该报告依据于自2010年开始的一项追踪研究。研究对象是12所高校（6所“985”高校和6所普通高校）约6000名毕业生。通过问卷调查和焦点组访谈，研究者试图了解2003年（第一届大学扩招后毕业生）以来历届大学毕业生的就业与收入、生活状况与消费方式、婚恋与家庭以及网络行为与社会政治态度等方面的情况，其中的一个研究重点是大学毕业生的就业状况及其相关满意度。

According to the report, since 2010 the beginning of a tracking study.The research object is 12 universities(6"985"Universities and six colleges)About 6000 graduates.Through the questionnaire survey and focus group interview,The researchers tried to understand in 2003(The first university graduates after enrollment)All previous college graduates employment and income/Living conditions and consumption patterns/Marriage and family and network behavior and social political attitude, etc,One of the research focuses on the employment situation of graduates in the university and the related degree of satisfaction.

　　这份报告集纳于2013年《中国社会蓝皮书》之中。

The report market offer in 2013[China's social blue book]of.

毕业生的适应性蜕变 Graduates of adaptability of disintegration

　　当2003年大学扩招后第一届毕业生遭遇就业困难时，毕业生及其家长几乎是措手不及，无所适从。如今，这些“天之骄子”已然接受了就业难的现实，普遍降低了就业预期，对初职月薪水平的要求不断下调，以往难以接受的较低声望和较低专业技能的就业岗位现在也可以接受。他们知道，在全球金融危机背景下，中国大学生的境遇算是比较好的了。曾经的不满被对现实的妥协代替。

When in 2003 the university after the enrollment of the first graduates employment difficulties encountered,Graduates and their parents is almost unprepared,At loose ends.now,these"'s"Has accepted the reality of difficult employment,Generally reduces the employment expectations,As the first monthly salary level requirement constantly cut,In the past to accept lower prestige and low professional skills jobs now also can accept.They know,Under the background of the global financial crisis,The plight of Chinese college students is relatively good.Once the discontent is the realistic compromise instead.

　　与此同时，大学生采用多种策略应对就业压力，努力提高自身的就业竞争力，比如：申请入党、参考公务员、考取各类资格证书、争取实习机会、了解就业信息，等等。大学生入党积极性非常高，接受调查的12所高校近三年的毕业生近半数是党员。其中：“985”高校本科毕业生41%是党员，普通高校毕业生37%是党员。这一点颇出研究者意料之外。

meanwhile,College students use a variety of strategies to deal with the employment pressure,Strive to improve their employment competitiveness,Such as:Applicant for party membership/The reference civil service/Pass all kinds of qualification certificate/For internships/The understanding employment information,etc.The college students' enthusiasm is very high,Investigated 12 university graduates of nearly three years nearly half are party members.the:"985"College graduates 41% are party members,Ordinary college graduates 37% are party members.It is quite out of the researchers unexpected.

　　大学生还通过参与各类社团活动和各种竞赛、担任学生干部、争取荣誉称号等方式，提升自身综合素质，为就业作准备。这些因素导致大学毕业生就业难问题出现了新的变化趋势。

College students still through participating in all kinds of community activities and various competitions/Served the post of student cadre/For the honorary title, etc,To improve their comprehensive quality,Prepare for employment.These factors lead to college graduates employment difficult problem appeared new trend.

　　研究者发现，虽然大学毕业生失业现象不很严重，但隐性失业现象较为突出。应届毕业生毕业半年后大约3/4的人就业，而没有就业的1/4的人中只有不到半数在继续上学（读研究生或出国留学等），其余的人既不工作也不上学。

The researchers found that,Although college graduate unemployment is not very serious,But the recessive unemployment is common.Graduate graduation after six months about three-quarters of jobs,Without the employment of a quarter of the people in less than half continue to go to school(Graduate school or go abroad to study abroad, etc),The rest of the people neither work also don't go to school.

　　“这些人当中只有少数人在找工作（被统计为失业的人），多数人则处于隐性失业状态，他们在等待满意的工作机会或继续上学的机会。当然，真正什么也不做而‘啃老’的人只是少数，但他们中的多数人还是依赖父母的经济资助，准备各种考试或上各类的培训课程。如果有好的工作机会，他们马上就会就业。这些人是隐性失业者，应届毕业生毕业一年内的隐性失业率接近10%。”此项研究的负责人说。

"These people only a few people looking for a job(Be counted as unemployed people),Most people are in a state of recessive unemployment,They waited for the satisfactory jobs or to continue the chance to go to school.Of course,Really what also do not do‘On the’Only a few people,But most of them or rely on the financial help from my parents,Prepare all kinds of test or on each kind of training courses.If you have a good job opportunity,They'll soon be employment.These people are the hidden the unemployed,Fresh graduates graduate one year of recessive unemployment close to 10%."The study of the person in charge said.

新学校教育无用论 The new school education useless theory

　　调查发现，不同学历和不同类型学校有不同的就业率，并非越高学历和越好的学校就业率就越高，不同学历和学校类型毕业生的就业状况呈现两头高中间低的U形。硕士毕业生的就业率低于本科生和博士生，“211”大学毕业生就业率低于“985”高校和普通高校。

Survey found that,Different degree and different types of schools have different employment rate,The more highly educated and not the good school employment rate is higher,Different types of school education and the employment situation of graduates in present two head high intermediate low U.The master's graduates employment rate lower than undergraduate and doctoral,"211"University graduates employment rate below"985"Universities and colleges.

　　与此相关，目前大约1/3的毕业生在从事与其所学专业无关的工作，有部分专业的毕业生就业的专业对口率不到30%。极端的例子是，只有约1/6的医学专业毕业生从事医疗工作。

related,At present about a third of the graduates with major in engaged in independent work,Some graduates employment professing rate less than 30%.Extreme example is,Only about 1/6 of the medical graduates engaged in medical work.

　　即使毕业生从事与所学专业相关的工作，在很多情况下，用不到在校期间所学的专业知识，而工作岗位所需要的应用实践性技能，学校教育未能提供，这导致用人单位不愿招收应届毕业生，而许多毕业生感到在学校里学到的专业知识对其就业帮助不大。

Even if the graduates with major in related work,In many cases,In less than during the period of school learn professional knowledge,And jobs need application practical skills,School education do not provide,This leads to unit of choose and employ persons is not willing to recruit graduates,Many graduates are in school learn professional knowledge to the employment of little help.

　　此种情况反映在研究中为，专业课成绩好坏与毕业生的就业状况没有太大的关联，并且对于毕业生随后（毕业7年内）的收入增长和职位提升也没有正向作用。

This is reflected in the study for,Professional course grades and the employment situation of graduates in no too big correlation,And then for graduates(Graduation seven years)Income growth and position ascension also no positive effect.

　　它导致的后果是，许多学生对学校教育不满意，认为学到的专业知识无用，对专业课学习采取应付态度，他们把主要精力用于考研、学外语、考各种证书、兼职工作等方面。

It is in the consequences,Many students in the school education not satisfied,Think learn professional knowledge useless,To cope with the attitude of professional course learning,The main energy for one's deceased father grind/To learn a foreign language/Test all kinds of certificate/A part-time job, etc.

　　“出现这种现象的主要原因是专业课教学内容常常基于教师本人兴趣和专业知识，而较少考虑学生就业需要。学校的业绩考核迫使教师把主要精力用于发表论文和申请研究项目，从而忽略学生就业所需要的基础专业知识和应用技能的教育。”此项研究的负责人说。

"Appear this kind of phenomenon is the main reason of the professional course teaching content are often based on the teacher himself interested in and professional knowledge,And less consider student employment needs.The school teacher performance evaluation forced the main energy used in published papers and application research project,Neglecting students employment need basic professional knowledge and application skills of education."The study of the person in charge said.

就业“拼爹”引发不满 employment"Spell dad"Cause dissatisfaction

　　虽然大部分毕业生都能找到工作，但其中50%的人对自己的就业状态不满意，他们抱怨收入低、待遇差、专业不对口、没有发展前途等，这导致毕业生跳槽现象频繁发生。毕业半年内有27%的本科毕业生跳槽，而大专生则有48%跳槽；毕业三年内61%的本科生跳过槽，79%的大专生跳过槽。98%的跳槽行为都是主动提出离职，而非雇主解雇。

Although most of the graduates to find jobs,But 50% of the people are not satisfied with the employment status,They complain that the low income/Treatment difference/Profession wrong/No development prospect, etc,This leads to graduates frequent job-hopping phenomenon.Graduation in half a year 27% of the undergraduate course graduate job,And college students have 48% job-hopping;Graduation three years 61% of the undergraduate students skip the tank,79% of junior college student skip slot.98% of the job-hopping behavior are offered to exit,Rather than employers fired.

　　和这种“不满”相比，另一种“不满”更显刺眼。

And this"dissatisfaction"Compared with,another"dissatisfaction"More dazzling.

　　2008年金融危机以来，大学毕业生就业选择倾向发生明显转变，最理想的就业选择从高收入的外企转变为高福利和高稳定的体制内单位（党政机关、事业单位和国有企业）。体制内就业岗位竞争十分激烈，然而，与外企就业岗位竞争不同，体制内就业岗位竞争存在着暗箱操作、以权谋私、权钱交易、拉关系走后门等不正之风。

Since the financial crisis in 2008,University graduates employment choice tendency obvious change happen,The most ideal choice of career high income from foreign into gao fuli and high stability of the unit in the system(Party and government organs/Institutions and state-owned enterprises).In the system of employment competition is very fierce,however,And foreign enterprise jobs in different competition,In the system of employment competition there is black case work/Abuse power for personal gains/trading/Try to curry favor with the back door and unhealthy tendency.

　　用毕业生的话来说，要竞争到体制内就业机会是要“拼爹”，一些公开招聘是为某些人“量身定做”的“萝卜坑”，而大部分应聘的人都是“陪练”，即使考分和面试都是第一名也需要“运作”（走关系、行贿）。虽然不清楚这类不正之风到底有多严重，但在毕业生和其家长看来这类现象普遍存在。几乎每一个毕业生都能讲述几个这类故事，有些是其亲身经历，有些是他们的同学、朋友、熟人或亲戚的遭遇。只有“有关系”、“有背景”的人才能当公务员或进国有企业，这几乎为大部分毕业生所认同。

Graduates with words,To compete in the system of employment is to"Spell dad",Some of the open recruitment is for some people"tailored"of"Radish pit",And most people are applying for"practice",Even if the test scores and interview are the first also need"operation"(Go relationship/bribery).Although not clear this kind of unhealthy tendency how serious,But in the graduates and their parents it seems this kind of phenomenon exists generally.Almost every graduates can tell a few this kind of story,Some is the experience,Some are their classmates/friends/Acquaintances or relatives of the encounter.only"There is a relationship between"/"Settings"Man can as civil servants or into state-owned enterprises,This is almost the most graduates identity.

　　“这种印象如此强烈，以至于有些家长在给子女填写高考专业方向时声称，某些专业不适合其子女，因为这些专业的主要就业领域是机关和事业单位，而他们缺乏相应的社会关系，难以帮助子女进入这类单位。”此项研究负责人说。

"This kind of impression so strong,That some parents give their children to fill in the college entrance examination professional direction says,Some professional is not suitable for their children,Because these professional obtain employment domain is the main organs and institutions,And they lack the corresponding social relations,To help children into this kind of unit."In the study said.

　　同样的，很多毕业生也有类似想法，他们因没有相应家庭背景而不敢竞争这些就业岗位，那些应聘公务员和国有企业工作岗位失败的人，纷纷抱怨招聘背后的“猫儿腻”，并且猜想竞聘上岗者的家庭背景。这种现状激起众多毕业生的强烈不公平感，同时也导致他们对政府部门和国有企业招聘的公正性产生质疑。

The same,Many graduates have similar ideas,They have not corresponding family background to compete for these jobs,Those who apply for civil servants and state-owned enterprise work failure,Behind the recruitment are complaining"MaoErNi",And suppose an ShangGangZhe family background.This kind of situation arouses many graduates not strong fairness,At the same time also lead to the government and state-owned enterprises have cast doubt on the integrity of the recruitment.

　　不过，体制内就业者也并非事事如意。就业的最初几年，能在体制内获得工作机会的毕业生感到他们是幸运儿，不用像其他同学一样在市场竞争中焦虑挣扎。但工作大约5～7年时间，他们中的一部分人也会产生焦虑，对体制内工作感到不满，抱怨工作内容枯燥乏味，缺乏挑战性，人际关系复杂，职务晋升机会竞争不公平和不公开，收入低，等等。

but,Within the system employed is not all the best.The first few years of employment,Within the system can get jobs graduates feel they are lucky dog,Don't like other students in market competition anxiety struggle.But about 5 ~ 7 years,Some of them also can produce anxiety,To work within the system feel dissatisfied,Complain that work boring content,Lack of challenge,Complicated interpersonal relationship,Promotion opportunity to compete not fair and open,Low income,etc.

何处安家与前途迷茫 Where the future relocation and confusion

　　获得一份工作只是毕业生迈向社会的第一步，随后他们就要考虑前途方向和安身立命之所在，这是工作五六年之后的毕业生的主要困扰。调查发现，大城市的高房价和高租金使许多毕业生感到他们不可能在此长久定居，三四年前出现了“逃离北上广”的潮流，许多毕业生返回家乡或奔向二三线城市，但近两年，“逃离”大城市的毕业生又逐渐回流，因为他们发现中小城市的就业机会更少，发展空间更小，而要获得好机会更需要家庭背景和社会关系。

A job is just the first step towards society graduates,Then they will consider the future direction and the settlement,This is six years work after the main problems of the graduates.Survey found that,High prices in big cities and high rent that many graduates feel they can't be settled in this long,Three or four years ago appeared"Flee north wide"trend,Many graduates to return home or run to two or three line city,But nearly two years,"Escape from"Big cities graduates and gradually return,Because they found that small and medium-sized cities of employment opportunities less,Development space more small,And to get a good opportunity to need more family background and social relations.

　　不论是返回大城市的毕业生还是留在中小城市的毕业生，都处于进退两难境地。坚守在大城市的人深感这里不是长久的安家之处，返回中小城市的人则感觉生活沉闷、前途无望。有一份工作和收入以维持生计，远不能满足当今大学毕业生的需求，他们想要的是有品质的生活和有发展前景的工作，成为中产阶级或享受所谓的中产阶级生活方式是他们的生活目标，然而理想与现实的巨大差距使他们处于焦虑状态。

Whether to return to the big cities or small and medium-sized cities in graduates graduate,Are in a dilemma.Stand in a big city people feel this is not the place of home for a long time,To return to the small and medium-sized cities, feel boring life/Future hopelessness.Have a job and income for their livelihoods,Far cannot satisfy the needs of today's college graduates,They want is a good quality life and the prospects of development work,Become the middle class or enjoy the so-called middle class life style is their life goal,The ideal and the reality, however, the great gap in anxiety state.

　　此项研究的负责人不禁感叹，“近两年来，金融危机导致的生活成本不断上升和就业不稳定进一步加剧，使许多毕业生感到，他们需要花更长的时间才能实现梦想，有些毕业生甚至感到梦想不可能实现而为此悲观。”

The study of the person in charge can not help but sigh,"In the past two years,The cost of living in the financial crisis led to the rise and employment unstable further intensifies,Many graduates feel,They need to take a longer time to realize the dream,Some graduates was even dream will not come true and pessimistic about it."