一位高校老师的困境:在学术研究和生存压力中挣扎 The plight of a university teacher: struggle in academic research and survival pressure

　　34岁的林方(化名)在最近的一次副教授职称评定中失利，原因是他在留校任教的3年里，教学虽然成绩突出，但由于科研成果与其他候选者相比不具优势，最终落选。林方非常受挫，同时又有很多无奈和心酸。

At the age of 34 LinFang(The allotted time periods specified by the)Associate professor title in a recent evaluation of loss,The reason is he teaches in the three years,Teaching though outstanding achievements,But as a result of scientific research achievement has no advantage compared with other candidates,Ultimately unsuccessful.LinFang very frustrated,There are a lot of helpless and sad at the same time.

　　林方，国内知名大学工科博士毕业，因为博士期间成果突出而获得留校任教机会。“选择留校，一方面是因为对科研工作的兴趣，另一方面是认为在高校任教工作体面、收入不错。”但现实与他的想法有很大的落差。

LinFang,Domestic famous university engineering doctoral graduate,Because Dr During outstanding achievements and teaches."Choose at present,On the one hand because of interest in the scientific research work,On the other hand is that in college teaching work/Income is good."But the reality with his idea has the very big gap.

　　林方告诉记者，他的日常工作主要包含几个部分:一是，所在课题组负责人(通常被称为“老板”)分配的工作，包括课题相关的科研任务，以及给“老板”带的硕士生修改论文、选课、答疑。二是，学校安排的工作，包括一定课时的教学任务，还有学校的各项评估考核等。“这些工作虽不难，却很耗时。比如教学，为了上好一堂课，可能你需要一周的时间来备课。而一到评估、考核的时候，可能一整天都得耗在上面。”三是自我提升，包括参加学术活动、自主研究，对于青年教师来说这是最重要的一个环节，既关系到职业长期发展，也影响教学质量。但是这部分工作短期内不能产生效益，反而需要经费的支持。“受现有的评价机制所限，没有经验缺乏资历的青年老师很难独立申请课题，因此得通过给老板干活或者承担教学任务，获取经费用于自我提升、独立科研。”林方无奈地表示:“但是我所面临的困境是，做这两项工作占据了太多的时间，自己独立科研的时间非常有限，没有独立科研成果，便无法通过职称评测；如果放弃给老板干活或者教学任务完不成，相当于切断了科研经费和家庭收入来源。”

LinFang told reporters,His daily work includes several parts: one is,Our person in charge(Is often called"The boss")The distribution of work,Including issues related to the scientific research task,As well as to"The boss"With master of proofreading/course/Answering questions.The second is,Arranged by school work,Include a certain class of the teaching task,There are all kinds of school evaluation, etc."The job is easy,But very time consuming.Such as teaching,In order to give a good lesson,You may need a week's time to preparing.And one to evaluate/Assessment of the time,May all day have to consumption on it."Three is self-improvement,Involved in academic activities/Independent research,For young teachers, this is one of the most important link,Not only related to the professional development for a long time,Also influences the teaching quality.But this part of the work in the short term cannot produce benefits,It needs the support of the funds."By the existing evaluation mechanism,Inexperienced lack of qualifications of youth teacher is difficult to separate the application,So have to go through to work for boss or bear the teaching task,To obtain funds for self-improvement/Independent scientific research."LinFang helplessly say:"But I is the dilemma faced by,Do these two work occupy too much time,Their own independent scientific research of the time is very limited,No independent scientific research achievements,Can't through the title evaluation;If give up work for boss or teaching task to finish,To cut off funds for scientific research and family income."

　　在科研、教学和经济的三重压力下，林方尚未找到突破之道，首次参评副教授失利后，对未来的生活和职业发展，林方倍感焦虑和迷茫，“现在高校的政策是‘非升即走’，5年内再不能评上副教授，就只能离职。”

In scientific research/The teaching and the triple pressure of the economy,LinFang has not yet found a breakthrough,Associate professor of anthropology defeat for the first time,For the future life and career development,LinFang feel anxiety and confusion,"Now is the policy of colleges and universities‘Either/or walk’,Five years can't judge on associate professors,Can only leave."

　　在工作之外，林方能留给家庭的时间少得可怜，“每天都很忙，可一年到头能贡献给家里的工资不到4万元，家庭事务还多亏妻子打理，几乎没有时间陪伴孩子。自己和家人都把希望寄托在未来，但是对于这个未来，我越发不确信。”

In the work,Lin will leave family had very little time,"Every day is very busy,But all the year round can contribute to the home of the salary less than 40000 yuan,Also thanks to the wife do family affairs,Almost no time with children.Oneself and family are the hope in the future,But for the future,I don't sure."

“高校青年教师如‘工蜂’，是学术体制中最辛苦的” "Young teachers in colleges and universities‘Worker bees’,Is the most hard of academic system"

　　林方的困境是当下许多高校青年教师职业发展的缩影。

LinFang the plight of many of the young university teachers' professional development at the present time.

　　对外经贸大学教师廉思曾经是“蚁族”概念的提出者，在过去的一年时间里，他带领自己的团队通过在北京、上海、武汉、西安、广州5个城市，对5138名40岁以下的高校青年教师，进行了抽样问卷调查，结合深度访谈、焦点小组讨论和参与方式观察等调查方法，完成了《中国高校青年教师调查报告》。

Foreign economic and trade university teachers think cream was"Ant family"The concept of participant,In the past year,He led his team in Beijing/Shanghai/wuhan/Xi 'an/Guangzhou five cities,The 5138 young university teachers under the age of 40,Sampling survey was carried out,Combined with the depth interview/The focus group discussion and observation research methods, such as participate in way,Completed the[Chinese colleges and universities young teacher survey report].

　　“今天的高校青年教师，当他们经过20来年的苦读‘修成正果’拿到学位，又在与同龄人竞争中获胜，争取到一个大学教职时，他们中很多人却发现自己面临比原来更大的压力:外部的、内部的，同龄人的、隔代人的，学生的、老教师的。更令人匪夷所思的是，科研经费、职称晋升、学术成果、教学评估、结婚生子、兼职收入，这些本身并没有关系的词语，在目前的高等教育制度下发生了复杂的因果联系。”在《报告》中，廉思研究团队这样描述像林方一样的“70后”、“80后”高校青年教师们的生存现状。

"Today's young teachers in colleges and universities,When they after 20 years of studying‘airness’To get the degree,And win in the compete with their peers,To get a university faculty,Many of them find themselves faced with more pressure than before: the external/The inside of the,The same age/Every generation of people,The students'/The old teacher.Is more inconceivable,Scientific research funds/Title promotion/Academic achievements/Teaching evaluation/Marry and have children/Part-time income,These itself is not the relationship between the words,In the present higher education system under the complex of the causal link."In the[The report]In the,Cream best team like LinFang, as described"After 70"/"After 80"The survival of young university teachers.

　　廉思将高校青年教师比作“工蜂”。“‘工蜂’，契合了现在青年知识分子勤劳的特点。工蜂一生都在采蜜，而知识分子一生都在工作。工蜂是蜜蜂中最累的，知识分子也是学术体制中最辛苦的。”廉思如此解释。

Cream think compare young teachers in colleges and universities"Worker bees"."‘Worker bees’,Now with the characteristics of industrious young intellectuals.Worker bees honey in all his life,And intellectuals in all his life.Worker bees are the most tired of the bees,The most hard of intellectual and academic system."Cream thinks so.

　　报告显示，有72.3%的受访者和林方一样认为工作“压力大”。最大的压力来自于科研，根据调查，绝大多数高校把职称和职务晋升与发表论文数、出版专著数、申请课题数等“量化指标”直接挂钩。与此同时，“工蜂族”用于科研的时间又被教学、给大老板干活、教学任务、学校评估等所挤压。78.1%的受访者认为，自己从事科研的时间“不够用”。廉思举例说，“没有行政工作的老师，一般是3成时间教学，7成时间科研，而7成的科研时间里真正用于与科研直接相关的工作时间不到一半，其他的时间都是在‘写标书、填表格、凑发票’”。

The report shows,With 72.3% of respondents and LinFang thinks as work"pressure".The biggest pressure comes from the research,According to the survey,The vast majority of colleges and universities put the title to the promotion and the number of published papers/Number of published books/Application project number, etc"Quantitative indicators"Direct link.At the same time,"No family"Used in scientific research and teaching of time/To work for big boss/The teaching task/Evaluation of schools.78.1% of the respondents,Their time engaged in scientific research"Not enough use".Cream thought for example,"No administrative work of the teacher,General is 3 in the teaching time,7 a time of scientific research,And 7 into the research time is used for directly related to scientific research work time less than half,The rest of the time are in‘Write the tender/Fill in the form/Make the invoice’".

　　再看看老师们的职业发展，职称和晋升都与论文发表和课题项目挂钩，但是我们的学术评审机制却并不青睐青年老师。科研经费和学术资源都向精英和大腕靠拢，青年教师即使是实际研究主力，却很难担纲重大课题，独立署名在核心期刊发表文章也很难。报告显示，近3年来，20.5%的文科“工蜂”没有在CSSCI上发表过论文，92.5%的理科“工蜂”没有在SCI(科学引文索引)上发表过论文，85.5%的工科“工蜂”没有在EI(工程引文索引)上发表过论文。

Look at professional development of teachers,Titles and promotions are linked to published papers and projects,But our academic accreditation mechanism is not favour young teacher.Scientific research and academic resources to elite and big shots,Young teachers even the actual research,But it is difficult to play,Independent signature in core journals published articles is also very difficult.The report shows,Nearly three years,20.5% of the liberal arts"Worker bees"Not in the paper has been published on CSSCI,92.5% of the science"Worker bees"Not in SCI(Science citation index)The paper has been published on,85.5% of the engineering"Worker bees"Not in EI(Engineering citation index)The paper has been published on.

青年教师生存和职业发展困境亟须破解 Much-needed break to survival and young teachers professional development situation

　　廉思告诉记者，自己曾经做“蚁族”研究，关心底层弱势群体，大家都评价高，现在关注高校青年老师，很多质疑的声音便出现了。“社会上有很多人过得比他们惨，他们工资即便不高也不是社会中最低的，每年有寒暑假，在社会上也受人尊重，说他们需要关怀谁信？”

Cream think told reporters,He had to do"Ant family"The study,Concerned about the bottom disadvantaged groups,All high evaluation,Now pay attention to the young university teachers,A lot of questions have appeared on the voice."In the society have a lot of people have more than their miserable,Even if their pay is not high also not the lowest in the society,Summer and winter vacation every year,Also respected in society,Said that they need to care who believe?"

　　“高校老师这个光鲜的身份之下，容易让人忽视高校青年教师真实的生存和发展困境。”廉思表示:“关注高校青年教师的生存和发展意义重大。高校青年教师是青年和知识分子的交叉群体，通过高校课堂和网络社交平台，他们已经成为一个具有很强社会影响力的群体。而且他们与学生距离近，与学生接触多，他们的思想和言行也影响着青年人。”

"Teachers in colleges and universities under the status of the good,Easy to ignore the survival and development of young university teachers real trouble."Cream think said:"Pay attention to the survival and development of young teachers in colleges and universities is of great significance.Young university teachers is a cross of youth and intellectuals,Through the university classroom and networking platform,They have become a strong social influence of the group.And their distance is nearly with students,Contact with students,Their thoughts and behavior may also influence young people."

　　廉思指出，我们用这种一年内发表SSCI(社会科学引文索引)、CSSCI(中文社会科学引文索引)多少来衡量一个青年教师，只会制造出一些工匠。现有的学术体制下，高校青年教师科研工作变得急功近利，只注重论文发表数量而不重视科研工作质量。青年教师中还存在一个现象就是重科研、轻教学。老师给学生上课成了“良心活”，备课、讲课不够认真，随意性较大，课后很少布置作业，课后辅导答疑更少，教学质量因此急转直下。

Cream to think that,We use this year published SSCI(Social science citation index)/CSSCI(Chinese social science citation index)How to measure a young teacher,Will only make some craftsmen.Under the existing academic system,Young teachers in colleges and universities and scientific research is quick,Only pay attention to the number of published papers and not pay attention to the quality of scientific research work.There is a phenomenon in young teachers is heavy scientific research/Light of teaching.The teacher to students in class"Conscience live",Prepares a lesson/The lectures are serious enough,Arbitrary large,Little homework after class,After-school tutoring answer less,Teaching quality therefore deteriorated.

　　“关注‘工蜂’一族的生存和发展意义重大，他们肩负着党和国家的未来，又在培养党和国家的未来。高校青年教师的健康发展，也关系着高校的学术品格和教学质量。改善‘工蜂族’的生存环境刻不容缓。”廉思郑重地说。

"Pay attention to‘Worker bees’Gens of the survival and development of great significance,They shoulder the party and the country's future,And in the future of the party and the country.The healthy development of young teachers in colleges and universities,Also relates to the university's academic character and the quality of teaching.To improve the‘No family’The survival environment of the delay."Cream we solemnly said.

呼吁:为高校青年教师营造良好发展环境 Appeal: create a good development environment for young teachers in colleges and universities

　　结合调研成果，廉思研究团队呼吁关注高校青年教师发展困境的同时，也提出了自己的建议。

Combining the results of investigation,Cream best team called for the plight of focuses on the development of young teachers in colleges and universities at the same time,Also the author puts forward his own Suggestions.

　　第一，建立公平合理的评价体系，为青年老师提供更多的学术资源。科研项目审批，通常是越小的项目越民主，越大的项目越不民主，导致科研资源分配失衡。建议加大对青年老师科研的资金支持。

The first,Establishment of a fair and reasonable evaluation system,For youth teachers provide more academic resources.Scientific research project examination and approval,Is usually the smaller the project the more democracy,The greater the project is not democratic,Led to the scientific research resource allocation imbalance.Suggest increase of youth teachers scientific research funding.

　　第二，为青年老师营造更为宽松的成长环境。明确目标、量化考核的工业化方式，可能遏制了最差的10%的老师，同时也会扼杀最优秀的10%的老师，不利于拔尖人才培养。学术评价更应重质量而不是重数量，建议采用更为弹性的管理制度和方法，如“代表性学术成果”评价制、“同行评议制”等，延长对高校青年教师的考核与评估时间和周期，允许其用较长的时间推出精品力作，成就“学术大师”。

The second,For the growth of the youth teachers create a more comfortable environment.Clear objectives/Quantitative assessment of industrialization,May contain 10% of the worst teacher,At the same time also will kill the top 10% of teachers,Unfavorable to talent training.Academic evaluation should be heavy quality, not quantity,Recommended more flexible management system and methods,Such as"Representative academic achievements"PingJiaZhi/"Peer PingYiZhi"And so on,Extension of young university teachers assessment and evaluation time and cycle,Allows it to force with a longer time,achievement"Academic master".

　　第三，为青年老师留出特别晋升通道。高校职称评定仍然存在“论资排辈”，建议在各种管理制度中开辟青年教师特别通道，避免青年教师在各种非学术竞争中面临不平等的局面，如在各种课题经费、基金之外特别设立青年教师培育基金，给青年教师生存和发展提供可以发芽的“种子”，在各种评先评优机制中特别制定40岁以下青年骨干教师选拔机制和管理办法，重点扶持有发展潜力的优秀青年教师，尽快使一批拔尖人才脱颖而出。

The third,For young teachers to set aside special promotion channel.Technical titles in colleges and universities still exist"seniority",Suggestions on all kinds of young teachers in the management system of special channel,Avoid young teachers face in all kinds of non - academic competition situation of inequality,As in all kinds of topics/Fund besides specially set up to cultivate young teachers,Provide the survival and development of young teachers can sprout"seeds",In various PingXian assessment mechanism in special formulated under 40 young backbone teachers selection mechanism and management methods,Key support for outstanding young teachers have development potential,As soon as possible to make a batch of excellent talents.

-委员建言 - member Suggestions

　　高校青年教师的生存和发展也备受政协委员关注。在今年的全国两会上，张全芬、唐瑾等30位委员联名提交《关于重视和解决高校青年教师生存压力过大的提案》，详尽反映了高校青年教师的生存现状，为改善高校青年教师困境建言。此外，郭晋云、钟秉林、程天权等全国政协委员近年来也多次提交提案关注高校青年教师发展和生存问题。在此，我们摘登两篇委员的建言。

The survival and development of young teachers in colleges and universities also is Chinese people's political consultative conference committee.In this year's national conference (CPPCC),ZhangQuanFen/TangJin 30 members jointly submit[About pay attention to and solve the survival pressure of young university teachers],Detailed reflects the survival status of young university teachers,To improve the young teachers in colleges and universities situation needs.In addition,GuoJin cloud/ZhongBingLin/ChengTianQuan and other members of the national committee of the Chinese people's political consultative conference several times in recent years to submit proposal focuses on the development of young teachers in colleges and universities and survival problems.In this,We act two committee's recommendations.

　　编者

The editor

多措并举为高校青年教师解压 While the more young teachers decompression for colleges and universities

　　在高校教师中，青年教师是最大的一个群体，也是学校教学的骨干群体，承担着高校主要教学任务。但是随着社会环境的变化，大学青年教师难以从容面对生活，高校青年教师面临一系列的生存压力。一部分老师为了赚取更多上课费，常年在外上课，早就找不到科研的感觉了；部分青年教师，进行商业化的写作，为报社、出版社或者替他人写些论著，赚取些养家糊口费用。还有部分青年教师，几乎完全脱离本业，或者到公司兼职，或者自家开店铺等等，这样已经不可能全身心投入到教学与科研中去了。这种状况如果长久持续，高校教学与科研质量势必会下降，人才也会流失。

In the college and university teachers,Young teachers is one of the largest groups,Is the backbone of the school teaching group,Bear the main teaching task.But with the change of social environment,Young university teachers is difficult to calm in the face of life,Young teachers in colleges and universities are faced with a series of survival pressure.Part of the teacher in order to earn more in class,Have migrated in class,Already can't find the feeling of scientific research;Parts of young teachers,For the commercialization of writing,For a newspaper/Press or write some works for others,Earn some cost to support her family.There are some young teachers,Almost entirely from the enterprises,Part-time work or to the company,Or their own open store, etc,Such already can't devote yourself to teaching and research.If this situation continues for a long time,Colleges and universities teaching and scientific research quality will drop,Talent will loss.

　　我们认为需要多方面着手，改善高校青年教师生存困境。首先需要适当提高高校教师待遇，保持工资的稳定增长，解决他们生活上的后顾之忧。二是改革管理体制，减轻青年教师的心理压力。尤其是高校管理体制改革，高校管理民主化、专业化、平等化、去官僚化、人性化等是不可避免的趋势。三是打击学术腐败，减轻青年教师的科研压力。学术资源分配的官僚化、重职称、重个别高校等情况急需改变，应多给高校青年教师机会与锻炼。四是提高高校教师社会地位，形成尊重知识、尊重教师的社会氛围。

We think need many,Improve the young teachers in colleges and universities survival predicament.First of all to improve university teachers treatment,Maintain the stability of wage growth,Solve their worries in life.2 it is to reform management system,Reduce the psychological pressure of young teachers.Especially the reform of the management system of colleges and universities,University administration democratization/professional/equality/To bureaucratic/Humanization is inevitable trend.The third is against academic corruption,Reduce the pressure of the scientific research of young teachers.Academic resources distribution of bureaucratic/Heavy title/Heavy individual colleges and universities, and so on need to change,Should give young university teachers the opportunity to exercise more.Four is to improve the social status of university teachers,Form the respect knowledge/Respect the social atmosphere of teachers.

　　张承芬　唐瑾等30位全国政协委员

ZhangChengFen TangJin of 30 members of the CPPCC national committee

加强职后培养解青年教师发展之困 Strengthen the training of young teachers development solution

　　近年来，高校规模急剧扩张的同时，高等学校教师队伍的建设和发展，现状堪忧。一是重科研、轻教学的倾向依然存在，中青年教师对人才培养和教学工作的精力投入严重不足；二是部分高校缺乏有效的教师职业拓展制度，中青年教师在提升教学能力和水平方面基本上放任自流；三是中青年教师在职业发展和生活条件(如待遇、住房)等方面面临困难，影响了对教学科研工作的精力投入。这些问题如不引起充分重视并切实解决，将严重影响高等教育质量和高等学校声誉。

In recent years,Rapid expansion of scale in colleges and universities at the same time,Higher school teachers' construction and development,Current situation.One is the scientific research/The tendency of light teaching still exist,Young and middle-aged teachers energies of talent training and teaching work;The second is the part of the lack of effective teachers' professional development system in colleges and universities,Young and middle-aged teachers in teaching ability and level of ascension basically unwinding;3 it is young and middle-aged teachers in career development and living conditions(Such as the treatment/housing)Are confronted with difficulty in aspects and so on,Affect the energies of the teaching and scientific research.These problems if not cause enough attention and solve,Will seriously affect the quality of higher education and higher school reputation.

　　首先，建议各级教育行政部门在预算中大幅增加高校教师发展和职后培养培训的经费；高等学校亦应多方筹资用于教师职业拓展，尤其是增加用于提高中青年教师教学能力和水平方面的预算。其次，建议国家和地方教育行政部门重视相关政策研究，加强对高校教师发展的政策指导和项目引导。

In the first place,Suggest education administrative departments at all levels in the budget increase the training of teachers' in-service training and development;Institutions of higher learning should also be more funding for teacher professional development,Especially increase to improve young teachers' teaching ability and level of budget.The second,Suggest that state and local education administrative department pay attention to the related policy research,To strengthen policy guidance for the development of university teachers and project guide.

　　此外，政府有关部门应高度重视中青年教师的生活待遇问题，尤其是靠高校自身力量难以解决或无法解决的问题，切实推动教师队伍建设。例如住房问题，建议增加专项经费投入，用于有关地区高校教师中青年周转房建设；制定相关政策，将高校中青年教师纳入当地保障房申请系列等。

In addition,Relevant government departments should attach great importance to the life of young and middle-aged teachers treatment problem,Especially difficult to solve by universities power or unable to solve the problem,To promote teachers' team construction.Such as the housing problem,Suggest increase special funds,For the middle-aged and young teachers in colleges and universities ZhouZhuanFang construction;Formulated related policies,Will the young and middle-aged teachers into the local security room for series and so on.

　　应该让高校青年教师体面地生活，拥有良好的教学研究环境，才能使他们尽快地成长成熟。如果不能抓紧对年轻教师的培养，将会严重影响我国的创新能力与世界竞争力。

Young teachers in colleges and universities should be allowed to live in decent conditions,Have a good environment for teaching and research,To make them grow mature as soon as possible.If you can't grasp the training of young teachers,Will seriously affect our country's innovation ability and competitiveness in the world.

　　全国政协委员　钟秉林 （韩柳洁）

Committee of the national committee of the Chinese people's political consultative conference ZhongBingLin (HanLiu jie)