思想者 thinker 思想者小传 Thinker bio

　　汪品先 海洋地质学家。1936年11月生于上海，1960年毕业于莫斯科大学地质系，1991年当选为中国科学院学部委员（院士）。同济大学海洋与地球科学学院教授。曾任国际海洋研究科学委员会副主席、中国海洋研究委员会主席。1999年作为首席科学家，主持我国海域的首次国际深海科学钻探，南海的ODP184航次，取得西太平洋区最佳的晚新生代环境演变纪录，随后又担任深海“973”首席科学家。目前正主持国家基金委“南海深部过程”大型研究计划。

WangPin first Marine geologists.In November 1936, was born in Shanghai,In 1960, he graduated from Moscow university department of geology,In 1991 was elected as member of the Chinese academy of sciences division(academician).Tongji university school of ocean and earth science professor.Once RenGuoJi ocean research science the vice chairman of the committee/China ocean research committee chairman.1999 as chief scientist,Host our waters of the first international the deep sea science drilling,The south China sea ODP184 voyage,The west Pacific Ocean area has the best late Cenozoic environment evolution record,Then a deep sea"973"Chief scientist.Is currently chaired the national foundation"South China sea deep process"Large study plan.

　　

视野大小决定认知宽度 Vision size decided to cognitive width

　　人要了解世界，应当知道自己时空尺度的局限性，不能只从自己的视野和视角出发。我们要不断扩展自己的眼光，大的科学要有大的视野和大的实验。

People to get to know the world,Should know your time and space scale limitation,Not only from their own field of vision and perspective.We will continuously expand their vision,Big science will have big vision and big experiment.

　　我们看世界，一个是视野的大小，还有一个是视角的位置。苏东坡写庐山： “横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”，原因在于视角的不同；杜甫登泰山： “会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”，原因在于视野的扩大。比如地图，不知道从什么时候开始，大家看地图的习惯都是上北下南。可是澳大利亚一个艺术家偏偏把地图倒过来画，南极朝上，北极朝下。这幅画还得了专利，实际上就是视角的差别。

We see the world,One is the size of the view,And still another is the Angle of view of position.Su dongpo wrote lushan: "Cross as hill side ChengFeng,Far and near the different height",The reason is that the Angle of view of different;DuFuDeng mount tai: "Will be run extremely,Mountains in small",The reason is that the expansion of field of vision.Such as map,Do not know from what time does it start,You see the map on the custom is down the north south.But Australia a artists are the map picture upside down,Antarctic up,Arctic down.This picture is a patent,In fact is the difference of perspective.

　　中国人到英国，发现邮筒是红的，觉得奇怪，因为我们的邮筒和邮差的衣服都是绿的。其实，这是我们自己的视野太狭所致。人们认识世界都是从自己的眼耳口鼻手等开始的。比如我们现在为什么都用十进位？因为人有十个手指头，如果是八个或十二个手指头，说不定现在用的就是八进位或十二进位了。这就是我今天要跟大家重点讲的科学与视野。

The Chinese people to the UK,Find the mailbox is red,Feel strange,Because our mailbox and postman clothes are green.In fact,This is our own field of vision is too narrow caused by.People know the world from their own eyes ears mouth and nose to hand.For example we now why use decade?Because people have ten fingers,If it is eight or twelve fingers,Perhaps now is eight carry or twelve carry the.This is what I want to focus on today with you about science and vision.

　　实际上，一部科学史就是人类不断扩展自己视野、改变自己视野的历史。日本有一位著名动物生理学家叫本川达雄，他写了一本书 《老鼠的时间，大象的时间》，里面说：大象的寿命是70年左右，老鼠只有2年，但是老鼠的心跳快，大象的心跳慢，所以它们一生中的心跳总数是差不多的。也就是说，不同大小的生物他的时间尺度是两样的。他还发现，老鼠虽小，但4天就能吃下和自己体重相等的食物；牛个头大，但要吃完相当于自己体重的食物得花一个月。究其原因，动物的体型不同，它们的时间和空间的尺度也就不同。所以人要了解世界，也应当知道自己时空尺度的局限性，就不能只从自己的视野和视角出发。

In fact,The history of science is a human expanding their field of vision/Change your view of history.Japan has a famous animal physiologist call this sichuan of male,He wrote a book [Mouse's time,The elephant's time],Inside said:The elephant's life span is 70 years,Mice only 2 years,But the mouse heart beating fast,The elephant's heartbeat slow,So they life total heartbeat is much the same.That is,The size of different biological his time scale is different.He also found that,Mouse is small,But four days can eat and their weight equal food;Cow a,But to finish eating is equivalent to their weight of food have to spend a month.Investigate its reason,Animal shape different,Their time and space scale is also different.So people to get to know the world,Should also know the limitation of time and space scale,Then we can't just from their own field of vision and perspective.

　　深海生物有很多“大家伙”。比如法国作家凡尔纳《海底两万里》描写的巨型章鱼，可以把船掀翻。深海里确实有许多体型大到你难以想象的生物，有的就是传说中的“海怪”。比如一条鱿鱼可以长达14米，一只螃蟹能长得跟卫生间那么大，还有生活在1000米深海里十来米长的皇带鱼，也就是传说中的“海蛇”。另外一个极端是小，深海里也有许多微生物小到你用一般显微镜都看不见。但是你别小看它，这些被称作“原核生物”的海洋细菌才是地球生态系统的基础。小小一滴海水里，就有上千个细菌，至于更小的海洋病毒数目就更多了。有人比喻，全大洋里的病毒如果排起队来的话，长度将超过60个银河系，不知道要排到哪里去。

There are many deep sea creatures"Big guy".For instance French writer verne[Submarine two miles]Description of the giant octopus,Can the ship over.The deep do have many shape to you is hard to imagine that a creature,Some is in the fable"Sea monster".For example a squid can last 14 meters,A crab with toilet can grow so big,And live in the 1000 meters deep sea to 10 meters long oarfish,Also is in the fable"Sea snake".Another extreme is small,The deep there are also many microbial small to you use general microscope all can't see.But you don't look down upon it,These are called"prokaryotes"Marine bacteria is the basis of the earth's ecological system.Small drop of water,There is thousands of bacteria,As for smaller ocean virus number more.Someone parable,All oceans virus if queued up to team to words,Length of more than 60 the Milky Way galaxy,Do not know to want to row where to go.

　　每种生物都有它自己的生态世界体系，如果单从自己的视角出发，很多事物就难以理解。前面我说，人类认识世界是从自己的手、脚、眼睛、鼻子、耳朵、嘴巴开始。所以总以为自己是中心，总以为自己最伟大。实际上，人类在世界上非常渺小，时间上非常小，空间上也非常小。一部科学史也是人类不断纠正认识错误、克服人类中心观的历史。

Every creature has its own ecological world system,If single from its own perspective,A lot of things is difficult to understand.Front I said,Human beings to recognize the world out of their hand/feet/eyes/nose/ears/Mouth began to.So always thinks he is a center,Always think your greatest.In fact,The human in the world are very small,Time is very small,The space is very small.A history of science is also continuously correct understanding of human error/To overcome the human center in the view of history.

　　最早的人类，中国的也罢，希腊的也罢，都认为世界像一个圆盘子，外面是海洋，中间有一些陆地，自己就是世界的中心。比如苏东坡当年到了海南三亚，就认为那里是世界的天涯海角了。欧洲也是这样，像英国西南方的地角 （Land’s End）、西班牙的耶罗岛（ElHierro）等，都曾被认为是“世界的尽头”。哥伦布到了巴哈马群岛，以为是到了印度，把土著民叫“印第安人”，因为那时候的地图上没有太平洋、没有美洲。人类用眼睛来看世界，看到的东西是很有限的。光谱里面，人类看到的可见光就那么一点点，这一点还不如很多别的生物。论运动能力，刘翔算跑得快了，一秒也只能跑几米。论声音，20个赫兹和2000个赫兹之间我们能听得见，但是别的声波你都听不见。论寿命，人活到100岁就很神奇了，但和整个宇宙的历史相比，100年实在是太微不足道了。

The earliest human,China's or,The Greek or,All think that the world is like a round dish,Outside is the ocean,Intermediate some land,Is the center of the world.Such as the su dongpo to hainan sanya,That there is the world of the ends of the earth.Europe is so,Like England southwest of Jacob (Land’S End)/Spain's jeroboam island(ElHierro), etc,Once thought to be"At the end of the world".Columbus to the Bahamas islands,Thought is to India,The native people call"indians",Because at that time on the map no Pacific/No American.Humans use eyes to see the world,See something is very limited.Spectrum inside,The human see the visible light only a little bit,This is not a lot of other creatures.Theory athletic ability,Liu xiang is run faster,A second also can run a few meters.Theory voice,20 hz and 2000 hz between we can hear,But other sound you hear.Theory life,People lived 100 years is amazing,But the history of the universe and the whole compared,100 years is really too tiny.

　　18世纪人类发明了蒸汽机，20世纪发明了火箭，现在可以克服地心引力到太空去了。应该说到今天为止，人类上天的能力很好，空间穿越的能力强。但是从整个人类的认知水平来讲，还是非常有限的。大家知道，在哥白尼用望远镜观测星球之前，人们都以为地球是中心，太阳是围绕着地球转动的，哥白尼改变了那个时代人们对于宇宙的理解，这被称为“哥白尼革命”。到了上世纪60年代，因为现代遥测、遥感技术的应用，可以从空间看到整个地球，有人说发生了“第二次哥白尼革命”。相对于第一次哥白尼革命人们用望远镜看到地球外面的宇宙，“第二次哥白尼革命”是指人类离开地球，从太空的视角回过来审视地球，这才获得了全球的视野，才谈得上 “全球变化”的研究。

The 18th century human invented the steam engine,The 20th century invented the rocket,Now can overcome gravity to space went to.It should be said to date,Human god ability is very good,Space through ability.But from the whole human cognitive level speaking,Is very limited.As we all know,In Copernicus with telescope before the planet,People think the earth is a center,The sun is round the earth,Copernicus changed The Times people for the understanding of the universe,This is called"Copernicus revolution".In the 1960 s,Because modern remote sensing/The application of remote sensing technology,Can see the whole earth from space,Someone said that happened"The second Copernicus revolution".Relative to the first time Copernicus revolution people use telescopes to see earth outside of the universe,"The second Copernicus revolution"Is refers to the humanity from the earth,From the perspective of space go back to look at the earth,This just won the global field of vision,Just talk to go up "Global change"research.

　　回过头来看，地球上的很多事情都是有周期性的。人的心跳是一种周期，白天、晚上、潮汐是一种周期，春夏秋冬是一种周期，地球轨道变化有万年等级的周期。再往大里去，地球上大陆的联合和分解，也是一种几亿年的周期；一百几十亿年前的宇宙大爆发，现在有人怀疑这也是一种周期性现象。这样看的话，整个宇宙就是一个无穷无尽的不断的旋回，今天的地球其实就是一系列不同尺度、不同空间里的东西，掺杂、叠加在一起的奇妙组合体，这是很复杂、但也很有意思的事情。所以我们说科学好玩就是在这里。当你从一大堆现象里找出一点头绪来了，你会兴奋得不得了，这是一种洞察、省悟的乐趣。

Return overdo to see,Many of the earth's things are periodic.The heartbeat is a cycle,The day/In the evening/Tide is a kind of cycle,Chun xia qiu dong is a cycle,Earth orbit changes ten thousand grades of cycle.Then go to the big,The earth of the mainland joint and decomposition,Is also a kind of hundreds of millions of years of cycle;One hundred billions of years ago the universe of the outbreak,Now someone doubt this is also a kind of cyclical phenomenon.Seen this way,The whole universe is an endless continuous cycle,Today's the earth is actually a series of different scale/Different things in the space,doping/Stack together of the wonderful assembly,It is a very complex/But it is also very interesting.So we say that science is fun here.When you from a lot of phenomena found a clue to the,You will chuffed,This is a kind of insight/Be aware of fun.

　　所以我们要不断扩展自己的眼光，大的科学要有大的视野和大的实验。比如我们现在研究中微子，要追踪中微子在宇宙中的来源，实验室放在哪里好呢？欧盟就选择地中海的深海做实验室，在两三千米水深的地方安放检测器，叫作“中微子望远镜”，用地中海做望远镜。这就是用“大尺度”研究“小问题”。

So we need to constantly expand their vision,Big science will have big vision and big experiment.For example we now study neutrino,To track neutrino in the universe origin,Laboratory where good?The choice of the Mediterranean Sea do laboratory,In the last two or three kilometers deep place put detector,called"Neutrino telescope",With Mediterranean do telescope.This is to use"Large scale"research"Small problem".

　　各个生物体除了空间尺度不同，时间尺度也各异。不同的生物有不同的生命，也有不同的乐趣，人类不能只从自己的时间尺度去看待。庄子说，“朝菌不知晦朔，蟪蛄不知春秋”，可怜的小生命，有的不到一天、有的不到一年就死了。但是“今人不见古时月，今月曾经照古人”，李白的话提醒我们：人类的寿命和月亮比，岂不是羞愧得无地自容吗？

All organisms in addition to different space scale,Time scales vary.Different organisms have different life,There are also different fun,Human can not only from their own time scale to look at.Chuang tzu said,"Don't know HuiShuo toward the bacteria,Mantis Hui know spring and autumn",Poor little life,Some less than a day/Some died less than a year.but"Not present on old,Once this month as the ancients",Li bai words remind us:The human life and the moon than,Not ashamed to small?

　　关于地球形成的时间也有一个认识的过程，也存在过争论。古代西方认为只有几千年，当年有大主教考证，上帝创造世界是在纪元前4004年10月23日，星期天早上9点钟。后来地质证明完全不是这样，太阳系是差不多同时形成的，距今大约46亿年左右。人类自古以来用天文记时，年、月、日都是天文周期。其实年以上还有更长的天文周期，但是几万年的周期太长，老百姓用不上，可地质学家有用。比如现在地球的倾角23度半，这就是回归线的纬度。但是地倾角、回归线是在变的，1908年台湾嘉义县造的回归线纪念碑，到1996年就不在回归线上了，差了1.2公里。这是因为地倾角有四万年的周期，这种周期可以用来做地质纪年。比如说 “生命大爆发”发生在5.3亿年前，用“年”作单位实在太小，就像你说每过3000多万秒过一次生日一样的别扭。

About the earth formation time there is also a cognitive processes,There is also debate.The ancient western thought that only thousands of years,The archbishop of was textual research,God created the world is in before era on October 23, 4004,On Sunday morning at 9 o 'clock.Later geological proof is not like that,Solar system is formed at about the same time,About 4.6 billion years ago.Since the ancient times human with astronomical clock,years/month/Day are astronomical cycle.In fact years and longer astronomical cycle,But tens of years of period is too long,People don't use it,But geologists useful.Such as now the earth's inclination to 23 degrees half,This is the tropic of cancer latitude.But to dip/Tropic of cancer is changing,1908 I Taiwan made tropic monument,By 1996 would not be in the tropic of cancer,Sent 1.2 kilometers.This is because the Angle is forty thousand years period,This cycle can be used in the making of geological dating.For example "Life outbreak"Occurred 530 million years ago,with"years"A unit is too small,As you say every more than 3000 seconds after a birthday the same at odds.

　　

认识世界不能光看表象 To know the world not only see the representation

　　人类历来相信海洋是世界的尽头，什么东西掉到海里了，就是“泥牛入海无消息”，就没了，其实这是错的。海底热闹得很，海底有很多东西在往上拱，只是你不知道而已。你不知道的不等于不存在。

The human always believe that the sea is the end of the world,What fell into the sea,is"No news appeal remained a dead letter",They don't have a,In fact, this is wrong.Submarine lively very,The sea bed is a lot of things in the upgrade arch,You just don't know it.You don't know is not equal to does not exist.

　　上面我讲的是看问题的视野要大，空间视野、时间视野都要大。下面我要讲的不光是大小的问题，还有角度的问题。

What I say is to see the view of the problem to big,Space view/Time horizons are big.Next, I want to tell you is not only the size of the problem,And the problem of Angle.

　　我们认识地球，认识世界一般都是从表面来看，其实背后还有很多看不见的东西。比如，物理里面我们说有暗能量、暗物质，地质上也是这样，我们能看到的比如能量流、物质流，都是表面的流，下面的很多东西是看不见的。

We know the earth,To know the world generally from the surface to see,Actually there are many behind things invisible.For example,Physical inside we said there is dark energy/Dark matter,Geological and so it is,We can see such as energy flow/Material flow,Are all surface flow,The following a lot of stuff is invisible.

　　美国有一位科学家10年前写了一篇文章，说海洋里的浮游植物（也就是藻类），其实就是一个看不见的森林。为什么？这么多的浮游植物，虽然它小到你肉眼都看不见，但它吸收二氧化碳的能量跟地球上的森林是一样多的。这是因为陆地植物生活的周期是30年，而海洋生物只要几天就可以传种接代。它虽然生物量少，但周转快。

The United States has a 10 years ago scientists wrote an article,Said in the ocean phytoplankton(Is also the algae),In fact is an invisible forest.why?So many phytoplankton,Although it is small to the naked eye can't see you,But it absorb carbon dioxide with the energy of the earth's forest is as much.This is because the land plant life cycle is 30 years,And Marine biological as long as a few days can reproduce after generation.Although it is less biomass,But quick turnover.

　　地球上的水，大家再熟悉不过了。但你知道吗，你看到的“滔滔江河水”其实只是地球上水的一小点。地球上的水，97%都是海里的，只有3%是在陆地上。而陆地上的水，80%又都冻结在南极的冰盖里，剩下的20%主要是地下水，地面的水只有很小的一部分，也就是说，我们平时看到的河流里的水和湖泊里的水，只占了地表水资源的百万分之一。还有些河流湖泊你是看不见的。南极冰盖几千米厚，冰盖底下还有河网和湖泊，最大的叫东方湖，论容积在全世界淡水湖里排行第七。

The water on the earth,You can't be more familiar with it.But you know what?,You see"Torrential river water"The earth is just a small point of water.The water on the earth,97% of the sea,Only 3% are on the land.And the land of water,80% and freezes in the Antarctic ice sheet in,The remaining 20% is mainly groundwater,Ground water is only a very small part of it,That is,We usually see river water and the water in the lake,Only accounted for one over one million of the surface water resources.Some rivers and lakes you are invisible.The Antarctic ice sheet thousands of meters thick,Under the ice and river network and the lake,The biggest call the east lake,Theory volume in the world ranking seventh in the freshwater lake.

　　我想说的是，我们眼睛看不见的东西太多了。比如世界上最大的山脉在海底，六万公里长，海底的起伏比陆地上的起伏也要大得多。另外，海底到底有多少山，人们到今天都搞不清楚。大家可能不相信，人们对于海底地形的了解还比不上对月球表面、比不上对火星的。这是因为我们现在调查地形都是靠卫星、靠遥感，全球海水平均深度将近3700米，隔了3700米水什么遥感都派不上用场。所以，到现在我们都不明白海底到底有多少火山。有人估计大概100米高的火山有100万个，约1000米高的火山有10万个。

I want to say is,Our eyes to see but do not see things too much.Such as the world's largest mountains in the bottom of the sea,Sixty thousand kilometers long,The bottom of the sea than on land and the ups and downs will much more.In addition,Submarine how many mountain,People don't know until today.You may not believe,People for submarine topography understanding than on the surface of the moon/Compare with to Mars.This is because we now terrain survey by satellite/By remote sensing,Global seawater average depth nearly 3700 meters,Every 3700 meters water what remote sensing have sent not to use.so,Until now we all don't know how many submarine volcano.By one estimate about 100 meters high volcanic has 1 million,About 1000 meters high volcanic has 100000.

　　我在这里跟大家强调一个概念：海洋实际上是双向的。有从上往下的运动，也有从下往上的运动。人类历来相信海洋是世界的尽头，什么东西掉到海里了，就是“泥牛入海无消息”，就没了，其实这是错的。海底热闹得很，海底有很多东西在往上拱，只是你不知道而已。你不知道的不等于不存在。我要告诉大家，海底是“漏”的。所谓“漏”，是说水可以掉下去，也有东西可以冒上来。无论是下去的，还是上来的，都有价值。上来的很多东西是矿产，是可以开发的。比如著名的“黑烟囱”，其实就是海水从大洋中脊边上渗下去碰到岩浆，再涌出来所造成的。这种像黑烟的东西其实并不是烟，而是海里面的一股黑水。为什么会有这样的水？为什么会往上冒？因为海水碰到了岩浆升温，从海底出口的温度就有三四百度，热的水轻，轻的水就会往上冒。为什么黑呢？因为海水碰到岩浆带上了很多细小的硫化物颗粒，冒出海底冷却以后就变成了“烟囱”。这种“烟囱”站不了很久，倒下去就形成了我们的矿藏。

Here I am with everyone emphasizes a concept:Ocean in fact is a two-way street.From up to down movement,Also from down to up movement.The human always believe that the sea is the end of the world,What fell into the sea,is"No news appeal remained a dead letter",They don't have a,In fact, this is wrong.Submarine lively very,The sea bed is a lot of things in the upgrade arch,You just don't know it.You don't know is not equal to does not exist.I'm going to tell you,Is at the bottom of the"leakage"of.The so-called"leakage",Mean water can fall,Also have something to take up.Whether it,Or up,Has value.Come up a lot of things are mineral,Can be developed.Such as famous"Black chimney",Is actually the sea from the mid-ocean ridge on the edge permeability met magma,Then came out of it caused.This kind of like black smoke thing is actually not smoke,But the sea is a blackwater.Why is there such a water?Why would take up?Because the sea met magma warming,From the bottom of the export temperature have three or four baidu,Hot water light,Light water will come up.Why HeiNe?Because the sea encounter magma take a lot of tiny sulfide particles,Emitted submarine cooling later became"chimney".this"chimney"Stand for a long time,Go down formed our mineral deposits.

　　我们大家都知道一句话：万物生长靠太阳。其实深海里的很多生物是不靠太阳的，靠的是地球内部的热能在生长。我们吃的食物靠光合作用，靠有光食物链，而深海里的 “黑暗食物链”见不得太阳，也不靠氧气和叶绿素，靠的是地热和硫细菌。再进一步说，海底的下面还有生物在生活。海底的玄武岩，在电子显微镜下你可以看到岩石上面有许多小球状的细菌。玄武岩也好，沉积物里面也好，都有细菌在生活，而且数量极大。有人说大概占地球上生物量的十分之一，有人说要占30%，到底是多少呢，我不知道。反正这个数量是很可观的。这就告诉我们：海底里面有另外一个生物圈，它的能量不是来自外面，不是来自太阳，而是来自海底，来自地球内部，这是一个极重要的信息。

We all know a word:All things depend on the sun for their growth.In fact many of the deep sea creature is without the sun,By the earth's internal heat in growth.The food we eat by photosynthesis,A light on the food chain,And the depths of the "Dark food chain"Skeleton the sun,It is not the oxygen and chlorophyll,By geothermal and sulfur bacteria.Further said,Below the bottom of the sea and biological in life.Submarine basalt,In electronic microscope you can see above rock there are many small ball of bacteria.Basalt or,Sediment inside all right,There are bacteria in life,And great number.Some say probably accounted for one over ten of the biomass on earth,Someone says to want to 30%,How much is exactly,I don't know.Anyway, the quantity is very considerable.It will tell us:Submarine there is another biosphere,Its energy comes not from outside,Not from the sun,But from submarine,From the earth's interior,This is a very important information.

　　近几十年来的深海探测，发现了海底下的许多故事。我们今天研究碳循环、研究全球变化，主要都集中于地球表面的部分，地球内部的循环不考虑，实际上这是非常错误的。我刚才讲海底是漏的，这里头其实就有碳循环。有人把地球比作鸡蛋，其实按比例讲，地壳还远不如鸡蛋壳，蛋黄算是地核，最大的部分是蛋白，蛋白就是我们的地幔。地幔实际上是地球的主体，而地幔里是有水的，这个水你看不见，因为是结合在矿物里面，达到一定条件是可以出来的，但到底有多少不知道。有人说相当于一个半的大洋，有人说是五个大洋，有人说是几十个大洋。地球上的水会跑到地底下的俯冲带里去，然后需要大约16亿年，在地幔里面转一圈。当然也有从地幔或者洋底生出来的水，但总体来说今天地球上面的水是在减少。有人说，前面6亿年估计已经有6%-10%的水资源流失了，漏到地球内部去了。碳也是这样的，地球上有很多碳，有的你没法用，有的你想用拿不着。有人估计地球总重量的 1.5%或者0.07%是碳，这类估计本身就差了20倍。地核里的碳是和铁结合在一起，是碳化铁。地幔里的碳就有意思了，压力小的出石墨，压力大的出金刚石。金刚石实际上在上、下地幔之间有一个富集层，可惜只有随着岩浆才会冒上来，这就是火山口含金刚石的金伯利岩。

In recent decades of deep sea detection,Find the sea bottom of the many stories.Today we study carbon cycle/Global change research,Mainly focus on the earth's surface part,The inner earth cycle without consideration,In fact it is very wrong.I just speak is at the bottom of the leakage,Here head actually have carbon cycle.Someone put the earth to eggs,In fact in proportion to speak,The crust also than egg shell,Egg yolk is the core,The best part is protein,Protein is our mantle.Mantle is actually the main body of the earth,And in the mantle is water,The water you can't see,Because it is combined with the mineral inside,To a certain conditions can be out,But how many do not know.Someone says is equivalent to one and a half of the ocean,Some say that five oceans,Some say that dozens of ocean.The water on the earth will run to the earth in the subduction zone,Then need about 1.6 billion years,In the mantle inside take a turn.There are, of course, from mantle or the ocean floor was born out of the water,But overall earth today the above water is in reducing.Some say,In front of 600 million have been estimated 6% - 10% of the water lost,Leakage to the earth's interior to the.Carbon is also such,On earth there are a lot of carbon,Some you can't use,Some you want to use to fetch.By one estimate the total weight of 1.5% or 0.07% is carbon,This kind of estimate itself have sent 20 times.In the core of carbon is and iron together,Is iron carbide.Mantle in the carbon is interesting,Pressure small out graphite,Stressed out of the diamond.Diamond in fact in/Lower mantle between one enrichment layer,But only as magma will take up,This is the crater containing diamond kimberlite.

　　总之，关于地球内部的事情人们还知道得太少，所以我们需要进一步扩大研究视野。

In a word,About the planet's internal things people also know too little,So we need to further expand the research field of vision.

　　

科学好玩源于好奇心 Scientific fun from curiosity

　　科学很好玩，但它要求你有好奇心、有兴趣。如果你没有好奇心，那么最好不要去做科学家，因为这不是挣钱的捷径。科学的本质首先是一种精神，一种对于奇妙宇宙探索的渴望。

Science is fun,But it requires that you have a curiosity/Interested in.If you don't have a curiosity,So it's better not to do scientists,Because this is not a shortcut to earn money.The essence of science first is a kind of spirit,A desire to explore for wonderful universe.

　　最后我想说的是，科学是很好玩的。我研究的科学问题对别人有用，我非常高兴，但是即便我研究的科学问题你觉得没用，我还是要研究，因为这是我的爱好。我认为科学研究是人生中最有趣的事情。

Finally I want to say,Science is fun.I study scientific questions to others useful,I'm very glad to,But even if I study scientific questions you feel useless,I still want to study,Because this is my hobby.I think that scientific research is in the life most interesting things.

　　我们国家最近这些年来对科学的投入非常大，对科学非常重视。我们常说“科学技术是第一生产力”，这句话是非常好的，但是科学不仅仅是生产力，科学更是文化，因为科学是从兴趣开始的，是从觉得好玩开始的。有用固然很重要，但是好奇心更重要。很多重大的发现，特别是原创性的发明，都不是冲着目的性、冲着需要去的。比如达尔文研究进化论就是出于兴趣，他一辈子没有上过班，就是参加环球航行，在自己的庄园里做各种实验。他的进化论等了20多年才发表。可是我们现在有很多研究成果，有的连实验都没有做成就发表了。

These recent years our country scientific investment is very large,To attach great importance to science.We often say"Science and technology is the first productive force",This sentence is very good,But science is not only productive forces,But the cultural science,Because science interest from start,Feel fun from the start.Useful is very important,But more important curiosity.Many important discoveries,Especially the invention of the original,Are not blunt purpose/Blunt need to go.Such as Darwin's theory of evolution is research of interest,His life didn't go to class,Is to participate in global navigation,In his manor do all kinds of experiment.His theory of evolution waiting for more than 20 years it was published.But we now have a lot of research results,Some even experiment didn't do published.

　　那么自然界有趣在哪里呢？前面我说过，我们的地球实际上是一个奇妙的混合体，今天地球上既有一百几十亿年前宇宙大爆发的残留微波，也有十分钟就要繁殖一次的细菌。这是一个复杂的系统。一旦你从这错综复杂的系统里找到某种头绪、发现某种机制，那就是一种精神升华的乐趣。阿基米德会从浴缸里跳出来，就是这个道理。

So the nature interesting in where?Front I said,Our earth is actually a wonderful mixture,Both on earth today one hundred billions of years ago the big outbreak of residual microwave,Also have ten minutes a breeding of bacteria.This is a complex system.Once you from this complex system to find some sort of idea/Found some mechanism,That is a kind of spiritual sublimation of fun.Archimedes' from the bathtub jump out,That is the reason why.

　　宇宙万物是神奇的。比如，夜晚的星空非常美丽，但是你知道吗，星空是不同时期的星球所发的光，传到地球上来的。有的星球距离地球很多光年，有的星球你看到它在那里，说不定它已经消失了。又如，岩石是有年龄的，地质学家的一个工作就是把不同时期岩石的年龄标示出来，所谓地质图就是不同年龄的岩石在地面上的分布图。不仅岩石有年龄，海水也有年龄。我们现在运用碳十四的方法可以将海水的年龄测算出来。

The universe is the magic.For example,The night sky is very beautiful,But you know what,Star is different periods of planet issued by the light,To the earth.Some distance from the planet earth a lot of light years,Some planet you see it on there,Perhaps it has disappeared.And as,Rock is a age,Geologists a job is the different period rock age marked out,The so-called geological map is different age rock on the ground of the profile.Not only rock have age,Sea water also have age.We are now using carbon fourteen method can measure the age of the water out.

　　这实际上是一种时空的转化：空间上的差异，是时间上差异的投影。如果你去追索时间里的演变过程，就会发现很多非常有意思的事情。比如，五六亿年前地球上是没有这么多细胞生物的，海底还没有钻泥打洞的底栖生物，所以当时海底也是硬的，里面也没有那么多的水。更有趣的是大气的演变，起初地球上是还原环境，随着生物演化，二氧化碳逐渐减少，氧气逐渐增多，到了距今3亿多年的时候，大气中的氧气含量太多，占35%左右（现在占21%），结果蜻蜓可以有75公分长，比鸟还大，树木也长得特别高大，有的高达45米，世界上许多煤炭就是那时候形成的。

This is actually one kind of time and space conversion:Space differences,Is the time difference of projection.If you go to the recovery time of the evolutionary process,You will find a lot of very interesting things.For example,5.6 billion years ago on earth is not so much the cell biology,Submarine haven't drill holes in the mud of benthic,So when submarine is hard,There is no so much water.More interesting is the evolution of the atmosphere,At first the earth is reduction environment,Along with the biological evolution,Carbon dioxide gradually reduce,Oxygen increase gradually,In about 300 million years time,Atmospheric oxygen content too much,About 35%(Now accounts for 21%),Results dragonfly can have 75 cm long,Is greater than the birds,Trees grow particularly tall,Some 45 metres,Many of the world's coal is the time of the formation.

　　说到这里，你就可以感到科学和艺术是相通的，只有科学家才能洞察自然界的美。比如说，微生物在游泳的时候居然是相互配合的，如果把它们的运动轨迹画出来，那就像是在“跳舞”。最先发现细菌的列文虎克，在1676年就描写过在显微镜下看微生物游泳的舞姿，他说“我的眼睛从未见过这样有趣的景象”。

here,You can feel science and art is the same,Only scientists to insight into the beauty of nature.For example,Microorganisms in swimming is incredibly cooperate with each other,If they are drawn trajectory,It's like in the"dancing".First discovered bacterial Leeuwenhoek,In 1676 wrote in a microscope to see microbial swimming of dancing,He said"My eyes have never seen such a wonderful scene".

　　很多艺术家同时也是科学家。大家知道达·芬奇不光是个画家，他还是个发明家。达·芬奇的画跟我们国画最大的区别就是，他有科学的功底，他画的波浪有水力学的功底，他画的动物有解剖学的功底。这就是艺术与科学的结合。我们眼前的例子是电影 《阿凡达》的导演卡梅隆，他的职业是艺术家，但他的爱好是海洋，他潜入海里拍摄了许多珍贵的片子。今年3月，卡梅隆坐深潜器在马里亚纳海沟下潜到10898米，创造了单人深潜的纪录。当然，科学和艺术相结合在我国是受到鼓励的，不过有时候有点误会，以为科学家会唱戏、艺术家为院士画肖像就是结合。其实，科学和艺术的交点是创造，是一种创造的意境。

Many artists also scientists.We know that not only is a painter leonardo Da Vinci,He was a inventor.Leonardo Da Vinci painting with our traditional Chinese painting is the biggest difference,He has a scientific foundation of basic skills,He painted waves have hydraulics's foundation of basic skills,He painted animals have anatomy's foundation of basic skills.This is the combination of art and science.Our eyes example is the movie [All of o]Director Cameron,His career is an artist,But his hobby is the ocean,He took into the sea many precious film.In march this year,Cameron sit DSV in the mariana trench descend to 10898 m,Create a single deep diving record.Of course,Combination of science and art in our country is encouraged,But sometimes a little misunderstanding,Thought scientists will act in an opera/The artist for academician portrait is combined with.In fact,Science and art of the point of intersection is to create,It is a kind of creation of artistic conception.

　　我绕了很大的圈子，其实就是想告诉大家，科学是很好玩的，但是它要求你有好奇心，要求你有兴趣。如果你没有好奇心，那么最好不要去做科学家，因为这不是挣钱的捷径。科学的本质首先是一种精神，一种对于奇妙宇宙探索的渴望。如果有一批有志之士，能够怀着好奇心去钻研科学、去追求创新，那么我们的国家一定大有希望。

I had a great circle around,Is actually want to tell you,Science is fun,But it requires that you have a curiosity,Ask you are interested in.If you don't have a curiosity,So it's better not to do scientists,Because this is not a shortcut to earn money.The essence of science first is a kind of spirit,A desire to explore for wonderful universe.If there is a group of people with lofty ideals,Can with great curiosity to study science/To pursue the innovation,So our country must have hope.

　　（根据录音整理，经演讲者本人审阅）

(According to the arrangement,The speaker I review)

　　（解放日报 根据录音 经演讲者本人审阅）

(According to the liberation daily by the speaker I review)