptation ability is weak."The above said people,Even if no corruption behavior at the moment,But in the future it may be possible to get rid of the trouble and collect benefits.

　　新加坡还明确规定，公职人员不得收受礼品：因为退休而要接受下级所赠的礼品必须申报，且所受礼品不得超过50美元；如果接受属下人员的款待活动，则必须报告款待的时间和地点，款待活动必须适度，不能超过款待者每人月工资的2%。

Singapore also explicitly stipulated,Public servants shall not receive gifts:Because emeritus and to accept lower with the gift must declare,And by gift must not exceed $50;If accepted subordinate personnel's entertainment activities,It must be report hospitality time and place,Entertainment activities must be moderate,No more than the 2% of the monthly wages each entertainer.

　　美国：礼品不能超过20美元 The United States:Gifts can not more than $20

　　在美国政府多达350万雇员的庞大行政部门序列中，编制不足75名的美国政府道德办公室（OGE）是一个微型部级单位。然而就是这样一个不大的机构，却在美国政府的廉政建设中发挥着重要作用，其一年一度的联邦行政官员财产审核，更是被视为对官员的廉政测试，通过与否，决定着官员去留。

In the United States government as many as 3.5 million employees of administrative departments of large in the sequence,Understaffed 75 the United States government moral office(OGE)Is a miniature ministry unit.However is such a small organizations,But in the United States government construction of a clean and honest administration plays an important role,Its annual federal administrative officials property audit,Is regarded as the official test of a clean and honest administration,Through the or not,Determines the future officials.

　　根据1978年《监察长法案》，联邦政府行政部门都设有监察长一职，对本部门的职员有调查权和建议权，联邦调查局（FBI）则有权调查任何公务员涉嫌腐败的案件。

According to the 1978[Inspector general act],The federal government administrative department inspector has a job,Department staff have enforcement power and JianYiQuan,The federal bureau of investigation(FBI)Is entitled to survey any civil servant suspected of corruption cases.

　　美国公开财产申报制度针对的是政府“政治任命”的官员，相当于我国担任厅、局级职务以上的官员。民众可以在网上看到政府高级官员的财产申报内容。秘密财产申报则针对联邦行政部门中职务不高、但处于关键岗位且涉及许多独立决策过程的雇员，如涉及设备采购、许可证发放等工作岗位的人员。他们的财产情况虽不需像“政治任命”的高级官员那样在网络上公开，但OGE会对这些人的财产申报情况进行严格审核，以预防潜在的利益冲突。

The United States public property declaration system according to the government"Political appointment"officials,Our country is equivalent to a hall/Bureau chief position above the officials.People can be in the Internet to see senior government officials property declaration content.Secret property declaration is for federal administrative department position is not high/But in a key position and involve many independent decision making process of the employees,Such as involving equipment procurement/License issuing work post personnel.Their property situation although not to like"Political appointment"Senior officials that the public on the network,But OGE for the person's property declaration on audit strictly,To prevent potential conflict of interest.

　　美国政府内部还有一项《行政部门雇员道德行为准则》，对行政部门雇员在工作中可能产生的利益冲突，如与企业打交道、上下级之间送礼、第二职业等进行了详细的限制和说明。《行为准则》规定，雇员每次从同一渠道接受对方主动提供的、总市场价值不超过20美元礼品。

The United States government internal and a[Administrative department employee moral code of conduct],The administrative departments for employees in the work possible conflict of interests,Such as and enterprise deal with/Between the superior and the subordinate gifts/Second job a detailed restrictions and instructions.[Code of conduct]provisions,Employees every time from the same channel to accept each other of the offer/The total market value not more than $20 gift.

　　越南：总书记在家门口接待上访者 Vietnam:General secretary in a doorway petitioners reception

　　早在2005年，越共中央内政部公开的腐败问题问卷调查结果就显示，有92.8%的公务员、83.7%的普通群众和92.1%的企业干部认为“腐败现象业已成为当前最严重的问题”。

As early as in 2005,Vietcong central ministry of the interior public corruption questionnaire survey result display,92.8% of the civil servants/83.7% of the general public and 92.1% of enterprise cadres think"Corruption has become the most serious problem".

　　2007年3月13日，越南贸易部前副部长梅文桑因涉嫌巨额受贿罪出庭受审。当天，越南政府总理阮晋勇签署颁布了一项法令，要求国会代表与政府高级官员必须申报并公布个人财产。

13 March 2007,Vietnam board of trade former vice minister MeiWen mulberry suspicion of huge taking bribes to appear in court for trial.The day,The Vietnamese government's prime minister, nguyen tan dung sign issued a decree,Ask congress delegates and senior government officials must declare and published personal property.

　　该法令要求，越南国会代表与政府官员公布收入、房地产、海外资产、账户以及其他个人财物，如车辆、价值超过3100美元的证券。法令除了适用于越南国会代表与候补代表、高级警官与军官外，国家、省、县级政府、国有企业所有副处级以上的干部也在此法令的审查范围之内。

The law requires that,Vietnam congressional representatives and government officials announced income/Real estate/Overseas assets/Account and other personal property,Such as vehicle/It was worth more than 3100 dollars in those securities.Law in addition to suitable for Vietnam congress delegates and alternate/Senior police officer and the officers,countries/province/County government/State-owned enterprise all above deputy place class cadres in the law within the scope of the examination.

　　越南每届国会代表选举出来之后，越共机关报都会公布代表名单，并在每个人的名字后面注明家庭住址，甚至越共总书记等最高领导的家庭住址也会公布出来。

Vietnam each session of congress election after out,Vietcong organ will be announced on behalf of the list,And in each person's name behind indicate the home address,Even vietcong general secretary and the top leaders of the home address will also be published.

　　曾经有人问过越南总书记农孟德，他的家庭住址公布出去之后，有没有老百姓去找他。农孟德回答，他说有一些老百姓去敲他家的门，对他说他们对地方官员已经失去信任了，就只是对农孟德还有一些希望。看到这些反映问题的老百姓太穷，农孟德会自己掏腰包给他们买回去的车票。

Once someone asked Vietnam farmers MengDe general secretary,His home address out later,Have people go to look for him.Agriculture MengDe answer,He said some people to knock on the door of his house,Said to him them to local officials have lost trust,Just MengDe of agriculture, there are some hope.See these problems reflect the common people too poor,Agriculture MengDeHui his dig down to give them buy to return ticket.

　　另外，越南的国会一年开两次，每次一个月。在开会的时候，国会代表会当面对各部长的工作提出质问，而且这一过程要通过电视进行全国的现场直播。一位不愿意透露姓名的部长坦言，“压力非常大，因为有些代表的提问可谓毫无道理，但是也不能发火，要保持微笑，因为电视台正在直播。”

In addition,Vietnam's congress is held twice a year,Every time a month.In the meeting,Members of congress to be in the face of all long work to interrogate,And this process to through the TV live broadcast of the country.An anonymous minister said,"Pressure is very big,Because some representative questions it may be said without rhyme or reason,But also can't firing,Keep smiling,Because television is now live."