没有玻璃窗，也没有隔板，北京和睦家医院的药剂师冀连梅和医生一样，面对面和患者交流。

No window,There is no partition,Beijing united family hospital pharmacist ji mei and the doctor,Face to face communicate with patients.

　　一个冬日的午后，她正详细地给一个父亲解释两瓶喷雾剂的区别。大夫给他5岁的儿子开了两种治疗哮喘的药物，但打开说明书根本看不出来两者的区别，更别提小孩子该如何使用了。

A winter afternoon,She was detailed to a father explain the difference between the two bottles of spray.The doctor gave his 5 years old son two drugs for the treatment of asthma,But open the manual at all can't see the difference between the two,Not to mention the children how to use it.

　　这几乎是每位父母遭遇过的尴尬。整整一层楼的药店里，儿童药品只占据了巴掌大的一层货架。打开说明书，提到儿童用药大多是笼统的一句“请遵医嘱”或“酌情减量”，让心急火燎的家长无所适从。好不容易找到一瓶标明服用剂量的退烧糖浆，还要按照不同年龄甚至不同体重来服用，大人不得不找出计算器进行千克和毫升之间的换算。

It is almost every encountered the embarrassment of their parents.A whole floor in the pharmacy,Children drugs only occupy the palm of a layer of shelves.Open the instructions,That children are mostly general"Please as directed by a physician"or"Take into consideration the reduction",Let anxiously parents not know what to do.Very not easy to find a bottle of marked dose of fever syrup,Also according to different age and different weight to take,Adults have to find out the calculator for kg and the conversion between the ml.

　　“在中国当父母，只知道阿司匹林可不行，你要明白什么叫麦角胺、氯霉素和乙酰氨基酚，学会用半衰期来计算药物排出体外的时间，甚至要像金庸笔下的小龙女一样练习玉女素心剑法，这样才能准确地把指甲盖大小的一粒药劈成8瓣，”一位母亲忍不住叹了口气说，“不学点儿科医学知识，根本不放心。”

"When parents in China,Just know that aspirin may not,Do you want to know what call ergotamine/Chloramphenicol and acetaminophen,Learn to use half-life to calculate drug eduction body outside of time,Even will practice as jin yong's xiao longnv herself heart jianfa,So that you can accurately put ZhiJiaGai the size of a grain of medicine in 8 disc,"A mother can't help but said with a sigh,"Don't learn some pediatric medical knowledge,Don't rest assured."

　　“一种是紧急发作时缓解症状用的，一种是让孩子长期使用改善体质的。”冀连梅对那位父亲解释说。她指出在药学的临床研究中，儿童通常不作为观察对象。这意味着不仅缺乏专门针对儿童开发的配方药物，更缺乏对儿童用药安全性和有效性的解释。据统计，我国每天有数百人死于不良用药，其中儿童占32%。

"A is for the use of emergency onset relieve symptoms,One is to let children use for a long time to improve the constitution."Ji mei explained to the father.She noted that in the clinical study of pharmaceutical,Children don't usually as research object.This means that not only lack of prescription drugs for children's development,More children lack of safety and efficacy of explanation.According to statistics,In China every day there are hundreds of people died in the bad,The children (32%).

　　“儿童虽然是个小人，但并不是缩小版的成人，儿童用药要慎之又慎。”从2011年起，冀连梅开始通过微博向公众普及儿童的安全用药问题。

"Although children is a mean person,But not narrow version of adults,Children will be formulated."Since 2011,Ji may even start to the public through the micro bo the safety of the children's medical problems.

　　

“什么，”那位母亲大吃一惊，“那中国的孩子怎么办？” "what,"The mother was surprised,"The Chinese child?"

　　按照世界卫生组织(WHO)的说法，儿童用药安全是个全球性问题。数据表明，全世界每年约有900万5岁以下的儿童死亡，其中许多儿童死于原本可以治愈的病症。不仅如此，许多儿童使用的药物对儿童的作用尚无定论，甚至没有获得许可对儿童使用。

According to the world health organization(The world health organization (WHO))The statement,Children's safety is a global problem.Data show that,The world each year about 9 million children under the age of five die,Many children die from the original can be used to cure the disease.Not only that,Many children use the use of the drug to children is uncertain,Even without a license for use by children.

　　而来自卫生部药品不良反应监测中心数据显示，我国儿童用药不良反应率是12.9%，新生儿高达24.4%，成人只有6.9%。据中国聋儿康复中心统计，我国7岁以下聋儿，超过30%是因药物过量造成的毒副作用所致。

From the ministry of health adverse drug reaction monitoring center data display,Children's drug adverse reaction rate is 12.9% in China,Newborn babies as high as 24.4%,Adult is only 6.9%.According to the China rehabilitation centers,Hearing-impaired children under the age of 7 in China,More than 30% is caused because of drug side effects caused by the excessive.

　　这其中的首要问题是无药可用。来自北京首都儿科研究所的数据表明，我国儿童专用药物剂型同现有药物剂型的比例高达1:59，90%的药品没有适宜儿童的专用剂型。在我国2009年发布实施的《国家基本药物目录》中，儿童药物数量偏少，尤其是在102种中成药中，只有1个儿童专用品种。来自北京协和医院的数据则显示，以专门治疗婴儿腹泻的一二线抗生素为例，北京协和共有西药1300种，儿科专用药品只有31种。

One of the primary problem is no medicine can be used.From Beijing, the capital of the institute of pediatrics data shows,In China the proportion of drug dosage forms and existing formulations for children as much as it happened,90% of the drug are not suitable for children's special formulations.Released in 2009[National basic medicine catalogue]In the,Children's drug quantity less,Especially in 102 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine,Only one children special varieties.Data from the Peking union medical college hospital shows,The special treatment of infant diarrhea a second line antibiotics for example,1300 kinds of western medicine in Peking union medical college,Pediatric special drugs only 31.

　　一位姓翟的儿科医生依然记得，一位父亲为了给5个月的孩子喂药，先拿着剪刀在药片上剪出几个豁口，再找出一只玻璃杯将其压碎，最后小心翼翼地挑拣出近三分之一的药量。

A man surnamed di pediatrician still remember,A father to feed for children 5 months,First took the scissors to cut out some decrease on the tablets,To find a glass to crush it,Finally carefully pick out nearly a third of drug.

　　他的儿子得了重症肾病，每天需要两次服用一种名为“强的松”的特效药物。对于这个还不到半岁的小宝宝来说，即使是磨成芝麻粒大小的药片，仍然巨大得难以吞咽。不得已，这位父亲把药片磨碎后，还要将其泡在水里，用奶瓶给孩子喂进去。

He was the son of severe kidney disease,Need to take one called twice a day"prednisone"Effects of the drug.For the less than a half year old baby,Even if the size of grinding sesame seeds tablets,Still have great difficult to swallow.Compelled to,The father put the tablets after grinding,Will the bubble in the water,With bottle feeding children in.

　　“即使如此，剂量仍然不够准确，”翟医生很是无奈，“在国外这种药物有液体的口服剂，可以用针管来抽取适当剂量。”

"Even so,Dose still not accurate enough,"Zhai the doctor is very helpless,"The drug oral agents of a liquid in a foreign country,Can use a needle to appropriate doses."

　　儿童药品剂型、种类的缺乏，与儿童药品研发市场的不景气脱不开关系。目前，我国很多制药企业以生产成人药品为主，多数儿童药品是由制药企业附带进行小批量的生产。以呼吸系统药物为例，眼下只有上海、沈阳、无锡、温州等6地的一些医疗机构参与试验，可儿童呼吸系统疾病种类繁多，药品更新和淘汰速度又过快，药品厂难以赢利。

Children of pharmaceutical dosage forms/The lack of species,And children drug research and development of the market recession not relationship.At present,,Many pharmaceutical enterprises in our country give priority to in order to make adult medicine,Most children drug is conducted by pharmaceutical enterprise with small batch production.In the case of respiratory medicine,At the moment only in Shanghai/shenyang/wuxi/Wenzhou six to some of the medical institutions to participate in the test,Can children phyletic and various respiratory illnesses,Drugs update and elimination speed and too fast,Pharmaceutical factory is difficult to profit.

　　冀连梅回忆起在美国沃尔玛药房的工作经历。美国大部分药品不但有儿童剂型，还有给儿童辅助用药的糖浆。这种糖浆包括桔子味、水蜜桃味、草莓味等多种口味，可以让孩子按自己的喜好挑选。她记得，自己回国后在和睦家医院工作，一位外国人来买糖浆，却被告知没有。

Ji even may recall in the United States wal-mart pharmacy work experience.The most drug dosage forms there are not only children,And for children of auxiliary medicine syrup.This kind of syrup including orange flavour/Peach flavor/Strawberry and so on many kinds of taste,Can let the child choose according to oneself be fond of.She remembered,After his return in hospitals,A foreigner to buy syrup,Only to be told.

　　“什么，”那位母亲大吃一惊，“那中国的孩子怎么办？”

"what,"The mother was surprised,"The Chinese child?"

　　

把大人的药减量给孩子吃，是“用孩子做药物实验” Of the adult medicine reducing to give children to eat,is"With the child to do drug experiments"

　　由于缺乏儿童药剂，许多儿科医生不得不给孩子开一些成人药物，然后“儿童酌情减半或遵医嘱”。

Due to a lack of children,Many pediatricians to give children some adult medicine,then"Children take into consideration the half or as directed by a physician".

　　但这种做法并不正确，按照世界卫生组织的说法，是“用孩子做药物实验”。“孩子可不是缩小版的成人，”参加世界卫生组织儿童药物标准化研讨会的儿内科专家鲍一笑指出，“这正是儿童用药与成人用药必须不一样的一个原因”。

But this kind of practice is not correct,According to the world health organization,is"With the child to do drug experiments"."Children is no narrow version of adults,"To the world health organization (who) children drug standardization workshop of medical experts said bao a smile,"This is for children and adults use one of the reasons must be different".

　　上海瑞金医院儿科医生肖园表示，儿童在体格和器官功能各方面都处于不断发育的时期，中枢神经系统、胃肠道功能、肝肾功能和内分泌系统发育都未健全，其药动学和药效学特征与成人的差异更为显著。

Shanghai ruijin hospital pediatric medical zodiac groves said,Children in every aspect of physique and organ function in the period of continuous development,The central nervous system/Gastrointestinal function/Kidney function and the endocrine system development is not sound,The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics and adult is more significant difference.

　　以承担排毒、解毒功能的肝脏、肾脏为例，新生儿的状况，就跟6岁的儿童完全不一样，13～14岁的孩子又是一个模式。在新生儿当中，又可以划分成两组，一组是发育成熟后出生的婴儿，另一组是早产儿。

To undertake detoxification/Detoxification function of liver/For example kidneys,The status of the newborn,Just 6 years old children's completely different,13 ~ 14 years old of children is a model.In the middle of the newborn,And can be divided into two groups,A set of mature after the birth of the baby,Another group is premature.

　　为此，世界卫生组织将儿童按生理特征划分为7个阶段，并建议不同时期儿童所适合药物的剂型。但在我国的《国家基本药物处方集(化学药品和生物制品)》中，只有个别药品是根据不同年龄段建议使用不同剂量的，大部分药品都没有依照儿童的年龄段进行分类。

For this,The world health organization will children according to physiological features is divided into seven stages,And children in different periods for drug dosage form.But in our country[National basic prescription drugs(Chemical medicines and biological products)]In the,Only individual is recommended according to different ages different dosages of the drug,Most of the drugs are not in accordance with the age of children.

　　在这样的情况下，家长有时候不得不求助于说明书。但翻翻国内的感冒药、抗生素等药品说明书，那张薄薄的小纸片儿上，大多简单地写着“儿童在成人监护下使用”、“或遵医嘱”，有的甚至是一句不良反应和禁忌“尚不明确”

Under such circumstances,Parents sometimes have to resort to the instruction.But the flip the domestic cold medicine/Antibiotic drugs such as the specification,That piece of thin little piece of paper,Most simply written"Children in adult care use"/"Or as directed by a physician",Some even is an adverse reaction and contraindication"It is not clear"

　　“国外的药品说明书有两类，一类是用通俗易懂的话给患者看的，一类是用专业的医学名词给医生看的。”冀连梅表示，“许多药品的说明书，往往真的是‘书’厚得像本书。”

"There are two types of medicine specifications abroad,One kind is with plain words show patients,One kind is with professional medical term to see the doctor."Even ji mei said,"Many drug instructions,Often really is‘The book’Thick like this book."

　　

不该给孩子用的药用在孩子身上，“真是匪夷所思” Shouldn't give children with medicinal in children,"It's ridiculous"

　　在这样的情况下，儿童乱用药，甚至医生乱开药的情况时有发生。

Under such circumstances,Children using medicineatwill,Even the doctor prescribe the situation happen from time to tome.

　　不久前，5个月大的果果得了支气管炎，医生给开了5种药。妈妈不放心，找了一位学中医的朋友咨询。对方告诉她，其中两种药根本不适合给5个月的宝宝吃，“可能会有严重的过敏反应”。果果妈妈当时就觉得“心都要碎了”，“真心后悔大学没修儿科或者药理什么的专业”。

Not long ago,5 months GuoGuo got bronchitis,The doctor opened 5 kinds of medicine.Mother did not rest assured,Looking for a friend to learn Chinese.The other party to tell her,Two of the drugs don't suitable for to five months of the baby to eat,"There may be a severe allergic reaction".GuoGuo mother feel at that time"Heart will be broken","Sincerely regret university didn't fix pediatric or pharmacological what major".

　　不久前的12月3日，河北献县的一家妇幼保健医院突然在凌晨1时40分停电，直到早晨6时30分，医院才启动应急发电。一名保温箱里的新生儿，在寒冷中苦苦支撑了5个小时之后，出现了发烧、打喷嚏的症状，4日下午，孩子开始呼吸困难。

On December 3, not long ago,A maternity and child health care hospital of hebei XianXian 1 40 points in the morning suddenly have a power fail,Until the morning at 6,Hospital to start emergency power.A newborn in the incubator,After struggling in the cold for five hours,The fever/The symptoms of sneezing,4 in the afternoon,Children start breathing difficulties.

　　父亲李大兵按照医生的嘱咐，买来两瓶滴鼻净。“用完滴鼻净孩子就吐了，但大夫说没事了，说孩子情况挺平稳。”第二天凌晨，孩子的姥姥发现，自己刚出生3天的小外孙，已经停止了呼吸。

Father LiDaBing according to the doctor's commanded,Bought two bottles of intranasal net."Finished with intranasal net child was sick,But the doctor said it's all right,Said the child situation is stable."The second day in the morning,The child's grandmother,He just was born three days of little grandson,Has stopped breathing.

　　“先不说停电断氧的事，给新生儿用滴鼻净这个药？真是匪夷所思。”在舆论纷纷指责医院的基础设施建设问题的时候，翟医生对这起事故中滴鼻净的使用十分诧异。

"First don't power off oxygen,For newborns with intranasal net this medicine?It's ridiculous."In the public opinion have been accused of hospital infrastructure construction problems,Zhai doctors use of intranasal net in the accident is very surprised.

　　据他解释，鼻眼净的成分是奈甲唑啉，是一种拟肾上腺素药，目前，国内已经有多起婴幼儿应用滴鼻净引起中毒的报道，这种药品会导致婴幼儿出现嗜睡呕吐等症状，该药品是禁用于婴幼儿患者的。

According to his interpretation,Nasal eye net is the composition of nano Europe,Is a kind of quasi - adrenaline,At present,,Domestic have been a number of infant application reports of intranasal net lead poisoning,The drug can cause infants appear sleepiness symptoms such as vomiting,The drug was banned in infant patients.

　　另一种已经被淘汰的药物，却仍在中国不少地区使用。“退热针通常使用的是安乃近、复方氨基比林等含氨基比林的药物，这些药物早就被淘汰了。”冀连梅强调，“世界卫生组织早就向家长和儿科医生提出建议，宝宝发烧不要注射退热针！”

Another has been eliminated,Still used in many areas of China."Needle fever usually use is exported/Compound amino than contain amino Lin Lin,These drugs have been eliminated."Even ji mei emphasized,"The world health organization (who) have the guardian and pediatrician put forward some Suggestions,The baby has a fever don't antifebrile injection!"

　　“这类药物用在儿童身上，可能会导致(儿童罹患)致死率极高、极其痛苦的大疱性表皮松懈症。”她在微博里提到那个可怕的副作用时，甚至不忍心贴上图片。

"This kind of drug use in children,May lead to(Children suffering from)Death rate is too high/Anguish of bullous skin lax."She mentioned that terrible side effects in micro bo,Even don't have the heart to put pictures.

　　她自己的女儿最近也发烧了，“吃了3次泰诺林退烧，生理性海水盐喷雾器洗鼻子，生理盐水雾化排痰缓解咳嗽”，“小公主”坐在地毯上用积木搭建城堡，虽然生着病，照样“吃喝玩不误”。(文中患者皆为化名)

Her daughter has recently had a fever,"Eat tylenol, Lin fever for 3 times,Physiological sea salt spray washing nose,Physiological saline spray phlegm relieve a cough","The little princess"Sitting on the carpet with blocks built castle,Although the sick,so"Eat to play right".(The patients are aliases)