如今，四川省仪陇县新政镇小学副校长何绪铜再也不担心孩子们会因为交不起学杂费而失学了。

now,Sichuan province YiLongXian New Deal town primary school vice President HeXu copper no longer need to worry about the children will because can not afford to pay tuition and fees and deprived of schooling.

　　而在10年前，何绪铜在一个学术会议上听到教育部一位负责人说，国家将在2007年“基本实现九年义务教育免费”时，他和很多参会者都无法相信。

In 10 years ago,HeXu copper in an academic conference heard the ministry of education said the head,Countries will in 2007"Accomplishing nine-year compulsory education free"when,He and many constituents can't believe it.

　　“中国怎么可能做得到？”何绪铜说，听起来那是西方发达国家的事情。

"How could China do?"HeXu copper said,Sounds that is the western developed country things.

　　毕竟，1986年实施的《义务教育法》里就写着“国家对接受义务教育的学生免收学费”。但何老师不相信这一句话会真正落实。

After all,1986 years of implementation[Compulsory education]Written in"Country to receive compulsory education students tuition".But what the teacher didn't believe this word can be truly carried out.

　　作为最基层的教育工作者，出身农村的何绪铜在上世纪70年代因为没有缴清1.5元的学杂费而差点中途辍学。

As the most grass-roots education workers,Born rural HeXu copper in the 1970 s because had not paid their 1.5 yuan tuition and fees and almost stop out.

　　到了1984年，当从师范学校毕业的何绪铜回到自己的母校仪陇县新政镇河西村小任教时，还有不少学生从开学一直到放假，也没有交齐已经涨到3.61元的学杂费。

By 1984,When graduated from normal school HeXu copper return to his Alma mater YiLongXian new hexi town when school teaching,There are a lot of students from the school has been to,No paid, have risen to 3.61 yuan tuition and fees.

　　从上世纪八十年代起，农村义务教育实行分级办学、分级管理，乡镇承担了管理农村义务教育的责任和几乎所有的支出。

Since the 1980 s,Rural compulsory education running grading/Classification management,Take the villages and towns management of rural compulsory education responsibility and almost all of the spending.

　　有人说，这是“最大规模的教育给了最没钱的政府”。“中国特色”的办学之路诞生了：财政投入、农村教育附加费和农民集资，构成了农村义务教育支出的三大块。这种模式被戏称为“人民教育人民办”。

Some say,This is"The mass education to the government have no money"."Chinese characteristics"The road was born:Financial investment/Rural education surcharge and farmers funding,Form the rural compulsory education expenditure of three parts.This model was nicknamed"People's education people do".

　　对何绪铜这位基层教育工作者而言，免费义务教育更像是一个遥不可及的梦想。

To HeXu copper the basic education for workers,Free compulsory education more like a distant dream.

　　但是，他不知道的是，在中央和地方政府之间，在不同的中央部门之间，在学者之间，一场关于“义务教育是否列入公共财政保障”的争论，从2000年就已经开始了。

but,He doesn't know,In between the central and local governments,In the different between the central departments,In between scholars,A about"Compulsory education is included in the public financial security"debate,From 2000, he has already started.

　　这一年，为了减轻农民负担，安徽率先在全国进行税费改革试点，取消了农村教育附加费，农村义务教育也不得向农民集资。农村义务教育经费的来源仅依靠乡镇财政，而乡镇一级财政难以独立支撑农村义务教育所需要的费用，农村教师工资被长期拖欠。

This year,In order to reduce the burden on peasants,Anhui province took the lead in the national tax and fee reform in pilot,Cancel the rural education surcharge,Rural compulsory education will not to farmers funding.Rural compulsory education funds source rely on the rural finance,And township financial support to independent rural compulsory education need cost,Rural teachers' salary be long-term arrears.

　　在2001年3月召开的全国人大九届四次会议上，全国人大代表、当时主管全省基础教育的安徽省教育厅副厅长胡平平把这个问题带到了会上，并带头提出《关于尽快制定义务教育投入法》的议案。

In March 2001 at the National People's Congress on the fourth session of the ninth,The National People's Congress/When the competent the foundation education province of anhui provincial deputy director HuPingPing the problem brought to the meeting,And put forward the[As soon as possible about the education input method for obligations]bill.

　　这个被称为“永远的一号议案”，拉开了农村教育政策调整的大幕。

This is called"Eternal one bill",Pull the rural education policy adjustment unfolds.

　　同年5月，国务院出台了《关于基础教育改革与发展的决定》，明确了农村义务教育实行“由地方政府负责、分级管理、以县为主的体制”。

In the same year may,The state council issued a[On the foundation education reform and development decision],Has been clear about the rural compulsory education practice"By the local government is responsible for/Classification management/Mainly by the county system".

　　但是在政策执行过程中，问题又出现了。中西部的一些县经济基础薄弱，难以保证农村义务教育的发展。

But in the policy implementation process,Problems appeared again.Parts of the Midwest county weak economic foundation,To guarantee the development of rural compulsory education.

　　“把教育作为公共事业，加大对这些经济薄弱县的转移支付”，已经是一种定论。但问题是，中央政府还是地方政府来埋单？政府要埋多少单？

"The education as a utility,To increase the economic weak county transfer payment",Is a conclusion.But the problem is,The central government or local government pays the bill?The government should buried many single?

　　来自不同部门和学者的观点在激烈交锋。用胡平平的话说，当时就是“不断争论，不断算账”。

From the point of view of different sectors and scholars in the fierce exchange.Use your hu as saying,At that time is"Constantly debate,Continuously cast accounts".

　　在她的印象中，最激烈的一次讨论发生在2005年8月18日。那天全国人大教科文卫委员会邀请了21位全国人大代表参加义务教育法修订座谈会。与会的代表们或者为中央政府说话，或者为地方政府说话，言辞激烈，各持己见。

In her impression,The most intense a discussion took place in on August 18, 2005.The National People's Congress that education committee invited and a deputy to the National People's Congress to participate in the revised compulsory education law symposium.The delegates or for the central government to speak,Or for the local government to speak,vehemence,Were at sixes and sevens.

　　这个难题被抛到了财政部。一位熟知内情的人说，财政部有关负责人原来的观念是：事权和财权统一，谁管这个事情就应该由谁来出钱。尽管农村义务教育很困难，但是也不应该由中央管。但是到基层调研一圈后，这位负责人改变了观念：在农村，做不到事权和财权统一。所以必须跳出原有的观念，事权由县管，但是财权由四级政府分担。

The problem is thrown to the ministry of finance.A person familiar with the matter said,The ministry of finance relevant person in charge of the original idea is:Unified administrative and financial powers,Who tube this matter should be to pay by who.Although rural compulsory education is very difficult,But it should not be the central tube.But to a primary investigation after a circle,The person in charge changed the concept:In the countryside,Can't do unified administrative and financial powers.So have to jump out of the original concept,Powers by the county tube,But the government share by 4.

　　2005年年底，《国务院关于深化农村义务教育经费保障机制改革的通知》出台，明确规定“逐步将农村义务教育全面纳入公共财政保障范围，建立中央和地方分项目、按比例分担的农村义务教育经费保障机制。”

By the end of 2005,[The state council on deepening the rural compulsory education funds safeguard mechanism reform notice]issued,Specific provision"Gradually rural compulsory education will be fully into the public scope of financial security,To establish the central and local points project/In proportion to the rural compulsory education funds safeguard mechanism."

　　何绪铜和其他来自基层的老师终于踏实了不用再操心工资，不用再操心校舍维修，他们唯一要做的，就是把书教好，把学生培养好。

HeXu copper and other from grass-roots teacher finally sureness need not to worry about wage,Need not worry about building maintenance,The only thing they have to do,The book is to teach,The students well.

　　2006年9月1日，新《义务教育法》正式实施；2007年春，全国农村中小学全部免除学杂费；2007年9月，农村中小学全部免费提供教科书、给贫困寄宿生补助生活费；2008年秋，全国城乡中小学全部免除学杂费，同时提高公用经费标准和贫困寄宿生补助生活费补助标准。

On September 1, 2006,The new[Compulsory education]Formal implementation;In the spring of 2007,The national total of rural primary and secondary school tuition and fees;In September of 2007,The rural elementary and middle schools all provide free textbooks/To poor boarder subsidies living expenses;In autumn 2008,Urban and rural primary and secondary schools across the country a total of tuition and fees,And at the same time, improve public funds standard and poor boarder subsidy fee subsidy standard.

　　从1986年提出义务教育到把义务教育前面“收费”两个字删掉，中国用20年时间实现了真正的免费义务教育。

From 1986 puts forward education obligations to the compulsory education front"charge"Two words delete,China use 20 years time to achieve the real free compulsory education.

　　“此举惠及1.6亿多适龄儿童少年，这一重大举措，与取消农业税、终结农民种田交税的历史一样，都是惠及民生、载入史册的巨大成就。 ”教育部部长袁贵仁说。

"This benefit more than 160 million school-age children,The major move,And the abolition of agricultural tariffs/End farmers tax farming history,Are benefiting the people's livelihood/The great achievements in history. "The ministry of education minister yuan guiren indicated said.

　　于禾是中国教育电视台的编导，他用5年的时间翻阅了上百万字的资料，拍摄了一部关于中国义务教育百年的系列纪录片。在他看来，义务教育，一方面要求老百姓必须在法律规定下接受一定时间的教育，另外一方面要求政府必须提供必要的办学条件。“很长一段时间，我们接受前一个观点，忽视了后者。如今，政府的所作所为，回归了代表现代文明的义务教育原旨。”

In the grass is China education television director,He looked through five years of millions of words of material,Took a about Chinese compulsory education one hundred documentary series.In his view,Compulsory education,On the one hand requirements prescribed by law, people must accept the education under certain time,On the other hand requires the government must provide the necessary conditions for running."For a long time,We accept previous view,Ignored the latter.now,The government's actions,The return of the modern civilization of compulsory education alone."

　　解决了“温饱问题”的中国义务教育，面临的下一个问题就是提高质量，“迈向小康”。而此时，胡平平，这位义务教育政策调整的先行者又开始了新的“跟风”。2007年，她被借调到教育部基础教育质量监测中心主持日常工作，从事基础教育质量问题的研究、探索和引领工作。

Solve the"Problem of food and clothing"Chinese compulsory education,Facing the next problem is to improve quality,"Towards a well-off".the,HuPingPing,The compulsory education policy adjustment of the forthgoer and started a new"Follow suit".In 2007,,She was seconded to the ministry of education foundation education quality monitoring center to manage the routine work,Engaged in basic education quality problem research/Explore and lead the work.

　　在这位熟悉义务教育的教育工作者看来，对刚刚实现温饱的中国义务教育而言，实现教育公平的任务仍然相当艰巨：城乡之间、区域之间、校际之间的资源配置差距较大。以2006年为例，当年城镇财政生均预算内事业费支出是农村的1.3倍，生均财政预算内公用经费支出，城镇是农村的1.2倍。

In the familiar with the obligation education of education workers it seems,Food and clothing to just realize Chinese compulsory education concerned,To realize the education fair is still quite difficult task:Between urban and rural areas/Between regional/Schools of resource allocation between large gap.Taking 2006 as an example,The town finance explores the operating budget expenditure is 1.3 times that of the rural areas,Explores the financial budget public funds expenditure,Town is 1.2 times that of the rural areas.

　　城乡之间、区域之间、校际之间的师资队伍更是差距明显。而此时，教育部门认识到，教师是决定教育质量的关键环节，要把这支队伍作为最重要的基础工程来抓，其中提高农村教师素质更是重中之重。

Between urban and rural areas/Between regional/Between the schools teachers' team is obvious gap.the,Education department to realize,Teacher is the key link of education quality decision,To put the team as the most important foundation engineering to grasp,To improve the quality of teachers in rural is Paramount.

　　何绪铜还记得，2001年，自己作为一名乡村小学教师参加了国家级的师资培训，在课堂上有同样来自乡村学校的老师痛哭流涕：全国1400万教师，只有1万人能参加培训。我们都是千里挑一的幸运儿啊！

HeXu copper remember,In 2001,,Himself as a rural primary school teachers to take part in the national teachers training,In the class have the same from rural school teacher cry bitterly:The country's 14 million teachers,Only 10000 people to attend training.We are only one of the lucky few!

　　随着“师范生免费教育政策”、“中小学教师国家级培训计划”等各项措施相继出台，越来越多的乡村教师得以接受高水平的培训。而全国农村小学大专及以上学历、初中本科及以上学历教师比例分别从2007年的63.4%、41.4%提高到2011年的78.6%、62.8%。

with"Students free education policy"/"National primary and secondary school teachers training plan"Various measures have issued,More and more rural teachers to accept a high level of training.And the national rural primary school college degree or above/Bachelor degree or above in junior high school teacher proportion respectively from 63.4% in 2007/Raised from 41.4% to 78.6% in 2011/62.8%.

　　就在今年的9月初，国家出台相关政策，对长期工作在农村基层和艰苦边远地区的教师，在工资、职称等方面予以倾斜，在核准岗位结构比例时高级教师岗位向农村学校和薄弱学校倾斜，同时完善医疗、养老等社会保障制度建设，切实维护农村教师社会保障权益。

In this year's early September,A country to publish relevant policy,On long-term work in rural grassroots and arduous remote areas of teachers,In salary/Titles to tilt, etc,The approved and post structure when the proportion of senior teacher post to rural schools and weak school tilt,At the same time improve medical/Endowment and the construction of social security system,The maintenance of teachers in rural social security rights.

　　2011年11月，全国所有县级行政单位和省级行政区划全部通过普及九年义务教育和扫除青壮年文盲的国家验收，人口覆盖率达到100%。中国成为9个发展中人口大国中唯一全面实现普及九年义务教育的国家。

In November 2011,The national all administrative units at or above the county level and provincial administrative districts all through the nine-year compulsory education and eliminating illiteracy country acceptance,100% of the population.China has become a developing country of the population and the only achieve nine-year compulsory education of the country.

　　(来源:中国青年报)

(Source: China youth daily)