11月3日，参赛选手在进行虚拟跑步比赛。当日，上海市首届虚拟运动会在沪闭幕。新华社记者凡军 摄 On November 3,Contestants in the virtual running game.On that day,Shanghai the first virtual games closing in Shanghai.Xinhua news agency reporters FanJun perturbation

　　

用法律呵护青少年的健康体魄 Legal care for young people's healthy body

　　

“取消长跑”事件引发体育教学法律保障思考 "Cancel run"Event trigger sports teaching legal thinking

　　“少年强则国强”，梁启超在《少年中国说》里这样写道。

"Young strong, strong countries",Liang qichao in[Young China says]Wrote in.

　　“强”，自然也包括身体健康之强。可惜，自辜鸿铭于《中国人的精神》里用“温顺”形容中国人最大的特质并广为人知之后，至今，“温顺的中国人”似乎依然没有成长为“强健有力的中国人”。近日有媒体报道，11月10日至11日举行的华中科技大学秋季运动会上，女子3000米和男子5000米项目被暂时取消。而此前，北京科技大学和北京师范大学今年运动会跑步项目的最长距离都是1500米和800米，西安30余所高校也已取消长跑项目。高校相关负责人表示，学生体质下降以及避免学生猝死或受伤是这样做的最大原因。

"strong",Nature also include health strong.unfortunately,Since GuHongMing in[The spirit of the Chinese people]Used in"docile"Describe the Chinese biggest qualities and after well known,So far,"Docile Chinese"Seems to still did not grow up to be"Nervous Chinese".Recently had the media reports,Nov. 10 to 11, at the central China university of science and technology autumn sports meeting,Women's 3000 m and the men's 5000 m project was suspended.And after,Beijing science and technology university and Beijing normal university this year games running project the longest distance is 1500 m and 800 m,Xian 30 universities has also cancel long project.University officials say,The deterioration of student's physical quality and avoid students sudden death or injury is the biggest reason to do so.

　　事实的确如此吗？究竟是学生体质不强，还是学校对学生的保护过度？抑或是学校有不便言说的苦衷？

The fact is that so?What is the student constitution is not strong,Or the school to student's protection excessive?Or is the school has inconvenience narration of difficulties?

　　

“取消”原因之一：运动的危险性 "cancel"One reason:Movement of the risk

　　“你每星期会去通过跑步锻炼身体吗？”在位于湖北省武汉市的华中科技大学校园里，有媒体记者随机对一些大学生作过调查。大部分学生表示“从来不会特意去跑步”，但是会通过其他活动比如篮球、足球、羽毛球、游泳等锻炼身体。大三学生小李是学院足球队员，为了锻炼体能，他每周会自行到操场上跑5次，每次跑5圈，他的室友还喜欢做俯卧撑。其实，华中科技大学本身对加强学生体能素质有一些硬性规定，比如大一学生的“出操”，即各学院每周有两天，要求学生早上7点去操场做广播体操。

"You will go through every week running exercise?"In wuhan, hubei province is located in the central China university of science and technology in the campus,Media reporters random for some college students have been survey.Most of the students said"Never have to go running",But by other activities such as basketball/football/badminton/Swimming exercise, etc.Junior student xiao li is college football player,In order to exercise fitness,He will be a week to go to the playground and run 5 times,Running five laps,His roommate also like doing push-ups.In fact,Central China university of science and technology itself to strengthen students' physical quality has some hard and fast rules,Such as a freshman students"drill",Namely each college has two days a week,Students are required to 7 o 'clock in the morning go to the playground do broadcasting gymnastics.

　　而对于运动会取消女子3000米和男子5000米项目，受访的学生也有两种态度，部分表示无所谓，因为长跑太辛苦，很少有人愿意参加，对身体素质而言是个巨大的考验，这个项目在他们看来有些“脱离群众”；另外一些学生则认为长跑可以凝聚团队力量，取消了有点可惜，“一个人跑，十几个人在场内陪跑、喊加油的场景就看不到了”。

For the games cancel the women's 3000 m and the men's 5000 m project,The surveyed students also have two kinds of attitude,Part of the said doesn't matter,For long distance running too hard,Few people are willing to attend,The quality of the body is a huge challenge,This project in their view some"Divorced from the masses";In addition some students think long distance can be condensed team strength,Cancelled a pity,"A person running,More than ten people in the field with run/Shouted refuels scene can't see the".

　　华中科技大学体育部副主任沈跃进在接受记者采访时表示，取消两个长跑项目是出于现实考虑，“一方面是天气太冷，跑起来太辛苦；另一方面，这两项对学生的身体素质要求较高，大部分学生达不到要求，上场有一定危险性。”沈跃进说，每年新生入学都会进行体能和体质测试，结果都不太理想，这也增加了校方对长跑危险性的担忧。

Central China university of science and technology, deputy director of the sports ShenYueJin when accepting a reporter to interview said,Cancel two long distance running project is of realistic consideration,"On the one hand is the weather is too cold,Run too hard;On the other hand,These two on students' body quality request is higher,Most of the students can not reach the requirements,Play has certain risk."ShenYueJin said,Every year the new entrance will fitness and physical test,The results are not ideal,It also increases the risk of the school to run concerns.

　　取消两个项目后，运动会增加了趣味性内容，可以吸引更多学生参与其中，这也是校方的一种考虑。沈跃进说，今年取消的女子3000米和男子5000米项目，以后会根据学生们的体质、体能情况灵活调整，可能还会恢复到运动会赛事中。

Cancel after two projects,Games increased interest content,Can attract more students to participate,This is the school a consideration.ShenYueJin said,Cancel this year in the women's 3000 meters and the men's 5000 m project,Will according to students' physique/Physical situation flexible adjustment,May also return to sports events.

　　不仅仅高校对运动隐含的危险性有所担忧。相信不少家长都有这样的感觉：自己幼时到处乱跑、互相追逐的场景，在孩子身上几乎看不到了。幼儿园里，孩子们被告知不允许撒欢乱跑；小学课间，学生们不允许追逐打闹，甚至上洗手间都要规规矩矩地排队……凡此种种磨灭孩子天真好动天性的规定，都源自校方的隐忧：怕学生意外受伤。

Not only the movement of the hidden danger to worry.I believe that many parents have such feeling:His running around youth/Chase each other of the scene,The children hardly see the.Kindergarten in,The children were told to SaHuan are not allowed to run;Elementary school break,Students are not allowed to chase scenes,Even the bathroom will exactitude to line up...Every this a variety of children an innocent active nature regulations,Are derived from the university of malaises:Afraid of student injury.

　　

“取消”原因之二：体育教学标准降低 "cancel"Second reason:Sports teaching standard reduce

　　我国在1975年制定了《国家体育锻炼标准》，1989年对其作过修改，1990年由国务院重新发布。这个标准为不同性别和年龄段的儿童和青少年的锻炼项目和标准提出具体的规定，达到优秀标准后国家将发给统一的奖章证书。在它的附则里对每一阶段需要测试的项目作出了具体规定，比如成年组的项目有1500米跑、1000米跑、1500米滑冰(以上男)；800米跑、1000米滑冰(以上女)；200米游泳(男女同)。根据这个规定，学校在教学时就有具体方向，要达标的内容，都是必须教的。

Our country in 1975 formulated the[National physical exercise standard],In 1989 the amended,1990 by the state council to release.This standard for different gender and age of children and adolescents exercise items and standards puts forward specific provision,To achieve outstanding standard before the country will send unified medal certificate.In its supplementary provisions for each stage need to test project has made specific provisions,Such as junior project is 1500 meters running/In the 1000 - meter run/1500 meters ice skating(Above male);In the 800 - meter run/1000 meters ice skating(Above female);200 m swimming(With men and women).According to the provisions,School teaching hours have specific direction,To the content of the standard,Is must teach.

　　但是，现在的体育教学中并不需要执行这个标准，而改为执行《国家学生体质健康标准》，即对学生进行体质健康测试，比如大学生的测试项目包括握力、立定跳远、台阶、身高体重、肺活量等。与从前的达标要求相较，国家对体育教学的任务和要求减轻了许多，这也为体育教学、活动的“缩水”作出了政策上的暗示。

but,Now the sports teaching does not need to carry out the standard,Instead, executive[National students physical health standard],Namely undertake to the student physical health test,Such as university students' test project includes grip strength/Standing long/steps/Height and weight/Vital capacity, etc.And former standard than requirements,The state sports teaching task and requirements eased,This also for sports teaching/activities"shrink"To make the policy cues.

　　我国体育教育的改革经历了几个阶段：上世纪80年代，体育教育的指导思想是体质健康，达标的规定执行得很顺利；到上世纪90年代，提倡素质教育，体育的教学方式出现一些新的思路，但就硬性指标上来看已经出现让步；而到21世纪以后，提倡“终身体育、健康第一”的理念，在具体实施中达标的要求变成了体质健康测试。

Our country sports education reform has experienced several stages:In the 1980 s,Physical education is the guideline of the physical health,The provisions of the standard well;By the 1990 s,Advocate quality education,Sports teaching methods appear some new ideas,But hard index point of view has appeared concessions;And after into the 21st century,advocate"Lifetime sports/Health first"concept,In the concrete implementation of the requirements of the standard into the physical test.

　　“我认为这对于学生体质的要求来说是一个倒退。”中国政法大学体育部主任、副教授张笑世在接受本报记者采访时表示了担忧，“最近听到一个消息，让人震惊，据说北京大学生近视率已超过90%，现在，在高中生里招收飞行员都很难有合格对象。只能说，这是教育体制带来的弊端。完全避免进行一些体育活动的做法，是体育教学的倒退，如果任其发展，到了退无可退的地步，体育就该被取消了。”

"I think that the requirement of students' constitution would be a step backwards."Sports department director of China university of politics and law/Associate professor zhang smile in the world to accept our newspaper reporter to interview expressed concerns about,"Recently heard a message,shocking,It is said that Beijing university student myopia rate has more than 90%,now,In the high school students recruit pilots were difficult to have qualified object.Can only say,This is the education system the malpractices.Fully avoid the practice of some sport activities,Physical education teaching is the reverse,If allowed to its development,Back to the point of no return,Sports should be cancelled."

　　

“取消”原因之三：校方需担责 "cancel"The third reason for:Officials need to bear the responsibility

　　运动带来的危险性，对校方而言，可谓难言之隐。在偶发的猝死事件中，校方由于没有尽到告知义务或者相应救护职责，或者是尽到职责然而不为学生家长所认同，所承担的赔偿责任是巨大的。

The dangers of movement,In the school to,Is secret sorrow.In occasional sudden death events,The school has fallen due to inform obligation or corresponding rescue responsibility,Or is doing his duty but not for students' parents identity,Assumes the liability to pay compensation is huge.

　　2009年11月20日中午，河南省郑州市29中学生魏永斌在学校踢球时死亡，家属得知噩耗后用三辆面包车将该校大门堵死，不让师生出入，该校约1300名师生被迫停课。最后家长与校方初步达成协议，校方赔付15万元，事件才得以化解。2010年12月13日，广东省江门市新会区创新中学初一学生李浩彬在上体育课1000米长跑测试时突然晕倒，经抢救无效后于当日下午死亡。事发后，死亡学生家属疑死因另有内情，要求学校作出高额赔偿；而校方则认为家属上门讨说法的行为扰乱学校秩序。

On November 20, 2009 at noon,Zhengzhou city, henan province, 29 WeiYongBin middle school students in the school play death,That's family with three van will grind the school gate,Don't let the teachers and students in and out,The school about 1300 teachers and students are closed.Finally, parents and the school preliminary to reach an agreement,The school pay 150000 yuan,Events to resolve.On December 13, 2010,Jiangmen city, guangdong province XinHuiOu junior middle school students LiHaoBin innovation in physical education classes 1000 metres test suddenly fall in a faint,After the rescue invalid death after that day afternoon.After the incident,Death students suspected family death otherwise the ropes,Requires schools to make high compensation;And the school is that families the door please view behavior disturb the order of school.

　　在独生子女政策实施多年的中国，孩子是许多家庭唯一的关注点，孩子由于参加体育锻炼而死亡，失独的家长心情之悲痛、态度之激烈是人之常情，然而学校不由分说就必须承担的高额索赔也让校方恐慌。“一旦学生出现猝死事件，不管出于何种原因，学校都将负担巨额的赔偿。出于避险的考虑，只要是具有一定危险性的项目都不再列入教学。”张笑世对本报记者解释了校方对学生“过度保护”的原因。

In the one-child policy implementation in China for many years,Children are many families only concerns,Children due to take part in physical exercise and death,The loss of parents of grief mood/Attitude is so intense is human,However the school not from cent say it must bear the high claim also let the school panic."Once students appear sudden death events,No matter for any reason,The school will burden huge compensation.Out of hedge consideration,As long as it is a certain risk of the projects have not included in the teaching."A smile the world to our reporter explained to school students"overprotection"reason.

　　

解决之道一：健全纠纷解决机制 Solution a:Perfect dispute resolution mechanism

　　“这是一种规避风险的做法。”对部分高校取消长跑之举，张笑世感到无奈，他认为，此举的最大原因是我国的纠纷解决机制不健全。“我认为，如果学校向学生解释清楚了长跑可能的风险，尽到了告知的义务，并做到了相应的防范，事先对学生的身体状况有过可信的调查，但学生仍然出现事故，在这种情况下，学校不应该承担如此大的赔偿责任。如果有相应的纠纷解决机制，可以解决学校的后顾之忧，那么学校也不需要通过消极地取消一些项目来避险。”张笑世说。

"This is a kind of avoid risk approach."Some universities to cancel an run,A smile the world feel helpless,He thinks,The biggest reason is that China's dispute resolution mechanism is not sound."I think,If the school students to explain the long distance possible risk,Do to inform obligation,And do the corresponding prevention,Prior to the student body had a credible investigation,But students still appear accident,In this case,Schools should not bear such liability to pay compensation.If have corresponding dispute resolution mechanism,Can be solved the trouble back at home of the school,So the school also do not need through the negative to cancel some items to hedge."Zhang shi smile.

　　中国政法大学对大一新生的规定是，入校第一年必须跑一次1000米(男子)和800米(女子)。北方冬天锻炼手段相对缺乏，长跑是比较合适的，为了提高学生的锻炼意识，该校体育教师会在上第一节课时就告知学生有这个项目，成绩特别优秀的有高分，坚持跑完的就有学分(身体情况的确不适合长跑的另外考虑)。另外，在每次长跑考试时会有救护车停在附近，配备相应救护措施，并且提前询问学生是否身体不适、有无心肺功能问题等等。这都是为避险而采取的措施。

China university of politics and law to the provisions of the freshmen is,Sit in the first year must run a 1000 meters(man)And 800 meters(woman).The northern winter exercise means relative lack of,Long distance running is more appropriate,In order to improve the students' consciousness of exercise,The school sports teachers will on the first class hour just told students have this project,Results special excellent have high scores,Adhere to the run of more then credits(Body circumstance is not suitable for long distance running another consideration).In addition,In each test run when the ambulance stop nearby,Equipped with corresponding rescue measures,And ask students in advance whether body unwell/Without cardiopulmonary function, etc.This is all for hedge measures taken.

　　张笑世认为，在纠纷解决机制健全的情况下，学校可以对学生平时的长跑锻炼作出要求，个别学生如有不适合长跑的情况，开具证明之后，可以免跑，而其他学生正常参加；同时在比赛或考试时配备规范到位的救护措施，这样就可以避免对长跑项目“一刀切”的状况，出现猝死事件的几率也将大大降低。

A smile the world think,In the dispute settlement mechanism under the condition of sound,Schools can for students at ordinary times long distance running exercise make requirements,Individual students if there are not suitable for long distance running situation,Proof issued after,Can run free,But other students in normal;At the same time in the game or when the exam is equipped with standard in place of the rescue measures,This will avoid to run the project"One size fits all"condition,Appear sudden death events chance will also be greatly reduced.

　　

解决之道二：法律法规保障 Solution two:Legal laws and regulations

　　在面对由于参加学校体育活动带来的伤害时，许多家长质疑学校是否尽到安全保障义务，根据未成年人保护法、侵权责任法等法规，以诉讼的方式为孩子争取权益、解决纠纷，这是一种法治的进步。不过，学校应当承担多大责任，是否可以用科学的方法界定学校所承担的责任等问题，在纠纷中往往成为焦点。

In the face of due to take part in the school sports bring hurt,Many parents questioned whether schools do safety guarantee obligation,According to the law on the protection of minors/Tort liability law and other laws and regulations,The way to suit for fighting for the rights of the child/dispute,This is a kind of rule of law progress.but,The school shall bear much responsibility,If you can use the method of science define the responsibility of the school problems,In the dispute often becomes the focus.

　　北京交通大学法学院教师陈明涛接受本报记者采访时认为，学校首先需要尽到的是安全保障义务，只要尽到如实告知、防范的职责，并且教学中的体育活动能符合国家规定的标准，就不能随意扩大学校的责任。在司法实务中，这是需要根据案情具体裁量的问题，学校怎样才算做好了安全保障措施、学生的疾病史是否得到了适当的重视、学校应该承担多大的责任、是否遭遇了过度赔偿，都无法用简单的法律条文予以界定和规范，目前也没有相应的实施细则可以指导司法实践。然而家长一旦有过激举动，学校为维护稳定而简单以赔偿解决问题的途径也不可取，息事宁人的方式仅仅导致学校规避风险停止体育项目，并不能保障各方权益。

Beijing jiaotong university law school teachers ChenMingTao accepting our newspaper reporter to interview think,The school first need to do is the security obligations,As long as do truthfully inform the/Guard duty,And teaching in sports activities can meet the standards stipulated by the state,Just don't feel free to expand the school's responsibility.In the judicial practice,This is according to the specific case to the problem of discretion,School how to just calculate ready security measures/Students' medical history is provided with proper attention/The school should take on the responsibility of the how/Encountered the excessive compensation,Can use simple laws be definition and standard,There are no detailed rules for the implementation of the corresponding can guide judicial practice.But parents once has the ultra move,Schools to maintain stable and simple way to solve the problem in compensation for nor desirable,The only way to pour oil on troubled waters school avoid risk stop sports,And can not guarantee the parties rights.

　　作为体育部主任，张笑世很关注体育法以及相关法律法规的实施现状，也希望探讨，法律在规定“禁止做什么”之外，是否也可以规定相应的保障权益，不光规定“可以做什么”，还对可以做的事情提供一些保障。

As a sports department director,A smile is the law of the relevant laws and regulations and pay attention to the implementation of the status quo,Also hope to explore,Legal provisions in"Banned what to do"outside,Whether can also stipulate corresponding security rights,Regulations not only"Can do",Also can do provide some security.

　　体育法、《学校体育工作条例》属于法律法规，它们不可能细到连要跑3000米、5000米都规定。记者查阅《学校体育工作条例》，看到有“普通中小学校、农业中学、职业中学每天应当安排课间操，每周安排三次以上课外体育活动，保证学生每天有一小时体育活动的时间(含体育课)”的条款，规定了活动时间，但并未规定教学内容。

Law of/[The school sports work regulations]Belongs to the laws and regulations,They can't fine to even run 3000 meters/5000 meters are prescribed.Reporters refer to[The school sports work regulations],see"Ordinary primary and secondary schools/Agricultural middle school/Vocational school shall arrange exercise between classes every day,Arrange a week three times more extracurricular sports activities,Ensure that students have a hour every day sports time(Including physical education)"terms,Set time activities,But is not stipulated teaching content.

　　在需要执行《国家体育锻炼标准》中达标规定的时候，体育教学有相关文件等作为指导和支持。而在不以执行这个规定为硬性要求以后，法律依据相对丧失，一旦在具体操作中出现任何问题，学校和教师就需要承担因为自主增加教学内容而必须独立承担的责任。

In the need to implement[National physical exercise standard]The provisions of the standard in time,Sports teaching have relevant documents as guidance and support.And in not to carry out the provisions for rigid requirements later,Legal basis relative loss,Once in the concrete operation of any problem,Schools and teachers will need to assume because the independent increase teaching content and must be independently bear responsibility.

　　“比如说，达标规定要跑1500米，体育教学中从小学就会开始让学生跑，一直跑到大学，出现猝死、事故的可能性会大大减少。相反，从小缺乏相应锻炼，想在大学里迅速提高心肺功能，是几乎不可能的，让这样的学生去跑3000米、5000米，难保不出事。”张笑世说。

"For example,The provisions to run 1500 meters,In the sports teaching from elementary school will begin to let the students run,Always ran to the university,Appear sudden death/The possibility of accident will greatly reduce.instead,From the lack of corresponding exercise,Want to in the university rapidly improve cardiopulmonary function,It is almost impossible,Let such a student to run 3000 meters/5000 meters,No does not have an accident."Zhang shi smile.

　　

解决之道三：体育科目纳入高考 Solution three:Sports course into the college entrance examination

　　在目前的中国，体育活动有两种不同的走向，一方面，竞技体育如火如荼，形势喜人；另一方面，普通人的体育技能未见提高，儿童和青少年因为课业压力缩减了体育活动时间，成年人也因为工作压力和活动习惯的缺乏而忽视体育活动。

In the present China,Sports activities have two different trends,On the one hand,Competitive sports like a raging fire,Gratifying situation;On the other hand,People fail to improve sports skills,Children and teenagers because their pressure reduces the sports time,Adults also because working pressure and activities of habit and ignore sports activities.

　　尽管教育部硬性规定中小学生每天至少锻炼一小时，但真正能做到这一点的学校并不多。据统计，在2000年体质监测中，青少年的速度素质、耐力素质、柔韧性素质、爆发力素质、力量素质比1995年均全面下降。而2010年年初公布的一组最新的国民体质报告显示，较之2000年，我国青少年的体质再次下降。

Although the ministry of education compulsory primary and middle school students daily exercise at least an hour,But the real can do this school is not much.According to the statistics,In 2000 the constitution monitoring,Teenagers speed quality/Endurance quality/Flexibility quality/Explosion quality/The strength quality - 1995 with an average annual overall decline.And in early 2010 published a set of the latest national constitution report shows,Compared with 2000,Our country young people's constitution to fall again.

　　张笑世感到，“仅仅重视高校体育教学是不够的，最好的解决之道是把体育列入高考的必考项目，体育分数低进不了好大学的观念普及了，从小锻炼的习惯延续下来，学生的身体素质自然会提高。”

A smile the world feel,"Only pay attention to the universities sports teaching is not enough,The best solution is to sports in the university entrance exam study project,Sports scores low into a good college concept of the popularization,From the habit of exercise continue down,Students' physical quality natural will improve."

　　可喜的是，教育部门的确开始更加重视体育在中小学教育中的地位。10月22日，国务院办公厅转发教育部等部门《关于进一步加强学校体育工作若干意见的通知》，要求各地“因地制宜组织实施好初中毕业升学体育考试”，并且“积极探索在高中学业水平考试中增加体育科目的做法，推进高考综合评价体系建设，有效发挥其对增强学生体质的引导作用”。

The good news is that,Education department really began to pay more attention to physical education in primary and secondary schools in the position.On October 22,,The general office of the state council departments and so on ministry of education forward[On further strengthening school sports work several Suggestions of the notice],Requires all"Adjust measures to local conditions to implement good junior middle school graduate entrance examination of sports",and"Active exploration in the high school level exam increase the practice of sports course,Promote the university entrance exam comprehensive evaluation system construction,Effective play its to the enhancement of students' physical guidance role".

　　各地对这一通知的响应正逐渐加大体育项目迈进高考的步伐。在《山东省全民健身实施计划(2011-2015年)》中，山东省以省政府文件的形式将学生体育科目纳入高考已成定论。

On this notice all the response is gradually increasing sports into the pace of the university entrance exam.in[Shandong national fitness implement plan(2011-2015)]in,Shandong provincial government documents in the form of a student sports course into the college entrance examination has become a conclusion.

　　“少年进步则国进步，少年胜于欧洲，则国胜于欧洲，少年雄于地球，则国雄于地球。”在致力于让学生拥有丰富知识的同时，他们强健的体魄需要法律乃至整个社会的共同呵护。(刘洋)

"Young progress is countries progress,Young is better than Europe,The kingdom is better than Europe,Young male to the earth,The male countries on earth."To let the students have rich knowledge at the same time,They a strong body needs the law and even the entire social common care.(were)