学前教育“小学化”以及中小学生课业负担过重，是中国的教育之痛，也是中国的教育之病。病根在于不了解儿童教育的现代立场和现代观念，在于违背儿童教育的现代立场和现代观念而不自知。

Preschool education"Elementary school change"Primary and middle school students and heavy schoolwork burdens,Is China's education of the pain,Is China's education of the disease.Know the disease is to don't understand children education of modern position and modern concept,Children education is that it violates the modern position and modern concept and not know it.

　　由于缺少对儿童世界的深入研究和科学认识，中国的教育概念还停留在“教”知识、道德、技能的层次上，即从外部向儿童填输大量信息，这其实也是西方传统教育的原貌。传统教育是教材本位的，想方设法通过教材将大量信息灌输给儿童，因而儿童显得知识广博。但它牺牲的是，儿童在其表现天性的生活中才能真正实现的成长。

The lack of children's world in-depth study and scientific knowledge,China's education concept also stay in"teach"knowledge/moral/Skill level,That is, from external to fill children lose a lot of information,It is also the original features of western traditional education.Traditional education is the teaching material standard,Try to through the teaching materials will be a large number of information infusion for children,Consequently children appear knowledgeable.But it is the sacrifice,Children in their performance in the life of nature can we truly achieve the growth.

　　不过，传统教育让儿童显出基础知识扎实的表象，一直也在诱惑着现代社会和现代教育。每当看到有些美国人艳羡中国的基础教育如此“扎实”而发起辩论的时候，许多中国人便对自己的基础教育倍增信心，因而中国的教育改革便相应多了一份阻力。但是，美国国会和社会无论怎么辩论，都还是以儿童为本位、为中心毫不动摇。他们的教育立场其实也是整个社会的核心价值观，是不可能撼动的。

but,Traditional education let children show foundation knowledge representation,Has been in the temptation of modern society and modern education.Every time I saw some americans admire China's basic education so"solid"When initiated the debate,Many Chinese and their basic education multiplication confidence,Therefore China's education reform and the corresponding much a resistance.but,The congress of the United States and social no matter how to debate,All or with children as the standard/As the center not shake.Their education position in fact is also the whole society's core values,Is impossible of shake.

　　在中国社会、中国文化的主流背后，暗藏着些许具有“现代”气息的教育观念。先秦时期的《学记》中有“禁于未发”的观点，其实是说儿童的发展尚未到位时，相应的教育是不能登场的。这是相当“现代”的教育观念，是一种主张等待的“消极教育”主张，是教育尊重儿童发展并以儿童发展为教育前提的观念。

In Chinese society/The mainstream of Chinese culture behind,Some have hidden"modern"The breath of education concept.Pre-qin period[Learn written]in"Forbidden at delivering"Point of view,It is said that the development of children has not yet in place,The corresponding education is not the debut.This is quite"modern"Education concept of,Is one kind of claims waiting"Negative education"claims,Education is to respect children's development and in child development for the concept of education premise.

　　中国的民间也有很“现代”的教育观念。目不识丁的老太太谈论孙辈什么年龄入学，她们会爱怜地说：让他“老傍老傍（江苏省丰县方言，就是再等等，让其悠然自在地再生长一段时间，直到充分成熟，多用于修辞瓜果、庄稼的成长），晚个年把再上学吧。”

China's folk also have very"modern"Education concept of.Analphabetic old lady talk about grandchildren what age entrance,They'll lovingly said:Let him"Old alongside old alongside(FengXian dialect in jiangsu province,Be again and so on,Let the leisureliness freely regrowth a period of time,Until fully mature,Many used for rhetorical melon and fruit/Crops growth),A year later, the school again."

　　这些老人的观点很了不起，她们的教育观点可能并不自觉和系统，但却暗合了卢梭的“消极教育”思想，这种思想就是目前整个西方发达国家处于主导地位的“儿童本位”或儿童中心主义的教育观念。这种现代立场是尊崇儿童的天性，遵循儿童发展的自然规律，尊重儿童的生活和世界；这种现代观念是教育即自然发展，或教育即生长，是卢梭所说的“消极教育”。

These old people's views are very great,Their education ideas may not consciously and system,But influenced by Rousseau"Negative education"thought,The idea is that currently the whole western developed countries is in the leading position"Children standard"Or children's center socialist education concept.This modern position is exalted the nature of children,Follow the natural law of children's development,To respect children's life and the world;The modern concept is education namely natural development,Or education namely growth,Is Rousseau said"Negative education".

　　反对传统的教材中心，将教育的重心从教材或知识转移到儿童的生活与儿童的世界；强调教育适应儿童成长的自然节奏和速度；尊重儿童的天性、本能、兴趣和需要；课程设计和内容主要是为了儿童天性的自我表现和潜能表达，尽可能满足儿童成长过程中的本能、兴趣和需要，强调儿童的发展是教育的最终目的，但同时将教育作为社会改造和国际竞争最有效的工具。

Against the traditional teaching center,Education will be the center of gravity from textbooks or knowledge transfer to the children's life and the world of children;Emphasize education to adapt to the growth of children's natural rhythm and speed;Respect the nature of children/instinct/Interests and needs;Course design and the content is mainly to the children's natural instincts of self-expression and potential expression,As far as possible to meet children's growth process of instinct/Interests and needs,Emphasis on children's development is the ultimate goal of education,But at the same time will education as a social reform and international competition of the most effective tools.

　　儿童本位的迷人魅力在于，它最大限度地尊重儿童的天性并帮助其充分表达，最大限度地保护了“天之予人者”即人与生俱来的最为珍贵的天性资源，最大限度地保护了个体的创新精神。所以，一旦儿童教育的现代立场和现代观念成为某个国家的教育理论核心和教育制度基础，这个国家就能最大限度地保护并因而拥有国内各民族每个个体的最珍贵的天赋资源，每个个体就能相应得到比较充分的发展，从而这个国家就可以将自己的子弟培养成现代人才和现代公民。

Children's standard charm lies in,It maximize respect the nature of children and help them to full expression,To maximize the protection"Days to the man who"That people born with the most precious nature resources,To maximize the protection of individual spirit of innovation.so,Once the children's education of modern position and modern idea become a country's education theory core and education system basis,This country can maximum limit protection and thus have the domestic various national each individual's most valuable talent resources,Each individual can get corresponding relatively full development,Thus this country can take children culture into the modern talents and modern citizens.

　　在西方，随着儿童教育的现代立场和现代观念的生成和成熟，反过来对西方社会的发展提供了有力的反哺，为西方社会提供了现代人才。从这一角度来看，说教育就是生产力，毫不夸张。刘晓东

In the west,Along with the children's education of modern position and modern idea generation and mature,In turn to the development of western society provides a strong feedback,For western society to provide the modern talents.From this point of view,Said that education is the productive forces,It is no exaggeration.LiuXiaoDong

　　（作者单位：南京师范大学道德教育研究所）

(The author unit:Nanjing normal university moral education research institute)

　　(来源:中国教育报)

(Source: China education report)