免费午餐带来连锁效应入学率上升、自尊心和自信心增强

Free lunch bring chain effect enrollment rate rise/Self-respect and confidence

小小学校供餐事关国家未来 Small school feeding for the country's future

　　中国社会科学院学部委员、经济研究所副所长朱玲，几十年来一直在致力于消除贫困研究。在近日举行第三届“反贫困与儿童发展”国际研讨会上，朱玲讲述了她对免费午餐项目的新思考。

The Chinese academy of social sciences division members/Economic research institute, deputy director zhu ling played on,For decades has been committed to eliminate poverty research.In the recently held the third"Poverty and child development"The international conference,Zhu ling played on tells the story of her to free lunch project of new thinking.

　　自2000年中国社会科学院成立藏区发展课题组以来，负责农牧藏区健康管理项目的她，每年都要拿出专门的时间去藏区行走。

Since 2000, the Chinese academy of social sciences research development was established since Tibetan area,Responsible for agriculture and animal husbandry Tibetan health management project of she,Each year, want to take out the special time to walk Tibetan area.

　　2004年，她来到西藏昌都地区的贡觉县做调查，惊奇地发现这里的县、乡干部每个人都承担着一项特殊的任务用公家配备的“坐骑”把那些辍学在家的孩子强迫性地送到中心学校去。这里山高林密，平均海拔3500米以上，因为路途遥远且险峻，孩子根本不愿意上学去，以至于很长一段时间内，学校与学生之间形成了激烈的“拉锯战” 你抓我逃。为了落实义务教育的法定责任，政府不得不使出了最后一招：每个乡派一个干部学校看住学生。

In 2004,,She came to the region of Tibet was introduced GongJiao county make a survey,Surprised to find that the county/Township cadres everyone responsible for a particular task with the public equipment"mounts"The school children at home to compulsive central school to go to.This mountain GaoLin tight,Average altitude of 3500 meters,Because of the long journey and rapidity,Children don't willing to go to school,That for a very long time,Between schools and their students formed a fierce"Seesaw battle" You scratch my escape.In order to carry out compulsory education legal responsibility,The government has to use the a last resort:Each township send a cadre school to see live students.

　　2011年夏天，当朱玲又一次来到昌都的时候，情况已经大变：学校在校生人数比过去增加了很多。细细一问，理由只有一个：政府实行“免费供餐”的政策以后，把分散四处的孩子都吸引到学校来了，“因为在学校比家里吃得好，每天除了酥油、糌粑之外，还有牛奶、肉和新鲜蔬菜。”

In the summer of 2011,When zhu ling played on once again came to the reference,Situation has big change:School students has increased a lot more people than in the past.Carefully ask,There is only one reason:Governments to"Free meals"Policy after,Scattered around the children are drawn to the school,"Because in school than home and eat well,Every day in addition to ghee/Outside tsamba,There are milk/Meat and fresh vegetables."

　　“免费供餐”的另一个重要作用就这样被发现了：在自然条件艰苦的农牧区，学校免费供餐除了保证学生的营养和健康以外，还能大大降低辍学率。

"Free meals"Another important effect was found:In the natural conditions of hard agricultural and pastoral areas,School for free meal in addition to ensure that students nutrition and health outside,Still can greatly reduce dropout rates.

　　其实，这一规律在全球其他先行实行“学校供餐计划”的发展中国家早就得到过反复证明。

In fact,This law in other global the first"School feeding programs"Developing countries would have been repeated proof.

　　世界粮食计划署(WFP)对撒哈拉沙漠以南32个国家4000所小学的调查情况表明：在提供学校供餐援助第一年，女童的净入学率提高了28%，男童的净入学率提高了22%。印度的午餐项目(MDM)是目前全球规模最大的学校供餐计划，基本覆盖全国，相关的评估分析表明，在实施“学校供餐计划”项目的学校里，女童就学的比例比未实施此项目的学校高出15%。

The world food program(WFP)South of the Sahara desert 32 countries 4000 primary school investigation situation indicates:In providing school feeding aid in the first year,Girl's net enrollment rate increased by 28%,The boy's net enrollment rate increased by 22%.India's lunch program(MDM)Is the world's largest school feeding programs,Basic nationwide,Relevant evaluation analysis shows that,In the implementation of"School feeding programs"Project school,The proportion of girls school than did not implement the project, 15% higher than that of the school.

　　在牙买加、秘鲁、肯尼亚、孟加拉、巴基斯坦等低收入国家进行随机对照实验的结果也表明，学校供餐不仅大大提高了提高儿童的入学率，对出勤率的积极推动作用也相当突出，并支持更多孤儿和其他弱势儿童群体完成学业。联合国教科文组织(UNESCO)和联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)认为，学校是为弱势儿童提供关爱和支持的核心机构，因此提高孤儿和弱势儿童群体的入学率被视为学校供餐项目的一大亮点。

In Jamaica/Peru/Kenya/Bangladesh/Pakistan and other low-income countries randomized controlled trials results also show that,School feeding can not only greatly promote the improve children's enrollment,On attendance is active also quite outstanding,And support more orphans and other disadvantaged children group finish school.The United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization(UNESCO)And the United Nations children's fund(UNICEF)think,The school is to provide disadvantaged children love and support the central institution,Therefore improve orphans and vulnerable children groups of enrollment rate is considered as the school feeding project a major bright spot.

　　“‘学校供餐计划’最初的出发点纯粹出于经济援助的目的使处于贫困状态的儿童免于饥饿。我们所做的主要工作好比一个‘搬运工’筹集资金，从粮食富余的地方征集粮食，然后运送到那些粮食短缺的地方。”在第三届“反贫困与儿童发展”国际研讨会上，世界粮食计划署总部政策法规司学校供餐政策处专家卡门·布尔巴诺女士双手比划着说，“但是，大家很快发现这种单纯授人以鱼、让饥饿的人们吃饱饭的援助方式非常不可持续。”

"‘School feeding programs’The starting point of the first purely for the purpose of economic aid to children in poverty from hunger.What we do the main work like a‘porter’Raise funds,From the surplus food place collect food,And then shipped to the food shortage place."In the third"Poverty and child development"The international conference,The world food program headquarters policy laws and regulations SiXueJiao meals in the policy experts Carmen · Boolean and lady's hands the signs said,"but,We quickly found out that this simple teach them to fish/Let the hungry people eat plenty of food aid is very unsustainable."

　　卡门·布尔巴诺是厄瓜多尔人。她从美国纽约大学文学专业毕业后回到自己的国家，第一份工作是联合国的国际观察员，对厄瓜多尔儿童的成长状况进行监测，负责每年写一份文字材料，报告厄瓜多尔政府每年为儿童所做的工作。从此，她的事业就和儿童的成长发展紧密联系在一起了。在首都基多工作三年后，她来到了世界粮食计划署罗马总部。

Carmen · Boolean and north is Ecuadorian.She from New York university literature specialized graduation return to his country,The first job is the United Nations international observers,To Ecuador children's growth condition monitoring,Responsible for every year to write a writing material,Ecuador's government report every year for children's work.From now on,Her career and the development of children's growth closely linked together.In the capital Quito work three years later,She came to the world food program Rome headquarters.

　　在项目的具体实施过程中，卡门·布尔巴诺和其他专家意外发现“学校供餐计划”还为促进儿童健康成长、促进地方经济发展带来了一系列彼此相关联的正效应：

In the project of the concrete implementation process,Carmen · Boolean ba's and other experts surprising"School feeding programs"Also to promote the healthy growth of children/To promote local economic development has brought a series of affiliated with each other is effect:

　　让孩子吃饱吃好，改善儿童的营养水平能够给学生带来健康的体魄帮助学生养成初步的卫生习惯了解基本的营养知识与健康的生活方式提高了学生的入学率和出勤率提高了学习的能力和学业成绩增强自尊心和自信心锻炼多方面的能力以应对未来的挑战和竞争对贫困家庭起到了有效的减贫作用给地方农户创造了稳定的增收机会，等等。截至2008年，世界粮食计划署和世界银行帮助了70个低收入国家开展了“学校供餐计划”，在人力资本的改善和消除贫困根源方面，取得了显著成效。

Let the children eat satisfied eat well,Improve children's nutrition level can give a student to bring healthy body to help students develop preliminary health habits to learn the basic nutrition knowledge and healthy life style to improve the students' enrollment rate of attendance and improve the learning ability and academic achievement enhanced self-esteem and self-confidence to exercise the various ability to cope with the challenges of the future and competition to poor families play an effective role of poverty reduction for local farmers to create a stable income opportunity,, etc.By the end of 2008,The world food program and the world bank to help 70 low-income countries carried out"School feeding programs",In the human capital improvement and eliminate poverty roots,Has achieved a remarkable success.

　　作为一个成功的社会公益项目，“学校供餐计划”逐渐受到了多国的高度重视。2001年，印度最高法院通过了一项裁决令，要求各邦政府在所有的政府小学和政府资助的小学中推行学校供餐计划，全印度受益的学生达到1.3亿，为世界之最。巴西政府也将推行学校供餐计划正式纳入了国家宪法，将其上升为国家意志，所惠及的儿童为4700万。还有20多个过去主要依靠外援解决学校供餐的国家，主动将其作为政府工作的重点逐步承担起项目的管理和筹资工作。

As a successful social public welfare projects,"School feeding programs"The allied gradually receives the attention.In 2001,,The Supreme Court of India passed a ruling order,For state governments in all government elementary school and funded by the government in the implementation of primary school feeding programs,All India benefit of students reached 130 million,For the world's most.The Brazilian government will also carrying out the school feeding programs formally incorporated into the country's constitution,Will the rise to the will of the state,The benefit of children for 47 million.There are more than 20 past rely mainly on foreign aid solve school feeding country,The initiative will it as the focus of the government gradually take responsibility for project management and financing work.

　　2008年金融风暴席卷全球，贫困儿童问题再一次凸显出来。为了给各国制定并推行有效的学校供餐计划提供有价值的指导意见，并探究其作为国家政策时对促进社会保障和人力资本发展所具有的长远意义，卡门·布尔巴诺和世界银行总部健康、营养和人口首席专家唐纳德·邦迪、儿童发展伙伴组织执行理事长莱斯利·德雷克等6位专家共同撰写了《重新思考学校供餐计划社会保障网、儿童发展和教育》。这本小册子，立即成为各国政府官员办公桌上的重要参考资料。

The 2008 financial crisis sweeping the globe,Poor children problem emerges again.In order to give countries formulate and implement effective school feeding programs provide valuable guidance,And probe into its as a national policy to promote the social security and human capital development has long-term significance,Carmen · Boolean and north and the world bank headquarters health/The nutrition and population chief expert Donald bondi/Child development partner organization executive director Leslie drake etc six experts wrote together[Rethinking school feeding programs social security network/Children's development and education].This booklet,Immediately became the various countries' government officials on the desk of the important reference material.

　　在回答记者“重新思考了什么”这个问题时，卡门·布尔巴诺严肃地说，“我们从‘可持续发展’的角度重新思考‘学校供餐计划’的意义，把该项目与儿童的健康、发展和教育、与地方经济的发展、与社会救助网络的建立，与一个国家的长远发展和未来发展统统联系起来了。这是一个全新的角度，我们所希望传达的最重要的信息是要想把学校供餐计划转变为可持续发展的国家项目，必须将它纳入到国家的政策和计划之中去。”

In response to reporters"To think about"The question,Carmen · Boolean ba's says seriously,"We from‘Sustainable development’Point of view to think about‘School feeding programs’significance,The project and children's health/Development and education/With the development of local economy/And the establishment of social assistance network,And a country's long-term development and future development linked to all.This is a brand new Angle,What we want to pass the most important information is to want to change school feeding programs to the sustainable development of national projects,Must put it into the national policy and plan to."

　　的确，靠一人之力、少数社会组织之力，都无法承担所有孩子的营养开支和教育问题，只有政府才能担当起这重要的责任。拥有世界最多儿童人口并处于社会转型阶段的中国正在为这样一个目标奋起直追。

indeed,Rely on one man's force/A few social organizations of the force,Can undertake all the children's nutrition spending and education problems,Only the government can fulfill this important responsibility.Most children have the world population and in the period of social transition of China is for such a target struggling.

　　2011年10月，中国政府正式推出了“农村义务教育学生营养改善计划”，由国家出资160亿元对11个集中连片特困地区和3个享受特殊政策的地区共计699个县的2600万学生提供校园餐，加上接受社会资助的700万学生，中国目前享用“营养午餐”的学生人数已迅速升至世界第三，占全球总数的1/10。最近来中国进行实地考察的世界粮食计划署、世界银行等国际组织的专家学者，对中国政府在较短的时间内成功地覆盖了数量如此之多的弱势儿童的行动和成绩非常称赞，“在表明政府责任的同时，充分证明了中国政府的高效率”。

In October 2011,The Chinese government officially launched"Rural compulsory education students nutrition improvement plan",Invested by the state 16 billion yuan to 11 concentrated destitute areas and three enjoy special policy area a total of 699 counties of 2600 students to provide school meal,Add accept social funded 700 students,China currently enjoy"Nutritional lunch"The number of students has quickly rose to the third world,Accounts for 1/10 of the global total.Recently to China for on-the-spot investigation of the world food program/The world bank and other international organization of experts and scholars,The Chinese government in a relatively short time successfully covered the number so many disadvantaged children's action and result very praise,"To show that the government responsibility at the same time,Fully demonstrated the Chinese government's high efficiency".