在纪录片《等待超人》中，来自美国洛杉矶市的西班牙裔小女孩黛西面临这样一个难题：她梦想成为一个兽医，这个梦想要从学好8年级的数学开始——然而在她所在社区的史蒂文森初中，只有13%的毕业生数学是合格的；而在史蒂文森的直升高中罗斯福中学，只有3%的毕业生成绩可以达到申请四年制大学的最低标准，57%的学生甚至无法毕业。

In the documentary[Waiting for superman]In the,From the United States Los Angeles Hispanic little girl Daisy facing such a problem:Her dream to be a vet,This dream will start to learn the eighth grade mathematics - however, in her the Stevenson community junior high school,Only 13% of the graduates in mathematics is qualified;In Stevenson's helicopter Roosevelt high school high school,Only 3% of the graduates result can reach for a four-year university of minimum standards,57% of the students even can't graduate.

　　类似的命运不只降临到黛西一个人身上：约翰霍普金斯大学的教授罗伯特·拜耳凡斯将像罗斯福中学这样，有40%以上学生不能按时毕业的高中称为“辍学工厂”，这样的“工厂”在全美有2000所以上。

Similar fate not only comes to Daisy:At Johns Hopkins university professor Robert bayer his will like Roosevelt high school,More than 40% students not graduated from high school is called on time"Dropout factories",This kind of"The factory"In the United States has 2000 and so on.

　　你所在的地区有100所公立中学，却只有1所“明星学校”。假如你不在那个社区，父母又没钱送你去私立学校，就只好困在自己社区的中学里。在这里，要与那些家庭背景良好、享受优越教育资源的白人孩子公平竞争上大学，几乎难于上青天——这就是美国“穷二代”被复制的逻辑，与世界任何地方并无二致。

Your area there are 100 public high school,But only 1"Star school".If you are not in the community,Parents have no money to send you to a private school,Had to trapped in his middle school in the community.here,With the good family background/Enjoy superior education resources of white children fair competition at university,It devilishly hard to almost - it is the United States"Poor second generation"Be reproduced logic,And any parts of the world there is no.

　　然而，在过去的四十多年中，美国的精英阶层发起的一场教育平权运动，正在使强势群体自觉地为弱势群体做出牺牲，以实现平等的梦想，并为美国社会注入持续不衰的活力。

However,,In the past forty years,Elite in the United States launched a campaign to education parity,Is making a strong group consciously make sacrifice for disadvantaged groups,In order to realize the dream of equality,And the vitality of society into the scientific community in the United States.

　　让落后者先起跑 Let the laggard to start first

　　刚刚就任美国驻华大使的骆家辉时常提起他的早年经历——1968年，他从西雅图的一所公立高中毕业，考进了耶鲁大学。对他而言，这个转折有改变命运的意义——他出生在种族歧视十分严重的50年代，身为退伍军人的父亲却找不到工作，全家租住在6平方米大的公屋中，小骆家辉连一句英语都不会说。

Newly appointed ambassador in the United States LuoGuHui often mention his experiences - 1968,He graduated from a public high school in Seattle,Got into the Yale university.For him,The turning point is to change the fate of the meaning - he was born in the 50 s very serious racial discrimination,As the father of the veterans but can't find a job,Rented house in 6 square metre of public rental housing,Small LuoGuHui even can't speak a word of English.

　　好运降临在他要考大学的60年代，一场声势浩大的平权运动在全美展开，国会于1964年通过了《公民权利法》，并在此基础上制定一系列被统称为“肯定性行动”的法律，规定少数族裔和弱势群体在招工、入学、企业竞争中受到“优先照顾”。

Good luck coming in his 60 s to college,A massive parity movement in the United States,Congress passed in 1964[Civil rights law],Based on the formulated a series of are collectively referred to as"Affirmative action"The laws of the,Provisions of the minorities and the disadvantaged groups in hire/The entrance/In the enterprise competition"Priority to take care of".

　　作为民权运动的大本营，全美高校积极响应，在那一时期招收了大量少数族裔和低收入家庭的学生，就是在这样的背景下，骆家辉进入了耶鲁大学。

As the home of the civil rights movement,Across the United States responded positively to the colleges and universities,During the period for a large number of students in ethnic minority and low-income families,Is in this context,LuoGuHui entered Yale university.

　　这样的“优先照顾”，甚至让白人学生认为受到了“反向歧视”：1972年，被加州大学戴维斯分校医学院拒绝的白人学生艾伦·贝基发现在医学院当年录取的16个名黑人和其他少数族裔学生中，绝大多数人的GPA和MCAT（医学院必备标准考试）成绩远远不如自己。他一怒把加州大学一直告到了最高法院。最高法院虽然判定加州大学必须录取贝基，却认为大学“有权实行一些使学生来源多元化的政策”。

This kind of"Priority to take care of",Even for white students to think by"Reverse discrimination":In 1972,,By white students at the university of California, Davis school of medicine refused to Alan becky found in medical school that year admit 16 of blacks and other minority students,Most people of GPA and MCAT(Medical school for standard examination)Performance than yourself.His anger to the university of California has been accused by the Supreme Court.Although the Supreme Court judge at the university of California must admit becky,Is that a college"Shall have the right to carry out some policies and to make the students from diversified sources".

　　最高法院首位黑人大法官瑟古德·马歇尔的更是在意见书中一针见血地指出：“美国黑人的经历与其它族裔群体的差别不是程度上的，而是本质上的。”要弥合这种差别，强势群体必须将自己的一部分利益让给弱势群体，在激烈的自由竞争中，让落后者先起跑。

The Supreme Court's first black boxer eidur gudjohnsen Marshall is hit the nail on the head to point out in the report:"Blacks in the United States has the difference with other ethnic groups is not degree,But in essence."To bridge the difference,Strong group must take part of the benefit to disadvantaged groups,In the fierce competition in the free,Let the laggard to start first.

　　这个法案在而后的30年中产生了决定性的影响：在1965－1995年间，美国黑人家庭达到中产阶级水平的比例从18％上升到40％，在管理和技术领域中的就业率增加了两倍；到1997年，黑人、西班牙裔人、印第安人和阿拉斯加土著人占大学生总数的比重已经只略低于其人口占总人口的比重。

The bill and then in the 30 years has a decisive influence:Between 1965 and 1995,The proportion of black American family reached middle class level increased from 18% to 40%,Employment in the field of management and technology increased twice;By the year 1997,black/hispanics/Indians and Alaska natives accounted for the proportion of the total number of college students has been only slightly lower than the proportion of the population.

　　把帮助的起点再提前 The starting point of the help in advance again

　　1985年，温迪·库普从得克萨斯一所著名的私立中学考进普林斯顿大学。入学以后，她发现一个奇怪的现象：自己觉得很简单的功课，她来自布鲁克斯地区（纽约著名的黑人区）一所公立中学的室友却觉得很难。

In 1985,,Wendy player from Texas a famous private school take an examination of in Princeton university.After the entrance,She found a strange phenomenon:I feel very simple lessons,She comes from Brooks(New York's famous ghetto)Roommate at a public high school but feel it is very difficult.

　　这个困惑成了她大四论文的题目，研究中她发现，是因为公立中学的低教学质量导致了这种差别，而公立中学恰恰是少数族裔和低收入家庭学生聚集的地方。一个明显的事实摆在她面前：虽然弱势群体的学生可以因为“优先照顾”进入大学，但他们此前获取的教育资源远远少于强势群体——要实现真正的公平，帮助的起点还要提前。

This confusion became her senior thesis topic,She found in the study,Because public schools of low quality of teaching have led to this difference,And public high school is the minority and low-income students gathered place.An obvious fact in front of her:Although students can because of disadvantaged groups"Priority to take care of"Enter the university,But they had access to education resources is far less than a strong group, in order to realize the real justice,Help the starting point in advance.

　　1989年，库普大学毕业，她创办并和未来的丈夫、哈佛毕业生理查德·巴斯发展了公民组织“美国援教”（Teach For America）。后来，巴斯用一句话解释他们最初的动力：“为什么在美国，出身还可以决定命运？”

In 1989,,Library at the university,Her and her husband in the future/Harvard graduate Richard buss developed civic organizations"Teach in the United States"(Teach For on).later,Buss explain their original power in a single word:"Why in the United States,Who also can decide destiny?"

　　在二十多年间，“美国援教”共有过14000多名成员，他们大多和巴斯夫妇一样，毕业自“常春藤”大学，在签订2年的服务合约之后，自愿到教育质量最差、最贫困、社会问题最多的社区任教。

In twenty years,"Teach in the United States"There are over 14000 members,Most of them and buss couples,Since graduation"ivy"At the university of,After sign a service contract of 2 years,Worst voluntarily to the education quality/The poorest/Most social problems of the community.

　　这些充满活力的年轻人给信心低落的“辍学工厂”带来了希望。尽管2/3的人会在2年服务期满后离开，进入其他行业，但他们以其他方式继续贡献——现在，“美国援教”每年接受来自高盛、谷歌、盖普等众多公司以千万美元计的捐赠；还有1/3留了下来，成为教育改革的推动者，其中就包括后来创办了全美最成功的特许学校体系KIPP（knowledge is the power program知识就是力量项目）的大卫·莱分和麦克·芬博格。

These energetic young people give confidence is low"Dropout factories"Bring the hope.Although two-thirds of the people will leave after 2 years of service,In other industries,But they continue to contribute in other ways - now,"Teach in the United States"Every year from Goldman sachs/Google/Cover such as many companies to donated thousands of dollars;There is a third stayed,Become the promoter of the reform of education,Including later set up across the United States the most successful franchise KIPP school system(Knowledge online power program knowledge is power)The David lai points and Michael Finn berg.

　　让每一个孩子上大学 Let every child go to college

　　如果说公立学校系统是“穷”孩子别无他选之下必须要吃的“大锅饭”，特许学校的设立就是给了他们选择“开小灶”的权利。这类学校虽由政府按人头拨给教育经费，却交给私人经营，不受一般教育行政法规的限制。KIPP学校体系，就是其中最成功的代表。

If the public school system is"poor"Child, don't without him choose under must eat"Big-pot roce",The establishment of charter schools is to give their choice"KaiXiaoZao"The right to.This kind of school is by the government according to the man's head goes to education,But to private business,Do not accept the restriction of general education administrative rules and regulations.KIPP school system,Is one of the most successful.

　　如果你走进位于KIPP在休斯顿大本营的KIPP学校，会觉得这里更像一座“军营”，而不是公立学校：学校里井然有序，安静得出奇；教学楼里的柱子上写着“没有捷径！”的标语；不同肤色的孩子穿着统一的T恤，上面写着“2024班”——那是他们将进入大学的年份，从进入KIPP小学的第一天起，他们就被告知自己一定可以进入大学。

If you walk into the KIPP home in Houston in the KIPP schools,Will feel more like a here"The camp",Rather than a public school:School orderly,Surprisingly quiet;The pillars of the building in written"No shortcut to!"The slogan;Different color of skin of children wearing uniform t-shirts,It says"2024 class"- that's what they will enter the university of the year,From entering the KIPP school the first day,They were told that they can enter the university.

　　1994年，大卫·莱分和麦克·芬博格在休斯顿贫民区对50个失去信心的“穷孩子”开始了第一个KIPP班级的尝试，他们将“一分耕耘一分收获”的朴素理念转化为“军营”模式：从上午7：30到下午5：00的集中课程和活动，之后还有2个小时做作业；周末要补课，假期也有特别训练；老师手机全天开机，等待任何“求助”--KIPP的设计者相信，要扭转“穷孩子”的恶性循环，就要让他们尽可能地摆脱家庭的影响，通过KIPP得到更多资源。

In 1994,,David lai points and Michael Finn berg slum lose faith in 50 in Houston"The poor children"Started the first KIPP class to try,They will be"A sweat a gain"The simple idea into"The camp"mode:From seven in the morning:30 to five in the afternoon:At the concentration of programs and activities,After two hours to do homework;The weekend to make up a missed lesson,Vacation also have special training;The mobile phone boot throughout the day,Waiting for any"Ask for help"- the KIPP designers believe that,To turn"The poor children"The vicious circle of,Let them get rid of the influence of the family as much as possible,Through the KIPP get more resources.

　　“穷孩子”的命运确实被改变了：根据KIPP2011年4月发布的报告，89%的KIPP学生进入了大学。这些孩子大多是自己家庭中几代里第一个上大学的——KIPP的学生有95%是黑人或拉丁裔，85%来自低收入家庭，而全国平均来看，这样孩子100个里只有7个可以从大学毕业。

"The poor children"The fate of the have been changed:KIPP2011 according to a report released in April,89% of the KIPP students entered the university.Most of these children is their generations in the family in the first - the KIPP students at the university of 95% is black or Hispanic,85% come from low-income families,And the national average,So that children can only seven graduated from university in 100.

　　目前KIPP在21个州和地区开设了109所分校，受惠的“穷孩子”超过32000个。而从1990年，特许学校在公立学校系统改革受阻的背景下兴起至今，已经有5000所在全美各地展开过尝试。

The KIPP in 21 states and regions, 109 schools,Benefit from the"The poor children"More than 32000.From 1990,,Charter schools in the public school system reform under the background of blocked up today,5000 in all over the United States have had to try.

　　“美国援教”和KIPP带来的“鲶鱼效应”，已经冲击了陈旧的公立学校体系，并引起联邦政府的行动：布什在2002年签署的《不让一个儿童掉队法》要求各州政府追踪每一个孩子的阅读、科学与数学成绩，确保在2014年之前达到熟练水平，“没有一个人掉队”；而奥巴马上任后，干脆将联邦政府对于特许学校的拨款增加了一倍。

"Teach in the United States"And KIPP brought"Catfish effect",Has been the impact of the old public school system,And the federal government's action:Bush signed in 2002[No child left behind law]For state governments keep track of every child to read/Science and math,Ensure that before 2014 reached the proficient level,"No one is left behind";Obama took office after,Simply cut the federal government for funding of charter schools, doubled.

　　在更大的背景里，“让每一个孩子上大学”的目标正应对了美国人在全球分工时代的远大预见——公立学校系统曾经为美国培养了大量的劳工阶层，而现在，这样的工作机会早已被转移出国，未来美国年轻人的目标应该是政治、商业、科技领域的全球领导者。

In the larger context,"Let every child go to college"Goal is to deal with the people in the United States in the global division of labor in the age of great -- - public school system had foreseen to cultivate a large number of workers in the United States,And now,Such jobs have been transferred to go abroad,American young people should be the goal of the political in the future/business/A global leader in the field of science and technology.

　　在奥巴马上任之后，大卫·莱分和麦克·芬博格在向新总统的联名信中写道：“奥巴马政府应该有打破成见的目标：在十年内让每一个美国孩子都能上大学或获得职业教育，这将会给他们带来非比寻常的人生机会——在这样一个全球竞争的时代。”

After Mr Obama took office,David lai points and Michael Finn berg wrote in to the new President of the signatories:"Obama government should have break the goal of prejudice:In ten years let every child in the United States to go to university or vocational education,This will bring them an unusual opportunity in life - in such an era of global competition."